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Assisting a marginalized community to lead a better life: 25 years of work in Gedarif State by the Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum
No full textFor the last 25 years my colleagues and I have been working in Gedarif State on
endemic diseases. The area is endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, post Kala-azar
Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) , mucosal leishmaniasis, malaria, measles, leprosy,
whooping cough, acute upper respiratory infection, malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases.
They were the main causes of morbidity and mortality. Although our main mission was
applied field research on leishmaniasis, we soon recognized that there was far more to
do than just research. Kala-azar was rife. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) for treating
Kala-azar was only available in the hospitals and was sometimes in short supply. A
black market for SSG was flourishing, the drug was very expensive and it was
sometimes just water sold as the drug. Parents would buy a few MLs of the drug too
small to be effective and inject the drug themselves. Due to poor health services we
worked in collaboration with Ministry of Health and the community, in diagnosing and
treating several diseases that one meets in a primary health care setting in a poor
community. Our objective was to introduce simple technology to diagnose these
diseases early, collect epidemiological data and to treat patients locally as outpatients.
With the help of MSF Holland we started an applied field research project on the
epidemiology, diagnosis and management of VL and PKDL. Health education was part
and parcel of our program. This was in the form of public lectures, small group
discussions and interaction with individual patients. Drugs for Neglected Diseases
Initiative (DNDi) came to our help in Sudan and East Africa. DNDi established the
Leishmaniasis East African Platform (LEAP) between Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda and
Kenya to improve on health facilities, develop effective drugs for visceral leishmaniasis
and train health workers. They established a modern hospital with teaching facilities and
modern laboratories in Dooka and another in Kassab village in Gedarif State. Details
will be given. The changes that occurred in providing health services and in research are
remarkable and will be detailed in the presentation
Urine parameters in calves and young camels with experimentally induced metabolic acidosis (NH4CI-load)
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at
[email protected] response to acid-base disturbances, particularly metabolic acidosis was observed in diarrhoeic calves in association with renal damage. This condition was characterised by strong alterations in glomerular capillary and tubular vessels of the kidney. On the other hand, renal electrolyte disturbances are usually associated with diarrhoea and dehydration in calves. In this content, no data have been reported previously for camels. In the experimental study, urine parameters of the calves and young camels to the same acid load in relation to their age were examined
Family and Environmental Social science
No full textThis paper had been presented for promtion at the university of khartoum to get the full text please contact the other [email protected] know more information about Family and Environmental social science, the following headlines give you briefly information about that.
Social policy :-
precisely what counts as a social policy is a matter of debate . Both words are problematic. The term policy commonly refers to a more or less clearly articulated set of environmental ideas about what should be done in a particular sphere ,which is often set down in writing,& usually formally adopted by the relevant decision- making body. It differs from a plan in that plans specify in detail the way in which objectives are to be achieved ,whereas a policy is typically formulated at a more general level , indicating only objectives &the intended direction of change . In academic contexts, however, the term policy is usually not restricted to formally adopted policies, since lack of action &
continuation of the status quo(even if not formally agree)itself constitutes a policy .
The term social is even more problematic .
Social Policy:
The most common interpretation is social policies are government policies both central & local that are directed towards meeting the social needs of population ,social needs usually being interpreted as welfare needs , is with the list including policies concerning social security health , housing, education, & sometimes law & orde
Egg Yield and Quality in Laying Hens Fed Diets tout " g Black Cumin Seed and/or White Wormwood Leaves
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum to get the full text please contact the other at ahmed [email protected]= hens were fed diets contain= either black cumin seed or white womiwood leaves or the
combination of the two additives and the effects on egg production and egg quality characteristics were
determined. Final body weights were significantly increased in the birds fed the diet with I c!'e black clunin seed
and in those fed the diet with 0 3% of both black cumin seed and white womiwood leaves. Feed intake was
numerically lower after the feeding
of
die diets with 1% white wormwood leaves. Egg production was not
significantly influenced by dietaty treatment but group -mean egg production was lowered in the hens fed the
diet with 1% black cumin seed Feed conversion efficiency was significantly decreased by the diet containing
IN white wormwood leaves and by the diet with die combthation
of
IN of black cumin seed and 1% white
wormwood leaves. The diet containing 0.5% black ctunin seed plus 0 59
,
0 white wormwood leaves also
significantly decreased feed conversion. Egg weight shape index, albumen height, Haugh unit shell thickness
and yolk color were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments
The inajor finding of this study may
be that dietary white wormwood unproved feed efficiency in laying hens whereas black cumin seed did no
Oral Epithelial Atypical Changes in Apparently Healthy Oral Mucosa Exposed to Smoking, Alcohol, Peppers and Hot Meals, Using the AgNOR and Papanicolaou Staining Techniques
No full textTo evaluate cytological atypical changes in apparently healthy
oral mucosa exposed to smoking, alcohol, hot meals, and peppers
using the AgNOR and Papanicolaou methods. A total of
180 individuals were evaluated, of which 60 were smokers, 34
were alcohol users, 52 were habitual peppers and hot meal
(exposed) consumers, 24 were non-exposed, and 10 were
patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), as an internal
control. Cytological materials were obtained by brushing
of buccal mucosa, on the border of the tongue and on the floor
of the mouth, and participants underwent the Papanicolaou test
for cytological changes and AgNOR staining for evaluation of
the mean number of AgNOR dots per nucleus. SPSS program
was used to perform the Pearson chi-square test. The 95% confi-
dence level, Odds Ratio (OR), and the 95% Confidence Intervals
(CI) were used.
The features of cytological atypia were verified among 10
individuals, including 5 smokers, 2 alcohol users, 2 hot meals
and peppers consumers, and one non-exposed. For atypia among
tobacco smokers, the adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and the 95% CI
were found to be 2 (0.246–16.24). Increased keratinization was
detected among 27 (45%) of the smokers (P < 0.0001), 17
(32.7%) of the pepper and hot meals consumers (P < 0.005), 4
(11.8%) of the alcohol consumers, and among 2 (3.7%) of the
non-exposed group. Statistical analyses revealed a greater mean
number of AgNORs per nucleus in smokers (3.68) followed by
(2.82) alcohol consumers, compared to the habitual peppers and
hot meal consumers (2.28) and the non-exposed group (2.00).
What’s more, 80% of the smears with cytological atypia were
identified with 6 6 2 AgNOR mean count.
The increase of the variables suggests that the evaluation of
epithelial atypical changes in individuals exposed to smoking
and alcohol carcinogens may be a useful screening tool. While
hot meals and peppers didnot seem to be a risk for oral mucosal
proliferation, they increased the potency of keratinization and
infection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;00:000–000.
' 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Chronic Lung Disease in Developing Countries.
No full textChronic lung disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Prevalence, morbidity and mortality vary across countries and across different groups
within countries. Chronic lung disease [COPD] is the result of cumulative exposures
over decades. In developing countries ambient, occupational and household air
pollution, the latter resulting from biomass fuels for heating and cooking are major risk
factors. Approximately 3 billion people worldwide use biomass fuels in poorly ventilated
dwellings, so the population at risk worldwide is very large. In this paper we will discuss
the economic and social burden of chronic lung disease in developing countries,
diagnosis and assessment in developing countries, therapeutic options, management of
exacerbations and comorbidities
Mapping the Potential Risk of Mycetoma Infection in Sudan
No full textIn 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized mycetoma as one of the
neglected tropical conditions due to the efforts of the Mycetoma Consortium. This same
consortium formulated knowledge gaps that require further research. One of these gaps
was that few data are available on the epidemiology and transmission cycle of the
causative agents. Previous work suggested a soil-borne or Acacia thorn-prick-mediated
origin of mycetoma infections, but no studies have investigated effects of soil type and
Acacia geographic distribution on mycetoma case distributions.
Here, we map risk of mycetoma infection across Sudan and South Sudan using
Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM). For this study, records of mycetoma cases were
obtained from the scientific literature and GIDEON; Acacia records were obtained from
the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. We developed ENMs based on digital GIS
data layers summarizing soil characteristics, land-surface temperature, and greenness
indices to provide a rich picture of environmental variation across Sudan and South
Sudan. ENMs were calibrated in known endemic districts and transferred countrywide;
model results suggested that risk is greatest in an east-west belt across central Sudan.
Visualizing ENMs in environmental dimensions, mycetoma occurs under diverse
environmental conditions. We compared niches of mycetoma and Acacia trees, and
could not reject the null hypothesis of niche similarity. This study revealed contributions
of different environmental factors to mycetoma infection risk, identified suitable
environments and regions for transmission, signaled a potential mycetoma-Acacia
association, and provided steps towards a robust risk map for the disease
The Era of Pediatric Neurogenetics
No full textFollowing the successful implementation of the Expanded Program on Immunization
worldwide, and with the improvement in childhood nutrition, genetic diseases emerged
as a significant health problem causing significant mortality and life-long morbidity. The
majority of these genetic disorders manifest in childhood with either neurobehavioural
impairment or as degenerative neurological disorders
Bartonella infection: An emerging neglected disease in Sudan
No full textBartonella infection occurs in three forms: Cat scratch disease (CSD) due to Bartonella
henselae, Trench fever due to Bartonella Quintana and Carrión's disease caused by
Bartonella bacilliformis. In this presentation we describe CSD for the first time in Sudan.
CSD occurs worldwide and may be present wherever cats are found. The bacteria infect
the red cells of cats which are usually symptomless. ransmission of the bacteria between
cats is by fleas. Transmission to humans is by cat bites and scratches. Of the thirty
cases we had in 2013 and 2014 the sites affected included the skin, subcutaneous
tissue, lymph nodes, the lung, the spleen, Brain, spinal cord, bone, breast, and
retroperitoneum. The Bartonella we found was identified as B henselae by a specific
monoclonal antibody. The report is from a single center in Khartoum. The condition is
perhaps more common than is believed
In old old article published in Acta Tropica 1969 a single case from Sennar was
diagnosed as possibly Bartonella quintana. At that time specific antibodies against B
henselae were not available. From the clinical data and stained morphology it was most
likely Bartonella henselae At that time monoclonal antibodies and PCR were not
available. From the description I think it was B hensela
Brain Health Challenges In Africa
No full textBrain Health is, and will be, the major challenge in the world. « Time is Brain ». Africa
population will represent a major component of the world in the next decades. Via
environmental, economic, cultural, food and other factors, human health in general,
Brain health in particular, will be stressed. UN predicts a population of 1.5 billion in 2050
in Africa. Its population is the youngest in the world: 44% are less than 15 yours, versus
15 to 30% for the rest of the world. Africa is in a situation of cultural transition,
characterized by a mixture of tradition and modernity. The number of elderly, and its
medical consequences, increases slowly. This demographic figure let predict an overall
impact of non-communicable diseases, in addition to infections. It is estimated that 60 to
80% of people suffering from brain and other neurological diseases and residing in
Africa are not detected and properly treated. In a context of difficult access to healthcare,
inaccessibility to several major drugs, and limited human and diagnostic resources. This
communication aim is to describe the current situation, analyze outcome derived from
various efforts done in the continent, and open fields of local and worldwide collaboration
for more actions and better outcome in Africa