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Household Air Pollution
No full textHousehold air pollution from the use of biomass fuels is a major public health hazard
affecting over 3 billion people living in developing countries most of whom are women
and children. In Sudan the national burden of disease attributed to biomass fuel use is
estimated to be 0.7% but may be significantly higher as this is an estimate based on
estimates of exposure. Biomass fuel combustion releases many toxic pollutants which
are damaging to the respiratory tract, the cardiovascular and neurologic systems and are
associated with low birth weight and fetal wastage. Household air pollution has been
studied primarily by using devices which measure exposure in dwellings and on the
clothes of the residents. These devices measure the most important pollutants, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. Although inhaled sulfur dioxide and
particulate matter damage the lungs, only carbon monoxide is systemically absorbed
and only carbon monoxide can be measured in the body. In this paper, we will review
the pathophysiology of carbon monoxide poisoning and report some preliminary results
of the study which we, Prof. Suliman and our colleagues from Sudan carried out
immediately prior to this conference
Tropical Medicine in 2015
No full textTropical Medicine has changed over the years. It dates back to the middle of the 18th
century and it became a formal discipline in 1900. While initially it was best described as
colonial medicine aimed to protect the interests of the British Empire, later the focus
shifted to include all health problems of those living in tropical areas. Tropical schools
were established e.g. in London, Liverpool, Hamburg and Antwerp that taught tropical
medicine as a formal discipline, that carried out research and that worked with
international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO). Over the
years more attention was given to prevention and control that is often mentioned in the
context of International Health.
In the 20th and 21st century, emergency aid in tropical areas (as provided by Médecins
sans Frontières), emerging infectious diseases (e.g. dengue, SARS, MERS), HIV/AIDS,
travel medicine and neglected tropical diseases were all added to the spectrum of
Tropical Medicine. While recently the Ebola outbreak re-emphasized the original image
of Tropical Medicine as a discipline dealing with exotic infections, the non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) are now deservedly receiving more attention, illustrating the wide and
complex spectrum of this specialty.
Tropical medicine is probably best defined as Medicine (read Surgery, Paediatrics etc.)
in the Tropics, i.e. how to practice medicine in a tropical area taking into account the
local epidemiology, local expertise and often limited resources. Training and research
are essential component
Basic techniques for the identification of fungal pathogens
No full textWithin this workshop we will be introduced to the identification of fungi. Currently it is
standard practice that fungi are identified based on morphology. The culture, but
especially the asexual and sexual spore-baring structures are important for identification.
If such structures are lacking in the fungus you want to identify, it will be almost
impossible to correctly identify it to the species level. Molecular identification is often
necessary. In this workingshop we will demonstrate how a fungus can be identified
based on sequences of the ITS region. This workshop will focus on freely available online
tools, which will enable all labs able to sequence, to identify their isolates to the
species leve
Research Ethics For Health Professionals
No full textThis is an introductory workshop on research ethics designed for health professionals
involved in human subjects research as well as individuals interested in being members
of research ethical committees
Evaluation of the Impact of Universal Precautions Training on Nurse Midwives Knowledge, attitude and Practices toward Prevention of HIV Transmission in Khartoum State Teaching Hospitals, 2006-2010
No full textApplication of the universal precautions during the process of labor decreases spread of HIV infections. No information exists regarding the impact of universal precautions training programs on midwives practices in Sudan. This hospital based study was conducted in Khartoum State to evaluate the effect of training program on the nurse midwives performance during the process of labor to prevent HIV transmission.
The study utilized an interventional design to elicit the effect of training programme on the nurse/midwives practices to prevent HIV transmission. An educational program in universal precautions for nurse/ midwives was developed, implemented, and assessed (n = 180) (drawn from six selected hospitals through stratified cluster random sampling method. Official permission was obtained from the institutions and verbal consent from participants. The study was implemented in three phases, pre-training base line assessment using a structured interview questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards HIV infection and prevention. Observation check list to assess application of universal precautions during the process of labor (two paths pre and post intervention).Universal precautions procedures, were taught, demonstrated, practiced (n=176) participants were re-evaluated (n=169) post intervention.
Results revealed the following: Regarding the knowledge the study revealed that general knowledge towards HIV infection>80%, knowledge towards prevention of HIV (UPs) > 70% and attitude > 60%. This study showed a high rate of needle stick injuries among nurse midwives > 80%Universal precautions application scores increased significantly after training from 40.9 % - 55.2% (P < 0.005).
The study concluded that training program is effective in increasing nurse midwives application of universal precautions. Also the study revealed that the nurse/midwives were highly knowledgeable. Their attitudes were fairly appropriate.
Three years post intervention the impact of training was reassessed aiming to determine practices of the nurse /midwives towards prevention of HIV infections during the process of labor .participants were re-evaluated (n=159).
Results revealed that Universal precautions application scores decreased significantly after three years from 55.2% - 40.85% (P < 0.005).
The study concluded that impact of training program after 3 years no longer exist .
The study recommended that creation of a body to supervise application of universal infection control precaution to grantee the continuity of the program
Response of Grasses and Legumes in Mixtures and Pure Stand To Phosphours and Nitrogen Fertilization at El Damazin Area.
No full text2003A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) at the Demonstration Farm of EL Damazin Research Station, Blue Nile State, Sudan to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization on growth, yield and quality of forage for grasses and legume species in mixture and pure stand under rainfall. The nitrogen levels were 0, and 40 kg Urea/ha in the form of urea (46% N). The phosphorous level were 0 and 50 Kg P2O5/ha in the form of triple superphosphate. The cropping systems include two legume species; clitoria and philipesara and two grass species; signal (Zabrtaya) grass and Dinebra (Mamleiha) in pure stand and mixture (grass and legume). The design used was split-split plot design, with three replications, in which the nitrogen levels in the main plots and the phosphorous levels in the sub-plots and the cropping systems in the sub-sub-plot. The results revealed that nitrogen fertilization significantly increased number of flowers in the second season, number of pods per unit area and forage yield in the second season for legumes. Nitrogen fertilization reduced days to 50% flowering in the first season for legumes. For grasses, addition of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased number of tillers per plant in the second season and number of seeds per spike in the first season. Nitrogen significantly reduced days to 50% flowering for grasses in the two seasons. However, nitrogen did not affect most growth attributes and forage yield for grasses in the two seasons. Phosphorous fertilization for legumes significantly increased number of flowers per plant and number of pods per unit area in the first season. Addition of phosphorous did not affect days to 50% flowering for legumes. Phosphorous did not affect grasses in all measurements. Clitoria in mixture and in pure stand gave taller plants in the second season, higher number of leaves in the first season. Phillipesara, in pure stand and mixture, produced higher number of flowers per plant and higher number of pods per unit area. Signal grass, in pure stand and mixture, gave taller plants and more leaves compared to Dinebra. Dinebra produced more tillers compared to Signal grass. Signal grass produced higher number of spikes per unit area compared to Dinebra, while Dinebra gave more seeds per per spike. Clitoria in pure stand and mixture reached 50% flowering earlier than phillpesara in the first season. The difference between grasses in days to 50% flowering was not significant. Phillipesara in pure stand gave higher forage yield compared to clitoria. For grasses in pure stand, Signal grass produced higher yield compared to Dinebra. Generally grass-legume mixture gave higher forage yield compared to grasses and legume species in pure stand. The highest forage yield was obtained with phillipesara-signal grass mixture followed by Pillipesara-Dinebra mixture. Nitrogen and phosphorous application slightly increased crude protein. Nitrogen fertilization decreased crude fiber and phosphorus decreased fibre in the first season. Generally crude protein was significantly higher in legumes compared to grasses. Crude protein was significantly higher in grass-legume mixtures compared to grasses in pure stand. Crude fibre was significantly higher in grasses in pure stand compared to legumes and grass legume mixture. Clitoria gave higher crude protein content and Dinebra gave higher crude fibres conten
صعوبات تعلم الكتابه وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات لتلاميذ مرحلة الاساس بقطاع الامير بالسودان
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected]مستخلص:
هدف الدراسة إلى معرفة صعوبات التعلم الكتابة لدى التلاميذ بمرحلة الأساس بقطاع الأمير بالسودان.
واستخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفى, وتكونت عينة الدراسة من ( ١٢٠ ) تلميذ وتلميذة من تلاميذ مرحلة الأساس
بقطاع الأمير بالسودان تم اختيارهم عن طريق العينة العشوائية الطبقية وطبق عليهم مقياس التقدير الشخصى
لصعوبة تعلم الكتابة لفتحي مصطفى الزيات- 1989 م.
وخلصت الدراسة إلى (SPSS) وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية
النتائج الآتية:
تتميز صعوبة تعلم الكتابة لدى التلاميذ ذوى صعوبات التعلم بمرحلة الأساس بقطاع الامير بالارتفاع.
توجد فروق فى صعوبة التعلم الكتابة لدى تلاميذ مرحلة الاساس بقطاع الامير بين الذكور والاناث.
توجد علاقة ارتباطية موجبة بين صعوبات التعلم الكتابة والمستوي التعليمي للوالدين لدي تلاميذ مرحلة
الاساس بقطاع الامير.
وفي نهاية الدراسة قدم الباحثان عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات كما قاما بتثبيت أهم المصادر التي
استفادا منها في الدراسة
The genetic diversity of two ethnically different populations in eastern Sudan based on four single nucleotide polymorphisms in chromosome 5q31-33
No full textThe 5q31-33 contains several genes that are pivotal to the
mounting of appropriate cellular immune responses. Polymorphisms in
this region have been found to be associated with the pathology of several
diseases including malaria, asthma, and hypersensitivity. In order to
understand the genetic profile of 5q31-33 in populations of highly
endemic area for malaria in Sudan we typed four single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPS) markers in Hausa and Masalit in eastern Sudan in
a total of 218 chromosomes using ARMS PCR. Allele frequencies were
not significantly different in the two populations, but departure from
Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium was marked in IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13
in Hausa (P=<0.0001, 0.00048, 0.016 and 0.0005) and in Masalit
(P=0.0001, 0.00013, 0.0214 and 0.014). Values suggestive for Linkage
Disequilibrium were observed with the exception of IL-5/IL-13 in
Masalit, which was low (0.4764). In order to investigate possible
association with malaria we compared allele frequencies and
heterozygosity of these SNPS in the families with 0 or low malaria
phenotype as compared to others with high infection rates based on four
independent surveys. The results indicate no correlation. Heterozygosity
was found lower among the less than thirty years age group in Hausa (0.72
and 0.55), and relatively not changed among Masalit (0.69 and 0.70)
الضغوط النفسية وعلاقتها بنوعية الحياه لدي مرضي الفصام
No full textThis study tries to investigate correlation between psychological stress with quality of life among Schizophrenics co- patients in the light of some demographic variables Le. (Gender, Age, Educational level). Descriptive corelation method is applied to fulfill the objectives of the study. The sample consist of (100) subject: (43) male and (57) female, simple random selection was applied in selecting this sample. Psychological stress scale (designed by Mubark Elshalch 2006) and quality of life scale (designed by Maha Abdelrahman 2002) applied in collecting the data of this study. Data manipulated by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) by applying (T) test, Spearman Correlation Coefficient , one way analysis of variance. The most important results of the present study can be summarized in the following points: Psychological stress among schizophrenic's co-patients is statistically high. There is a positive statistical significant correlation between psychological stresses with the quality of life among schizophrenics' co-patients.There is a statistical significant correlation between psychological stresses with the educational level of schizophrenic's co-patients.There is no significant difference in psychological stress among schizophrenics co-patients according to gender (Male, female)
Language Situation
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] approximately 29 million inhabitants of Africa’s
largest country, Sudan, speak at least 135 distinct
languages belonging to three different language
families, Afroasiatic, Niger–Congo, and Nilo–Saharan
(compares Figures 1 and 2). Sudan’s current political
boundaries were established at the end of the 19th
century and the beginning of the 20th century. In
1899, the country was placed under the jurisdiction
of Britain as well as Egypt in nominal recognition of
the historical claims of the khedive of Egypt, though
reserving supreme civil and military authority to an
offical nominated by the British colonial government.
This so-called ‘Condominium Period,’ which lasted
until the country’s independence on January 1, 1956,
was preceded by the Turco–Egyptian period, whic