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The Importance of Internet Usage for Educational Purpose at Secondary Level
Full text linkThis study aims to highlight the importance of internet usage for educational purposes at the Secondary level. Another purpose of this research is to analyze the student’s behaviour towards digital libraries and traditional libraries. The methodology that is chosen for this study is quantitative based, in which a close questionnaire will be distributed to students of the Secondary level. For this purpose, the Population that has been selected for this research study are 100 students of Habib Girls’ School and Aga Khan School. In this research convenience sampling a kind of non-probability sampling has been done. The descriptive method has been used to analyze the data. The results of the study show that most students become internet addicted. More than 25% of students are using the Internet for educational purposes and 75% are using it for entertainment purposes only. Mostly students are using Google search engine to get any information. 60% of students are less motivated towards traditional libraries. Hence it is concluded that the internet is playing an important role in students\u27 lives if they are using this facility in a positive way. It is recommended that students should be aware of the positive use of the internet. They should avoid wasting their time and for authentic information, they should visit traditional libraries
The Agony of Rejection: A Psychoanalytic Examination of Sylvia Plath’s Lady Lazarus
Full text linkThis study explores Sylvia Plath\u27s Lady Lazarus through a psychoanalytic lens, applying Sigmund Freud’s theories to uncover the psychological conflicts that shape the poem. It examines the psychological factors driving her pain, including her difficult relationships, resentment towards men and her symbolic identification with Jewish victims of Nazi persecution. Through Freudian concepts like the unconscious conflicts, Oedipus complex, repression, castration anxiety, defence mechanism, identification, and symbolic expression, the analysis reveals how Plath’s inner struggles rooted in personal loss, societal oppression, and emotional turmoil manifested in her poetry, by delving into themes of unveiling the reasons behind Sylvia Plath\u27s suicide, her hatred for individuals, especially males and Sylvia Plath’s self-comparison to victims of Nazi Persecution. This research sheds light on the complex interplay between Plath’s psyche and her literary expressions, contributing to a deeper understanding of her tragic yet profound legacy
The Efficacy of Mindfulness Technique on Concentration Problem of University Students
Full text linkThe study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in enhancing concentration and attention among university students. A quasi-experimental technique was employed to assess concentration and attention before and during the implementation of the mindfulness practice. A total of 130 university students from three distinct universities provided verbal consent to participate in the study. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was used in the pre- and post-intervention phases of the study to find out the level of concentration in students. During the pre-intervention phase, we identified 42 students with low MAAS (15 score). Students were categorised into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group administered the technique of mindfulness for two consecutive weeks. After applying the intervention, MAAS was again calculated for both groups. The results indicate a statistically significant difference in the mean MAAS between the pre- and post-intervention periods for the experimental group (p < 0.001). The results conclude that mindfulness techniques improve the level of concentration and attention in the students in the form of increasing MAAS. This technique should be applied by students who have concentration problems
Realized Covariance Forecasting for Environmental Data through Multivariate GARCH Models
Full text linkThis study investigates the application of multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models for forecasting realized covariance using high-frequency environmental data. Preliminary statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, time plots, correlation analysis, heatmaps, stationarity tests, and volatility diagnostics, revealed significant persistence and volatility clustering (heteroskedastic behaviour) in six environmental variables: Wind Speed (80 m), Wind Speed (30 m), Wind Direction, Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Pressure. Two MGARCH models with simple specifications BEKK (1,1) and DCC (1,1) were estimated to capture the dynamic covariance structure. Model selection based on AIC, BIC, HQ, and Log-Likelihood (LL) consistently indicated the superior performance of the BEKK (1,1) model over the DCC (1,1). Diagnostic checks on standardized residuals confirmed the adequacy of the BEKK specification in modelling conditional heteroskedasticity. Furthermore, out-of-sample forecast evaluations using MAE, MSE, and RMSE demonstrated that the BEKK (1,1) model consistently outperformed the DCC (1,1). Overall, the results highlight the effectiveness and robustness of the BEKK (1,1) approach for modelling and forecasting realized covariance in high-frequency environmental time series
Sustainability and Finance in Space Exploration: A Critical Examination of the Emerging Frontier
Full text linkThis study aimed to explore the determinants of sustainability (SUS) for 87 companies doing business in space exploration and space tourism globally from 2010 to 2023. The data source for firm-level data is the Wall Street Journal, and macroeconomic data is collected from the World Development Indicator (WDI) and the World Bank (WB). Pooled ordinary least square (POLS) was utilized in the linear regression to determine the simple analysis model. The panel data, as feasible generalized least square (FGLS), was utilized to determine the sustainability involved in the business of space travel and space exploration. Sustainability in the Revenue (REV) earned through transportation increased consumption of energy and liquidity (LIQ) as ESG performance strengthens the liquidity strength of a firm and positively affects sustainability (SUS). GDP helped to boost a country’s economy, with an adverse effect on energy consumption and caused a substantial threat to the environment as the CO2 emission increased. Inflation (INF) increase caused the tourism and exploration to decrease as the cost increased. Return on assets (ROA) with a negative interaction as shareholder value maximization and the investments in the environmental business niche are a costly initiative
Negotiating Present with the Past: An Analytical Study of Gender Performativity in Generation X in Pakistan
Full text linkThe institution of parenthood is a significant agent of socialization through which children learn values, gender roles, and future responsibilities. In Pakistan, culture, religion, and expectations of honour, conduct, and family duty are pivotal determinants of parenting. The research examines the practice of parenting in Generation X parents through Butler’s notion of gender performativity, which elucidates the perpetuation of gender roles in everyday, reiterated practices. Twenty semi-structured interviews were carried out with ten male and ten female parents residing in rural and urban areas near Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results reveal that, despite parents’ beliefs that they were raising their sons and daughters equally, gendered expectations were still deeply entrenched. Son’s are socialized to enter the public labour force, and daughters are socialized to be homemakers. Parenting was predominantly influenced and practiced by one\u27s own parents, not by the media, perpetuating generational patterns. Even when education and urbanization introduce some change, social structures such as patriarchy continue to be powerful. The research finds that parenting is the principal site for the performance, reproduction, and transmission of gender norms across generations
Mediating Role of Depression in the Relationship between Substance Use and Suicide Proneness among Adolescents in Underserved Communities in Pakistan
Full text linkSubstance use in children and adolescents is a growing concern among health professionals in Pakistan. This study examined the mediating role of depression between substance use and suicide proneness among adolescents (aged 12 years to 18 years) from underserved communities. Participants were recruited from different places in Karachi, Pakistan using a convenience sampling technique. The Life Attitude Schedule (LAS), Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‑D) and Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 (DAST‑10) were used in Urdu language. Findings revealed that substance use significantly predicted depressive symptoms, which in turn significantly increased suicide proneness. The direct effect of substance use on suicide proneness remained significant, while the indirect effect through depression was also significant, indicating partial mediation. These findings underscore the significance of understanding social, emotional and cognitive domains of children and adolescents, and designing and implementing evidence-based prevention interventions to build resilience which serves as buffer against the mental health issues and other risky behaviours among in vulnerable adolescents. Further, this study signifies how parents can help their children in delaying to use of substance and reducing the risk of mental health problems and suicide among adolescents from underserved communities
An Assessment of Commercial Broiler Value Chain in South Punjab Pakistan
Full text linkThis study aimed to map and characterize the value chain of commercial broilers, associated marketing structure, different actors, and their functions along the value chain. The questionnaire was prepared for different stakeholders from the chosen districts in South Punjab, Pakistan. The findings revealed that controlled farmers\u27 total cost of production was Rs.466110.7 per one-thousand birds and sold the broiler birds for an average of Rs.560114.3 and gained 16.78% profit, while in the case of Traditional farmers, the total cost of production was Rs.494898.5 per one-thousand birds while average sale price was Rs.537148.5 and they gained 7.86% profit. The total marketing margin of the wholesaler was Rs.808/mond out of this marketing cost was Rs.202/mond; therefore, the net margin was Rs.606/mond. The profit as a percentage of the sale price was 6.20%. On average, the retailer\u27s marketing margin in broiler birds was Rs.675/mond, and the marketing cost was Rs.231/mond. The net profit margin was Rs.443/mond. It was further estimated that the retailer’s profit as a percentage of the sale price was 4.35%. Government should promote and educate farmers and other stakeholders in the field of value chain for better understanding and production
When Good Leadership Matters: Servant Leadership\u27s Role in Mitigating Negative Employee Reactions
Full text linkThis study examines how servant leadership can mitigate the harmful effects of victim justice sensitivity on counterproductive work behaviour, with coworker envy acting as a key emotional mechanism. Drawing on Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and Social Comparison Theory, a moderated mediation model was developed and tested using survey data collected from employees across multiple organizations in Pakistan. Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate the hypothesized relationships. The results indicate that coworker envy significantly mediates the relationship between victim justice sensitivity and counterproductive work behaviour, highlighting envy as a central affective pathway through which fairness concerns translate into negative workplace actions. Moreover, servant leadership functions as an effective moderator by weakening the positive association between victim justice sensitivity and coworker envy, thereby reducing the likelihood of unproductive behaviours. Although the cross-sectional research design limits causal conclusions, the findings advance current understanding by demonstrating that justice sensitivity can trigger harmful workplace outcomes and that servant leadership offers a meaningful buffering effect. Practically, organizations should incorporate servant leadership principles into managerial training to reduce envy-driven reactions and foster healthier interpersonal dynamics. This study makes a unique contribution to the literature by integrating two major theoretical frameworks and empirically validating a moderated mediation model that links justice sensitivity, envy, and workplace behaviour
Association of Stressors Driven by Climate Change with Mental Health Problems among Adults in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Full text linkThis study investigated the predictive association of stressors (with mental health problems, i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) driven by climate change among adults in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. For the sample, adults aged between 20 and 55 years were recruited from various locations in Gilgit Baltistan (Gilgit & Baltistan) using convenience sampling techniques. The measures, including the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Climate Change Anxiety Scale (CCAS), were used to assess the variables. The findings revealed that climate change significantly predicted depression, anxiety, and stress. Nevertheless, the stress was found to be a moderately positive predictive relationship in each case. The findings suggest that climate-related stress is significantly associated with increased psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress). The findings underscore the significant role of climate-related stress and assist in designing and implementing indigenous psycho-social support and interventions to reduce the risk of mental health issues and improving wellbeing of climate-disaster-affected communities