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Production Losses and Economic Importance of INttstitis among Friesian Cattle in the Sudan
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] cost of discarded milk, the cost of drugs used during this study and the total number of animals being culled because of mastitis were estimated. The major losses encountered ∎∎ ere due to the reduction of milk yield, diScarding of milk produced by infected cows and the increase in the replacement-heifer cost. Other losses include cost of drugs and veterinary services, e\ti a labor and loss of genetic material from the herd
Global Change Biology
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] nine to ten billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two
of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met whilst reducing the
impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and
support human health and well being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions
between these challenges. In this study, we briefly outline the challenges, review the
production- and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture,
Forestry and Other Land Use (AFLOU) sector, and options for delivering food security. We
briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before
presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under
possible future food security scenarios.
We conclude that whilst production-side mitigation measures might either enhance or
negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures should benefit both food
security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Our analysis provides support for the
hypothesis that consumption-based measures offer a greater potential in meeting both
challenges than do production-side measures, but given the size of the challenges, all options
need to be considered. Production-side measures should be implemented immediately,
focussing on those that improve agricultural efficiency and allow the production of more
agricultural product per unit of input, so that both GHG mitgation and food security benefit
from the change in practice. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their
implementation and the time taken for behaviour change to occur, policy should be
introduced quickly, and should aim to co-deliver to other policy agendas, such as imroving
environmental quality, or improving dietary health. It is clear that the problems facin
FEASIBILITY OF USING WIND PUMPS IN SUDAN
No full textThe over all cost of using a wind pump - or a number of wind pumps - for a watering duty HQ is estimated and compared to the cost of using a diesel pump for a similar duty. To reduce cost to a present value the discount rate is estimated using a technique depending on real local options of farmers rather than conventional costing techniques. The study revealed a clear viability of wind pumps use for average wind speeds 5m/s and above. And a clear inadequacy of wind pumping for speeds of 3m/s and below. In between these limits viability depends on the local fuel-price-index
Nutritional Evaluation of Sorghum Abu70 (Sorghum Bicolor) Forage and Bagasse Silage for Sheep
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of sorghum Abu
70 and sugar cane by-product (bagasse) silage with different combination
percentage with or without concentrate diet supplementation on dry
matter intake and digestibility by sheep.
A total of twelve entire male desert sheep with body weight averaging
33.3±5 kg were used in this study. The diet was prepared with four
combination of fresh cut sorghum Abu70: bagasse (A, 100:0; B, 75:25; C,
50:50 and D, 25:75). Molasses at rate 4% (w/w) was added to all mixture
as stimulant.
In experiment (1), silage was offered to sheep without
supplementation. The daily dry matter intake were (A, 585.12; B, 658.8;
C, 369.04 and D, 208.38 g respectively) .There was a decrease in dry
matter intake which was significantly different (P < 0.05) as the inclusion
rate of bagasse increased. The same is true for dry matter (DM) and
organic matter (OM) digestibility of (A, B, C and D) were (61.36%,
67.77%; 45.38%, 51.5%; 23.23%, 30.6% and 19.12%, 14.34%
respectively).
Crude protein (CP) digestibility for silage A (Abu 70) was 47.9% while
other treatment silages recorded negative values.
In experiment (2), silages were offered freely and supplemented
with 300 g concentrate mixture (2:1 Wheat bran and Groundnut cake).
The results indicated that the average daily DM intake were not
significantly different (P>0.05) the values were (1109.99, 589.97,
632.24 and 865.10g) for the
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groups fed (A, B, C and D respectively). The apparent digestibility (%)
of
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DM,OM and CP for silages A, B, C and D with 300 g mixture
concentrate supplement were (70.06 ,73.13 and 91.45; 60.4 ,65.37 and
90.86; 46.47, 50.52 and 88.24 and 56.45, 58.89 and 88.94 respectively).
There were significant (P<0.01) differences between treatment for
digestibility (%) of DM and OM. As the inclusion rate of bagasse in
silage increased, there was a drop in DM and OM digestibility.
In experiment (3) where dry matter degradability study of the
tested silages was carried using two fistulated bulls equipped with rumen
cannula. The effective degradability (%) at (0.05 rumen out flow rate) of
the tested silages of A, B, C and D were (62.7, 25.61, 28.86 and 20.43
respectively), silage (A) showed high dry matter degradation. Addition of
different levels of bagasse to silages resulted in decreased dry matter
degradability.
It was concluded that feeding silage A, B, C and D as a sole diet
decreased both daily dry matter intake and digestibility. Furthermore
those silages were still below maintenance requirement of sheep which
was evidenced by drop in body weight.
Sorghum Abu70 and bagasse combination supplemented with 300 gm
concentrate improved DM intake and digestibility by the sheep. However,
CP digestibility was not affected (P>0.05) by the inclusion rate of
bagasse. It could be concluded that bagasse could be included up to 25 %
silage without any adverse effect on animal body perfo
Effect Of Energy Level And Dietary Lysine Or Methionine On Broiler Chicks Performance Under Hot Arid Climate
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature (during
summer and winter), dietary methionine, lysine and energy level on performance,
blood constituent and immune response of broiler chicks. High temperature
encountered during summer ranged between from 29.6 to 41.6°C, low temperature
during winter ranged between 22.2 to 31.3°C. Factorial arrangement of three levels of
methionine 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9% and two levels of energy 3050kcal/kg (ME) and 2850
kcal/kg (ME). Another factorial arrangement of three levels of lysine 1.1, 1.35, 1.6%
and two levels of energy 3050, 2850 kcal/kg were used. High temperature reduced
live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and increased feed conversion ratio
and mortality rate. Water consumption was increased significantly at high
temperatures and in birds fed low energy diets reducing their mortality rate. Blood
constituent were negatively affected by the high temperature. Haemoglobin,
haematocrit, red blood cells, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were negatively reduced at
high temperature. Total protein, albumin, and globulin were significantly reduced at
high temperature. Blood minerals K+, Na+, Ca++, and P++ were reduced at high
temperature but urea was increased. Immune response was significantly lowered at
high temperature. Dietary levels of lysine or methionine did not improve live body
weight, weight gain, feed conversion or ameliorate the adverse effects of high
temperature. Blood constituents were not significantly increased by different levels of
lysine or methionine. Haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cells, were not
significantly affected by methionine. MCV, MCH were increased significantly by
increasing methionine or lysine level, while MCHC was not significantly affected.
Plasma total protein and globulin were not significantly affected by lysine. However,
albumin was increased with increasing lysine. Significant increase in feed intake and
feed conversion ratio in birds fed low energy diet was observed. Birds fed low energy
diet during winter attain significantly low weight gain. However, in summer no
significant difference in body weight gain between birds fed low energy and those fed
high energy diet was found. There was no significant effect of energy levels on blood
constituent or immune response was observed. A significant increase in immune
response was observed in birds fed high methionine levels. However, lysine did not
improve immune response
The Effect Of Processing On Quality Attributes Of Three Types Of Fish Meat.
No full textThe aim of this study was to investigate the processing attributes of selected
fish types and the effect of these attributes on the quality of the fish products.
Three fish grades were selected among the types consumed at the level of
Khartoum State. The selected grades (I, II&III) were represented by Bagrus sp.,
Gymnarchus sp. and Clarias sp. respectively. The grading was according to local
consumer preference and the price of fish in the market.
A number of analytical tests were performed on fish samples. The tests included
fillet %, proximate analysis for the % of protein, dry matter, moisture, fat and ash.
PH, water holding capacity and total microbial count were also determined. The
mentioned parameters were recorded in summer and winter seasons.
Fillet % was highest in Bagrus sp. followed by Gymnarchus sp. and Clarias
sp.and the differences between the mean values were significant (p<0.05).
Significant differences (p<0.05) were also realized in the protein and dry matter
contents. Moisture content was highest in Bagrus (winter) and the lowest moisture
content was lowest in Bagrus (summer) and the differences between the mean values
were significant (p<0.05) among the three types.
The mean values for ash content were not significant (p>0.05) for the three
types.
PH were not significant (p>0.05) for the three types. Color value (L)- skin side
was highest in Bagrus (winter) ) and the differences between the mean values were
significant (p<0.05).
Total bacterial count was highest in Gymnarchus (summer) and the differences
were not significant (p>0.05).
Water holding capacity was highest in Clarias sp. and the differences between
the mean values were significant (p<0.05).
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The other phase of the study was processing of burgers and fish loaves from
Bagrus sp. and Clarias sp.
Chemical, physical, microbial and sensory analytical tests were performed
for the processed products. Storage loss % and cooking loss % were also performed.
There were no significant differences between the mean values (p<0.05)
Molecular characterization of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutations in isolates from eastern Sudan
No full textIn Sudan sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was the second line antimalarial treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria till June 2004 when the first and second line antimalarial drugs have been switched to Artesunate plus SP and Artemether plus lumefanterene, respectively. Treatment failure caused by SP resistant P. falciparum has been reported in Khartoum, eastern and southern Sudan
Effect of Salt- Stress on Nodulation and Growth of Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus) in Different Soil Textures
No full text2003Tow laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of salt-stress on Bradyrhizobium strains namely TAL 209, ENRRI 6 and USDA 3398. Five Pot Experiments were carried out to study the effect of salt- stress and Bradyrhizobium inoculation (strain TAL 209) on growth and symbiotic properties of lablab bean cultivars in different soil textures amended with N, P and chicken manure. The results indicated that lablab bean cultivars varied in their response to inoculation and /or salinity. Nodulation was more affected by salinity than the plant growth. Bradyrhizobium strain TAL 209 significantly improved nodulation under normal conditions and salt- stress. Salinity significantly reduced shoot and root fresh and dry weights, nodules number and nodules dry weight of lablab bean. Plants grown in silt soil showed the highest results in all parameters measured followed by clay and sandy soils, respectively, under salt- stress. Under normal and saline conditions cultivar Sh. Black gave the highest results in all parameters measured followed by Sh. White and Sh. Brown, respectively. Under saline conditions, application of chicken manure significantly increased all parameters measured, where as no significant differences were observed between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Modelling of the results indicated a negative relationship between the salinity and nodule number and positive relationship between plant weight and nodule number. The results indicated that the Bradyrhizobium bacteria can be used as a biological fertilizer and to reduce the effect of salinity in soils of different texturesUOF
Input of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Primary Immune Deficiencies
No full textOver the past three decades, flow cytometry has emerged as an invaluable technology
in clinical laboratories and has contributed significantly to investigate the immune system
cell components. Its unparalleled ability to simultaneously identify characteristic physical
cell properties, cell numbers, cell functions, and numerous cell gene products at rates of
thousands of cells per second has resulted in the development of a large repertoire of
diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring assay
Potentials for research collaboration in infectious and tropical diseases
No full textThe need for new drugs, diagnostics and vaccines has changed over the past decade
for many of neglected infectious diseases (NIDs). NIDs can be viewed in three
categories: (a) those for which there is some market, some commercial and public health
incentive, eg. malaria and tuberculosis, (b) those for which tools are available and
implementation is required, eg. some helminth and bacterial diseases, and (c) those for
which tools are not available and for which drug R & D is limited, the “most neglected
diseases”, for example, the dengue, leishmaniases and trypanosomiases, have very
different requirement