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Pathological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Studies of Lungs and Livers of Cattle and Sheep Infected with Hydatid Disease
No full textThis work was carried out to study the pathological changes in the lungs and livers
with hydatid disease of slaughtered cattle and sheep. Lungs and livers of 521 cattle
and 675 sheep were examined. Infection rates of 4.8% and 1.8% were recorded in
cattle and sheep, respectively. The predilection sites in cattle were the lungs and the
livers, while in sheep cysts were only found in the livers. In cattle, lung and liver,
cysts were mostly of medium size (2–4 cm), but large cysts (> 4 cm) were, also,
observed, while most of sheep liver cysts were small in size (< 2 cm). The amount of
fluid from hydatid cyst of cattle ranged from 0.2 to 50 ml; only one cyst contained
600 ml. In sheep, the cyst contained small amounts of liquid with a maximum of 3
ml. The fertility rates of the cysts were 23.4% and 11.1% in cattle and sheep,
respectively. Cyst sections from infected lungs of cattle showed laminated
membranes surrounded by a zone of cellular infiltration of mainly lymphocytes,
plasma cells, macrophages and rarely neutrophils, eosinophils and giant cells and the
outermost fibrous tissue reaction. Calcification was, also, observed. The
neighbouring tissues showed atelectasis, emphysema, haemorrhage, congestion and
fibrosis. Sections from the second, third and fourth centimeters away from the cyst
walls showed similar but less pronounced pathological reactions. In liver cyst
sections, the pathological changes were almost similar to that observed in the lungs
with atrophy and necrosis of hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical studies revealed
that all slides stained with markers for CD³ and CD²º showed positive reaction for
CD³ and negative for CD²º. This finding suggests that the cellular reaction in the
hydatid cyst wall consists mainly of T-lymphocytes. In all liver and lung sections
from cattle and sheep stained with Masson’s trichrome stain, and fibrous tissues in
the hydatid cyst capsules or around blood vessels and air passages stained green.
The acellular laminated membranes and the protoscolices, also, stained green. In
hydatid cyst sections from cattle and sheep stained with Periodic Acid Scheff (PAS),
and laminated membranes, germinal layers and protoscolices took positive PAS
magenta colour. It is concluded that the presence of cyst in an infected organ causes
pathological changes in tissues around the cyst and further away from the cyst. It is,
also, concluded that T-lymphocytes (CD³ positive cells) appear to dominate the mononuclear infiltrate as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. This indicates
that T. lymphocytes play a role in immunological reaction against hydatid cys
Potential Anti-diarrhoeal Activity of Aqueous Root Extract of Hydnora abyssinica in Rats
No full textThis study was designed to investigate potential anti-diarrhoeal activity of the orally
administrated water extract of Hydnora abyssinica roots to rats. The potential activity of the
extract was tested by faecal mass inhibition. Twenty-four albino rats were divided into 5
groups (a control + 3 test groups + loperamide group) receiving oral doses of 100, 200 and
400 mg extract/kg body weight/rat, 3 mg loperamide (reference anti-diarrhoeal drug)/kg
body weight/rat and 1 ml/kg body weight/rat of normal saline (control). All the rats were
orally given, 30 minutes subsequent to extract administration, an acute diarrhoea inducer (1
ml castor oil/ kg body weight/rat). The weight of faeces was recorded at 4 and 6 hours for
assessment of diarrhoeal inhibition. The extract showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) antidiarrhoeal
activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea in all rats at the 4th hrs post treatment
with reduction rates of 46.78%, 63.21% and 74.68% for the doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg
body weight, respectively. The same doses recorded inhibition rates of 27.42%, 50.88% and
60.13%, respectively, at the 6th hours post treatment. Serum samples were taken at 4 and 24
hrs and analyzed for enzymatic activities of AST and ALT, metabolic indicators, total
protein, albumin, sodium, potassium and calcium. Metabolic indicators, total protein,
albumin, sodium, potassium and calcium showed significant increase while calcium showed
significant decrease. The antidiarrhoeal effect produced by H. abyssinica can be due to
inhibition of prostaglandin, the diarrhoeal inducer or due to antimotility and antisecretary
activity of the plant extract. It is concluded that the results support the claim of traditional
practioners about the therapeutic values of H. abyssinica for treatment of diarrhoea in
traditional medicine
Paradigm Changes in Tropical Forestry and Steps towards a Green Economy: Elements of a Framework for Rural Development in Sudan
No full textRural regions are affected worldwide by outmigration, climate change and
volatile markets, resulting in their increasing marginalization. In Sudan wars and tribal
conflicts are additional threats. To counterbalance this, innovative strategies are required
on policy as well as on local producer level. To understand current trends of rural
development, a hermeneutic research approach is applied. This leads to the formulation
of the six paradigmatic development stages (1) pre-colonial, (2) colonial, (3)
independence and capital formation, (4) internationalization, (5) polarization and (6)
globalization. Paradigms are rooted in theories, have impact on policies, are determined
by a specific group of scholars and influence practice. In a first step, shifts between
paradigms and its consequences for rural development and forest management are
outlined and interpreted. In a further step current challenges of rural development are
investigated with regard to their roots in previous paradigms. Taken into account are
knowledge systems; colonial and postcolonial influences, which still determine current
land use; consequences of the modernization era, in which large agro-industries were
build up and experiences with the polarization stage, which led to the partial involvement
of the civil society and rural communities in decision making. The current globalization
paradigm is critically reviewed. Global governance instruments like conventions as well
as environmental service models are mostly based on market mechanisms and hardly
reach rural areas and local producers. It is proposed to follow different and alternative
development paths, giving more decision power to regional institutions, improving the
situation of small farms and building up social capital and small enterprises on a local
level. It is assumed that many experiences from previous development stages have hardly
been taken into account and need to be synthesized in development strategies. Concepts
of a “green economy” are seen as a versatile fundament to discuss future strategies of
rural development in Sudan
تصويب مسمي الدرجة العلمية بكالوريس الشرف في التعليم قبل المدرسي كلية التربية
No full textتصويب مسمي الدرجة العلمية بكالوريس الشرف في التعليم قبل المدرسي كلية التربي
ميدان اللغة والآداب
No full textميدان اللغه والآدابتخذ الباحثون في ميدان اللغة والآداب عرفاً محموداً، يسلك في مسالك الوفاء والإكبار لأئمة الأدب من أعلام العصر الحديث، ذلك أنهم يصنعون بحوثاً رصينةً تدرس مناحي أدب هؤلاء الأساتذة، ويهدونها، إليهم عند بلوغهم السبعين، أو الثمانين على نحو ما صنع تلاميذ الأستاذين/ محمود محمد شاكر، وإحسان عباس
Language and Identity in the Context of Conflict: The Case of Ethnolinguistic Communities in South Darfur State
No full textLanguage
and Identity in the Context of Conflict: The Case of Ethnolinguistic
Communities in South Darfur StateThis study investigate
s
the pat
terns of taking pride in Arab
ic and other native languages
among
the ethnic
groups
characterised by ethnolinguistic vitality in Nyala and the
satellite internally displaced persons‟ camps. The study also look
s
into how these
communities perceived the role
their native languages could play in the construction of
their ethn
ic
identities.
In addition, factors influencing the construction of
ethnic
identities were investigated. Data pertaining to language perceptions
on
identity, and the
role of conflict in the
process of identity construction were collected. To this end, four
tools were employed to collect the data: a thirteen
-
item questionnaire administered to
711 respondents, 12 focus group discussions held with 112 participants, in
-
depth
interviews with 20 p
ersons and
participant o
bservations. The study came to a number of
findings, the most important of which were: (a) the communities
investigated
were
found to have
revitalis
ed
their native languages by taking pride in them in different
domains; (b) the
re wa
s
a perceived aversion towards Arabic
across the groups studied
;
(c) there was a conscious revitalisation
of
ethnolinguistic identities
; and (d) the current
conflict has played a great role in the emergence of revitalised ethnolinguistic identities
Development Formulation for Structural Design of Concrete Box Culverts
No full textDevelopment Formulation for Structural Design of Concrete Box CulvertsThis paper discusses the development of structural design of concrete box culverts, which may be appropriate for the climate and
soil conditions in the Sudan. The standard requirements in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) were used in the formulation
of the structural design of concrete box culverts and also a reference has been made to the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard specifications for highway bridges. This formulation has been applied to many practical problems.
The results obtained by using this formulation were comparable with commercially available software solutions, such as PROKON.
A very good agreement has been achieved. This formulation deals with all types of culverts including single cell, twin cell, and multiple
cellular. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000075. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers
Application of artificial neural network prediction of Sudan soil profile
No full textApplication of artificial neural network for
prediction of Sudan soil profileThe aim of this paper is to predict the natural geotechnical profile of Sudan country, which is very important and vital for
all civil engineering work. Availability of pre-predicted profile before performing drilling and boring minimize time and
cost. To achieve this goal Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) program is used. This program has capabilities to study
and process the problems that have complex variable, such as Sudan topographical profile. Five main ANN models were
constructed based on the soil data of 1909 boreholes from 417 sites. These models use the three dimensional coordinates
as input data to predict soil profile and soil parameters at different locations. Artificial Neural Networks is found to have
the acceptable ability to predict the soil classification and soil parameters in Sudan. The lack in accuracy in some
predicted data when compared with the soil profile obtained from actual boreholes is due to inconsistency of coordinates
and depth
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED CRUDE PRODUCTION FACILITY CPF AT BLOCK 17 PROJECT
No full textGEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR
THE PROPOSED CRUDE PRODUCTION FACILITY CPF AT BLOCK 17 PROJEC
