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Incidence of Malassezia pachydermatisin The Ears of Apparently Healthy Cattle
No full textOne hundred and fifty bovine ear swabs from crossed breeds were
investigated for the presence of Malassezia pachydermatis in the external
ear canals of apparently healthy cattle. The study included 25 calves, 100
dairy cows from different farms in Khartoum North and 25 oxen from the
El kadaro slaughter house.
Collection of the specimenswas made by sterile swabs; after cleaning
of the auricle with alcohol solution, recording amount and the nature of the
wax within the ear canal. Specimens were transported immediately after
collection to the laboratory for investigation.
Specimens were inoculated onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)
PH5.6; supplemented with Chloramphenicol (150 mg\L) and
Cyclohexamide (0.05 mg\L) to suppress the growth of bacteria and saprobic
fungi. Olive oil was added as a growthfactor and incubation was made at
35 C
o
for at least a week.
Two samples yielded yeast growth representing 1.3 % of the total
samples. These isolates were identified as Malassezia pachydermatis.
The isolates were identified to the species level according to the methods
described by Lodder (1974) and Geuho and Guillot, (1996).
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The relatively lower existence of Malassezia pachydermatisin this
study could be due to anatomical structure of the external ear canal in these
breeds also could be due to environmental temperature and humidity.
Macroscopic morphology revealed that rapid growth occurred at 35
C
o
, reaching a maximum after 72hrs on Sabouraud dextrose agar,
supplemented with Chlroamphenicol,colonies were round, convex and
smooth, white or creamy in colour then became buff to orange-beige.
Growth was good but slightly less than without antibiotics and was
enhanced when olive oil was added.
The microscopic morphology indicated that budding occurs from one
pole which gives a typical shape resembling footprint or a peanut.
MoreoverMalassezia pachydermatis does not form pseudomycelia.
Thus, judging by results in the present study it appears that the
Malassezia pachydermatismay be considered asa possible source of
infection in the auditory canal of cattl
Nutrative Evaluation Of Watermelon Seed (Citrallus Lanatus) Parts And By Products As Ruminant Feed
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of watermelon seed and it different parts, pulp, hull and by products cake. This was done by estimating the chemical composition and an in situ study of the dry matter and crude protein degradability kinetics of the seeds. Samples were collected from Western Sudan. Samples were incubated in rumen for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hrs using two fistulated steer were fed with alfalfa. Significant different (p<0.05) were observed in the chemical composition (DM, CP, EE, CF and ASH) of whole seed, cake, pulp and hull. DM degradability in this study revealed that the watermelon seed cake had a lower DM degradability than whole seed and cake respectively, and had a higher (p<0.05) CP degradability followed by pulp and whole seed respectively.Thererfore chemical or physical treatment were recommended to protect WMS cake protein from microbial degradation.هدفت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة التركيب الكيميائي ومعدل تكسر المادة الجافة والبروتين لبذور البطيخ الكاملة ، الامباز ولب بذور البطيخ المجموعة من غرب السودان استخدم في هذه التجربة عجلين ذات ناسو ر كرشي وغذيت طيلة فترة التجربة على علف البرسيم . تم تحديد مدى ومعدل تكسر المادة الجافة والبروتين عن طريق آلية أكياس الهضم. حضنت العينات كل على حده في الكرش لمدة 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 و 48 ساعة. الاختلافات المعنوية شوهدت بين العينات الأربعة (الحبة الكاملة, الامباز, اللب والقشر) في التركيب الكيميائي للمادة الجافة, البروتين الخام, الألياف الخام, الدهن والرماد. معدل تكسر المادة الجافة في هذه التجربة للامباز سجل اقل معدل تكسر يليه البذرة الكاملة ثم اللب على التوالي, أيضا سجل أعلى معدل تكسر للبروتين يليه البذرة الكاملة ثم اللب على التوالي. لهذا المعامله الكيميائية او الفيزيائية ضرورية لحماية بروتين امباز حب البطيخ من ميكروبات الكرش.Watermelons;Watermelon (Citrallus Lanatus); Ruminants-Feeding and feeds;sudan;Animal Nutritio
The Genetics of Reproductive and Productive Performance of Holstein-Friesian Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan
No full textThis study was conducted to estimate the effect of some
environmental and genetic parameters on reproductive and productive
performance of pure Holstein-Friesian cattle at Dairy-Land farm (Azaheir)
in Khartoum, State Sudan.
The study included 736 Holstein-Friesian cows from 43sires covering
the first five lactations during the period from 1984 to 2004 were used in the
study.
The reproductive characteristics examined were: age at first calving,
number of services per conception and calving interval. The productive
characteristics examined were: total milk yield and lactation length.
The data were subjected to statistical analysis using Harvey's Least
Squares and maximum likelihood analysis.
The results showed that the least squares means for age at first
calving, number of services per conception, calving interval, total milk yield
and lactation length were 29.90±0.72 months, 2.77±0.12, 521.10±18.78days,
3762.29±156.47Kg, and 279.99±1.90 days, respectively.
The analysis of variance revealed that the sires of cows birth did not
significantly (p>0.05) influence the calving interval and lactation length but,
they had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on age at first calving, number
of services per conception and lactation yield.
The year-season of calving did not significantly affect (p>0.05)
calving interval, lactation yield and lactation length. However, it had a
vii
highly significant (p<0.01) effect on age at first calving. The parity number
did not have a significant (p<0.05) effect on number of services per
conception, calving interval, lactation yield and lactation length. Analysis
the linear regression showed a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on lactation
yield and lactation length but had a significant affect (p<0.05) on calving
interval.
Genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations were estimated by
paternal half-sib analysis of covariance (Becker, 1975). And the
Heritabilities were estimated by paternal half-sib analysis as described by
(Falconer, 1996). The estimates were (0.151±0.042), (0.062±0.019),
(0.002±0.014), (0.110±0.029), (0.011±0.11) for age at first calving, number
of services per conception calving interval, total milk yield and lactation
length, respectivelyأجريت هذه الدراسة علي بعض العوامل البيئية والوراثية المؤثرة علي الصفات الإنتاجية والتناسلية لأبقار الفريزيان والمحفوظة في مزرعة الديريلاند)أزاهير) بولاية الخرطوم في السودان. غطت الدراسة 736 من أبقار الفريزيان وقد تم تحليل سجلات التربية خلال الخمسة مواسم الإنتاجية الأولى في الفترة من 1984 – 2004م والصفات التناسلية التي تمت دراستها هي : متوسط العمر عند أول ولادة ، متوسط عدد التلقيحات المخصبة ومتوسط طول الفترة بين الولادتين والصفات الإنتاجية التي تمت دراستها هي : متوسط إنتاج اللبن في الموسم ومتوسط فترة الحلب. وقد تم تحليل سجلات التربية باستخدام برنامج هارفي (Harrvey,1990) وقد أوضحت الدراسة أن متوسط العمر عند أول ولادة ، متوسط التلقيحات المخصبة ، متوسط طول الفترة بين الولادتين ، متوسط إنتاج اللبن في الموسم ومتوسط طول فترة الحلب هي 0.72±29.90 أشهر2.77±0.12، 521.10 ± 18.7 يوم ، 3762.29 ± 156.4 كجم و 279.99 ± 1.90 يوم علي التوالي . وجد أن تأثير أبا الأبقار غير معنوي (P>0.05) على متوسط الفترة بين الولادتين ومتوسط فترة الحلب ، لكنه عالي التأثير المعنوي (P<0.01) علي متوسط إنتاج اللبن، العمر عند أول ولادة وعدد التلقيحات المخصبة. كما وجد أن سنة الولادة غير معنوي (P>0.05) التأثير علي متوسط الفترة بين الولادتين ،متوسط إنتاج اللبن ومتوسط طول فترة الحلب لكنها عالية التأثير المعنوي (P<0.01) علي متوسط العمر عند أول ولادة. بينما كان ترتيب موسم الحليب عديم التأثير المعنوي (P>0.05) علي متوسط عدد التلقيحات المخصبة ،متوسط طول الفترة بين الولادتين ، متوسط إنتاج الحليب ومتوسط طول فترة الحليب. كما وضحت الدراسة أن الانحراف الخطي عالي التأثير المعنوي (P<0.01) علي متوسط إنتاج اللبن خلال الموسم ومتوسط طول فترة الحلب لكنه مؤثر معنويا (p>0.05)متوسط طول الفترة بين الولادتين. من ناحية أخري اشتملت الدراسة علي تقدير المكافئات الوراثية بطريقة Paternal half-sib analysis (Falconer, 1996) وقد كانت تقدير المكافئات الوراثية كالآتي : 0.151±0.042 ، 0.002±0.014 ، 0.62±0.019 ، 0.029±0.110 و0.011±0.011 للعمر عند أول ولادة ، طول الفترة بين الولادتين ، عدد التلقيحات المخصبة ، إنتاج الحليب خلال الموسم وطول فترة الحليب علي التوالي وذلك حسب تقدير الارتباطات الوراثية، البيئية و المظهرية بطريقة تحليل التباين المشترك (أنصاف الأشقاء) .(Falconer, 1996
Milk Urea Nitrogen Concentration as A Monitoring Tool for Assessing Protein Nutritional Status in Dairy Farms.
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine whether milk urea
nitrogen concentration could be used as an easy monitoring tool for
assessing protein nutritional status of dairy cows.
Data collected (Questionnaire) from 5 farms located in Khartoum
north were used in this study. Feed samples were collected from each
farm and proximate analysis was carried out. Milk samples were
collected separately from eight cows from each farm. Milk urea nitrogen
concentration was measured.
The results showed that the lowest CP content (19.9%) was
reported in farm C, while the highest value (24.5%) was reported for farm
A.
The mean MUN concentrations was higher in farm A (35.6 mg/dl)
compared to 20.1 17.0, 13.1 and 11.4 mg/dl in farm D, E, B, and C,
respectively.
The variation in MU concentration within the farm ranged from
29.6 to 45.5 mg/dl in farm A, 7.0 to 21.0 mg/dl in farm B, 7.0 to 14.0
mg/dl in farm C, 10.5 to 31.5 mg/dl in farm D and 7.0 to 35.0 mg/dl in
farm E. Difference in MUN concentration were observed within and
between farms. A significant (P<0.05) Positive correlation (r: 0.8) was
found between CP and MUN.
It is concluded that measurement of MUN may be used to assess
the adequacy of protein feeding in dairy cows and the efficiency of N
utilization for milk production
Assessment of Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Sudanese Native Chickens Using Microsatellite Markers
No full textThis study was conducted to evaluate the population structure
and genetic diversity of six Sudanese native chicken populations
collected from different areas. Three of the six populations were Large
Beladi, collected from Zalingei (LBZ =16), Damazein (LBDa = 17) and
the third (BAL = 48) was obtained from the European Collaborative
Project on Chicken Biodiversity (AVIANDIV project) collected from
Khartoum state. Two populations of Bare Neck were collected from Abu
Naama (BNAb = 18), and El-Obeid (BNOb = 12) whereas the only
Betwil population was collected from the Nuba Mountain (BT = 36). As
reference populations, six purebred lines and six African populations
from Malawi and Zimbabwe were selected for comparison with the native
chicken of Sudan. A drop of blood samples from wing veins were
collected into classic filter cards FTA and genomic DNA was extracted by
phenol-chloroform method. DNA fragments produced by Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification were visualized as bands on 8%
polyacrylamide gel and investigated using 29 microsatellite markers.
The study revealed that the total number of alleles across the
populations was 201 with an average of 5.3 alleles per population. The
mean number of alleles per locus was 6.93 ± 3.52 and ranging from three
[(MCW103), (MCW098), (MCW248), (MCW165)] to 17 [(LEI234)].
XIII
Moreover the results obtained from this study showed that all the 29 loci
were polymorphic. The mean of the observed heterozygosity across all
the 29 loci was 0.524, and ranging from 0.461 ± 0.023 for Large Beladi
Zalingei (LBZ) to 0.578 ± 0.022 for Bare Neck El-Obeid (BNOb), while
the mean of the expected heterozygosity was 0.552 and ranging from
0.507 ± 0.031 for LBZ to 0.581 ± 0.026 for BNOb. The total inbreeding
coefficient (FIT) was 0.069±0.112 and almost fully explained by within
population, while the inbreeding coefficient of subpopulations (FST) was
0.026±0.049 indicating the absence of clear sub-structuring of the
Sudanese native chicken populations; whereas inbreeding coefficient (FIS)
was 0.036±0.076. These three mentioned parameters comprised the
fixation indices. The pairwise fixation coefficient value of
subpopulations (FST ) with the smallest genetic distance was obtained for
LBDa vs BNAb and the largest genetic distance was found for LBZ vs
BNAb.
Network tree was constructed from the MEK using Splitstree 4
software package. A Structure software program was used to cluster
individuals to 2 ≤ k ≤7 assuming clusters to be examined. The solutions
with the highest similarity coefficient (97 and 99 identical runs out of 100
run STRUCTURE ) were found at K =5 and K=6, in which Malawian,
Zimbabwian, and purebred lines split out as independent clusters and the
six Sudanese native chicken populations clustered into one population he results from this study led to a rejection of the hypothesis
that Sudanese native chicken are sub-structured across breeds and agroecological
zones. The results indicated the presence of high genetic
diversity within the Sudanese native chicken populations and highlighted
the uniqueness of these populations their being genetically distinct from
other village chickens from similar African production systems and pure
bred lines
Quality control and standardization in flow cytometry – requirements of GLP, GMP, ISO, and clinical studies
No full textFlow cytometric methods are well established in patients’ diagnostics, process control,
and even preparation of cellular therapeutics. Every of these topics are subject to
regulatory systems that are as far as possible harmonized in the European community.
By growing implementation of ISO 15189 based standardization in European laboratory
diagnostics, flow cytometric labs are more and more challenged to introduce compliant
quality management systems. Although in most countries accreditation of such
laboratories is not yet compulsory, proof of following these rules is widely requested. In
contrast, implementation of such systems in preclinical and clinical studies is well
established; quality control in transfusion medicine and ATMP manufacturing is daily
practice. In general, adherence to quality management systems is considered to be very
hard for cytometry. Therefore, we analyzed consequences of accreditation process for
cytometric labs and investigated flow cytometrists’ attitudes and misgivings according
these requirements. As major challenges, staff qualification, adaptation of multicolor
antibody panels, and quality assessment has been identified
Personal development: a vital scholarly activity for all.
No full textFirst came Continuing Medical Education (CME), soon followed by Continuing
Professional Development (CPD); both credible activities, but are they achieving their
purpose?
For many individuals these activities are credible but since they are frequently generated
by others and are not always related to need, their outcome can be often questioned and
hence perhaps not as purposeful as hoped.
This session will explore some of the new approaches to CPD and how it can
encompass personal scholarship, individual development and healthcare outcomes
Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) training course
No full textPost-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) commonly occurs after treatment of visceral
leishmaniasis, in particular in the Sudan. Patients with PKDL often present at the village
level and therefore all cadres of health workers should have a working knowledge to
adequately diagnose and manage PKDL patients. To achieve this a basic understanding
of the epidemiology and pathophysiology is needed including the underlying immune
responses
Effect of Water Quantities and Weeding on The Vegetative Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L)
No full text2002The effect of three water quantities (400 mm, 500mm, 600mm) and three hand weedings on vegetative growth and yield of sunflower (hybrid Hysun 33), was investigated in season 2000/2001, in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat. The results showed that water quantity has no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant, shoot dry weight, relative turgidity, number and weight of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds , nor on the final yield. However, increased water quantity significantly increased stem and disc diameter, leaf area index and oil percentage. Weeding did not affect plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds, oil percentage, nor the final yield. However, weeding significantly affected stem diameter, shoot dry weight, relative turgidity, leaf area index and weight of seeds per plantUof
Herbal Products Development Workshop
No full textThe workshop is essentially dealing with two aspects related to herbal medicine but they
differ significantly in the approach and methodology involved in the process of drug
discovery and development. These approaches, however, will either lead to the
development of a standardised phytotherapeutical products based on the totality of the
chemical ingredients present in a plant (i.e. herbal product) or the isolation of a single
bioactive natural product of a herbal origin which will be subjected to long process of
drug discovery and development entailing a substantial time, cost and advanced
technology