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نتائج الطلاب الذين اوصي مجلس الكلية منحهم درجة البكالوريس كلية علوم التمريض
No full textنتائج الطلاب الذين اوصي مجلس الكلية منحهم درجة البكالوريس كلية علوم التمري
نتيجة الامتحانات النهائية للمستوي الرابع للعام 2013-2013 كلية المختبرات الطبية
No full textنتيجة الامتحانات النهائية للمستوي الرابع للعام 2013-2013 كلية المختبرات الطبي
Competitiveness of Mango Fruit Exports
No full textThis study was intended to determine the problems facing Sudanese mango fruit
exports. It concentrated on mango exports competitiveness in international markets and
on the main economic factors affecting this competitiveness. Primary data were collected
by interviewing mango producers and exporters in Abu Halima village (East Nile
Locality, Khartoum State) and the Khartoum central market, during 2005-2012 seasons.
Secondary data were obtained from different relevant sources. The data were analyzed by
descriptive statistics and policy analysis matrix. This provided access to estimate the
private and economic profitability of mango exports in the Sudan and to determine the
effects of taxation policies. The results revealed that mango is highly competitive in
foreign markets, and the government policies highly taxed mango crop throughout the
study period (2005-2012). The Domestic Resource Cost (DRC), Coefficient of
International Competitiveness (CIC) and International Value Added indicators were used
to determine the competitiveness of mango exports and found to be about 0.02, 0.04 and
8237 US$, respectively, in season 2012. For improvement of mango exports, the study
recommended the removal of export constraints, e.g. reducing the government taxes and
fees on mango export so as to increase its competitiveness and reduce cost of air transport
and study the possibility of using sea ports
Food Security and Poverty Status Among Farmers in the Traditional Rain-fed Sector in North Kordofan State, Sudan
No full textThis paper aimed to assess the food security and poverty status of farming
households to measure poverty incidence, severity, poverty gap, and income inequality.
Data were collected from 205 farmers in four Localities; namely, Sheikan, Umrwaba,
Elnuhoud and Elkhowei, North Kordofan State, using a random sampling technique. The
household food security can be modeled in the framework of food energy intake and
direct caloric intake (Calorie/person/day and non-consumed foods). The Foster-Greer-
Thorbecke index was used to measure poverty. It combines information on the extent of
poverty as measured by the head count ratio, the intensity of poverty as measured by the
total poverty gap and inequality among the poor as measured by the Gini Coefficient and
the coefficient of variation for the poor. The results showed that the majority (61%) of the
respondents were food insecure. In total sample households, the incidence of poverty,
average poverty gap and square poverty gap were 68.8%, 37.3% and 20.3%, respectively,
when the 1 US$ a day index was applied. The estimated Gini coefficient was 48.7%
Purification and Characterization of Milk-clotting Enzyme from Solanum dubium Seeds
No full textThis research was carried out to purify and characterize a milk-clotting enzyme
from Solanum dubium seeds and to investigate the efficiency of the purified enzyme as a
rennet substitute in cheese making. A novel milk-clotting serine protease was purified to
6.7 folds and 35% recovery from S. dubium seeds by combination of (NH4)2SO4
precipitation, cation-exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. The molecular mass
of the enzyme was 66 kDa as estimated by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The purified
enzyme was a chymotrypsin-like serine protease with pI value of 9.3, acts optimally at
pH 11.0 and stable over a wide range of pH (4.0-11.0). The purified enzyme was also
thermostable protease with stability of up to 60°C for one hour and acts optimally at 70°C
for 30 min. When compared with other plant enzymes, S. dubium enzyme had higher
ratio of milk-clotting activity /proteolytic activity. The most striking property of S.
dubium milk-clotting serine protease, among all reported plant serine proteases, was its
high stability under several conditions (pH, temperature, organic solvents and
denaturants). The enzyme exhibited broad specificity toward bovine whole casein and its
components (α-, β- and κ-caseins). Unlike the other milk clotting enzymes, S. dubium
milk-clotting protease degraded β-casein faster than α- casein. The high stability of the
enzyme under various conditions, in accordance with its milk-clotting ability, could
therefore, pave the way for its uses in cheese industry and biotechnology
Effect of Reused Salt and Biocide Preservation Method on Some Chemical Characteristics of Sheep Leather
No full textThe objectives of this study were to improve and reduce the cost of preservation of skin
under humid condition (South Sudan), where the preservation by drying is a problem and
the salt is rare and expensive. The effects of different levels of reused salt and added
biocide on some physical characteristics of sheep leather were evaluated. Thirty six
pieces of raw sheep skins were obtained from Alkadero slaughterhouse. According to the
type of salt, level of added biocide and method of preservation used, the pieces of raw
sheepskins were allocated into 9 groups. Three groups received dry salting without
biocide viz, 30% (control), 25% dry salting and 30% dry reused salt. Six groups were wet
salted in brine of 30% and 25% reused salt viz and 3 level of biocide (0.2%, 0.4% and
0.6%). All skins were cured, chrome tanned and the finished leathers were tested for the
physical properties. The results showed that the leathers preserved by 25% brine of
reused salt with 0.2% biocide gave the best results for thickness (1.4 mm), elongation
(39.45%), tear strength (71.72 kg/cm) and grain crack strength (9.66 kg) compared to
other treatments. The cost of curing per kilogram of raw skin was 0.30 SDG (0.06) for the 25% brine of reused salt with 0.2% biocide. The
study concluded that the method of 25% brine of reused salt with 0.2% biocide is a cheap
alternative preservation method for skin curing under humid conditions
Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Plasma Insulin, Glucose Levels and Toxicity in Rats
No full textThe main objective of this work was to study the effects of monosodium
glutamate (MSG), which is the main constituent of many processed food such as andomie
noodles, on plasma insulin, glucose levels and its toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Thirtytwo
Wistar albino rats, from either sex, were weighed and randomly divided into four
even groups. One group was left as control and the other three groups were orally treated
daily for four weeks using gastric tube with three different doses of MSG (120, 240 and
480 mg/kg body weight. Clinical symptoms were observed. The plasma glucose and
insulin levels were measured after four weeks of treating by MSG. Two milligrams per
kilogram of glucose solution (500/0) was intraperitonially injected to all rats. After two
hours from glucose load, the plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured. All the
rats in the groups were weighed after four weeks. The rats from all groups were -thensacrificed
and slices from the brain, liver, kidney and pancreas were fixed in 10% neutral
formalin for histopathological examination. The result revealed that there were no clinical
signs in the control or treated groups as well as no significant differences in body weights
of the rats at the beginning and the end of the experiment. In the groups treated with 120
and 480 mg/kg Bwt of MSG, there were slight changes in insulin and glucose levels but
were not significant. Only the group that was treated with 240 mg/kg Bwt showed
significant increase in plasma glucose and insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia/
hyperglycemia). Hence in this study glutamate causes insulin resistant but in certain dose.
However, it was reported that insulin resistant in glutamate treated animal could be due to
changes in insulin binding or postreceptor insulin effects in target tissues. Further study
can be done in this area. Histopathological changes were similar in all three groups that
were treated with MSG and more severe as the dose is increased. In the liver there were
vacuolization, congestion, dilatation of sinusoid and disorganization. In the brain, there
were congestion, oedema around neurons, and demyelination. Congestion, haemorrhage,
tubular dilatation and proteinous material in tubules were observed in the kidney. The
pancreas showed hyperplasia of langerhans cells and extensive haemorrhages. It is
concluded that MSG caused hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia i.e. insulin resistance at
240 mg/kg Bwt beside hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as well as toxicity in the brain
and pancreas. It is recommended that further investigations to be conducted to confirm
the insulin resistance
Effect of Treated Oily Waste Water of Khartoum Refinery on Nubian Goat Kids
No full textOne of the very many imposed environmental threats of the petroleum industry
internationally is its effluent of treated oily waste water (TOWW), which was reported
causing mortalities in small ruminants. This study was carried out to investigate the toxic
effects of TOWW of Khartoum Refinery Company (KRC) on Nubian goat kids. Twentyone
goat kids were divided into three groups: Group A (control), arranged in 1x3, and B
and C (test groups) arranged in 2x3x3. Each test group was divided into three subgroups;
B1, B2 and B3 and C1, C2 and C3. Groups B and C were watered for 6 weeks from KRC
oxidation ponds II and III, respectively, diluted at ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2 with tap water
respective to subgroups 1, 2 and 3. The control group was tap watered. All groups were
fed on a basal ration of 2.86 Mcal ME/kg and crude protein 20.88% energy concentration
meeting goat daily requirements. Clinical signs and mortalities were daily observed.
Body weights were recorded fortnightly. Blood and serum samples were collected
fortnightly for haematological (RBCs, Hb, PCV, WBCs and their differentials) and serum
metabolites (glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin), enzymes (AST and ALP) and
electrolytes (Ca, P, Co, Cu, Fe and Mn) examinations. Organs samples for
histopathological investigations were collected on post mortem examinations or in
extremis slaughter. All test groups significantly (P≤ 0.05) lost weight with variations in
the total water consumption and similar average water consumption for all subgroups
except C3 (P≤0.05). All test groups showed decreased appetite, diarrhoea, weakness and
partial paralysis. The mortality was 100%, 66.6% and 33.3% in subgroups C1, C2 and
C3, respectively. The mortality was 66.6% in subgroup B3 and 33.3% in each of B2 or
B1. Haematologically, test goats were neither anaemic nor infected with haemodilutions
(P≤0.05) in subgroups B3, C2 and C3. All test groups showed congestion or haemorrhage
in the intestinal submucosa, with detachment of epithelium or detachment of the villi, in
response to the osmotic diarrhoea. All test groups showed no significant (P>0.05)
changes in serum metabolites, electrolytes or serum enzymes, but livers were congested,
stressed and engorged. Bile and kidney showed shrinkage, necrosis of the glomeruli,
congestion and haemorrhage in the cortical and medullary tubules. These signs were
indications of intensive mineral excretion. It is concluded that TOWW from KRC has
toxic effects on Nubian goat kids judged by the early mortalities and by the clinical signs
of diarrhoea and recumbency, metabolic disturbances in the liver with histopathological
changes in various body systems. It is recommended that TOWW initial concentration be
restored by addition of equivalent water to reduce or abolish its toxic manifestations
Historical Demographic Profiles and Genetic Variation among the only African Indigenous Dairy Zebu Types: The Butana and Kenana of Sudan
No full textButana and Kenana cattle are part of the East African Zebu (Bos indicus) breed of
cattle in the Sudan. Unlike other indigenous Zebu cattle in Africa, they are unique due to
their reputation for high milk production and are, thus, regarded as dairy cattle, the only
ones of their kind in the African continent. In this study, the complete mtDNA D-loop was
sequenced in 70 individuals to understand the maternal genetic variations and demographic
profile and history of the two types. The study showed that the two types have very high
mtDNA diversity. A Bayesian coalescent-based analysis revealed that the two types have
different historical and demographic profiles that support the initial population expansion of
the Butana type compared with the Kenana and that the types may have been independently
developed prior to their introduction in the continent, with the arrival of the Butana type
preceding that of Kenana. The analysis further revealed that the Butana type has
experienced a decline in its effective population size (Ne) in the past 590 years. There is a
need to design appropriate breeding strategies for effective management of these two types
with the potential of improving milk production in marginal areas where they are best
adapted