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A Potential Antidotal Effect of Datura stramonium Seeds on the Toxicity of Malathion Insecticide in Rats
No full textThe purpose of the present study was to determine the antidotal effect of Datura
stramonium aqueous seed extract (DSE) in treatment of toxicity of malathion. Twenty-five
albino rats were evenly divided into five groups including the control. The control group (5)
and the other four groups (1, 2, 3 and 4) received initially 500 mg/kg body weight of
malathion. After ½ an hour, groups 2, 3, and 4 received 5, 7.5 mg/kg of DSE and 17 mg/kg
atropine sulphate, respectively; this treatment was repeated after 4 hours, and group 5 was
left as unintoxicated, untreated (control). Blood samples were collected three times, after ½
an hour of the first treatment, after ½ an hour of the second treatment and after 24 hours. In
the treated groups, the level of the enzyme cholinesterase significantly increased towards the
normal level, while the levels of ALT, AST and ALP significantly decreased. The rats were
sacrificed after 24 hours, and tissue specimens were processed for histopathology. The
result of histopathology showed normal internal organs in the groups dosed with 7.5 mg/kg
DSE and the group treated with the drug. The groups treated with 5 mg/kg DSE showed
mild toxicity in the internal organs and slightly high levels of serum enzymes. The
malathion group (untreated) showed typical signs of toxicity in the internal organs and high
level of serum enzymes. The study concluded that the dose of 7.5 mg/kg DSE possesses
antidotal effect against malathion toxicity and has the same effect of atropine sulphate in
treatment of toxicity and indicates that the protective action of DSE against the insecticide
tested was dose dependant. This effect is most probably due to the presence of the atropinelike
alkaloids in D. stramonium that may possess central anticholinergic effects which
minimize the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor
Biochemical Effects of Methanolic Extract of Ximenia americana Leaves in Rats
No full textThis study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of methanolic extract of
Ximenia americana leaves on albino rats. Twenty rats were evenly divided into four
groups A, B, C and D. Group A served as control. Groups B, C and D were orally
administered with methanolic extract of X. americana leaves at doses of 12.5, 25 and 50
mg/kg body weight (bwt), respectively, for 21 days. Clinical signs and mortality were
recorded. The rats were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment.
Haematological examination and serum activity, including total protein, albumin, alinine
transferase and alkaline phosphatase, were investigated at the end of experiment.
Specimens from liver, kidney, heart and brain were taken for histopathology. The rats
receiving 50 mg/kg bwt showed depression and paresis. Mortality occurred in the groups
receiving 25 and 50 mg/kg (bwt). Significant reduction in the body weight occurred in
the group given 50 mg/kg bwt. Haematological examination did not show significant
changes in all the treated groups. The rats receiving 12.5 mg/kg bwt of the extract
showed no obvious changes. There was a significant decrease in total protein and
albumin in the group dosed with 50 mg/ kg bwt in the third week. However, a significant
increase occurred in ALT in the groups receiving 25 and 50 m/ kg bwt and ALP in the
group given 50 mg/kg bwt. Haematology examination did not show any significant
change. It is concluded that this study generated a base line for the safe use of Ximenia
americana leaves in folk medicin
In vitro Activity of the Aqueous Extract of the Plant Kigelia africana Against Theileria lestoquardi
No full textThe objective of this study was to test the activity of the aqueous extract of the
plant Kigelia africana against Theileria lestoquardi, the causative agent of malignant
ovine theileriosis. Aqueous extract of K. africana fruits was screened for its in vitro
activity against T. lestoquardi at different concentrations of 250, 500, 5000 and 10000
ppm. Lymphocytes infected with T. lestoquardi were isolated from heparinized blood
with Ficoll-paque, grown in minimum essential medium and continuously sub cultured
until passage 8 which was used for the test. The parasite was identified, using indirect
fluorescent antibody test. The results revealed in vitro activities of 20%, 58% and 80% at
concentrations of 500, 5000 and 10000 ppm, respectively. Lethal dose 50% and 99%
(LC50 and LC99) were 2660.28 and 29980.34 ppm, respectively. The extract activity
caused significantly (P≤0.05) high death of macroschizonts, decrease in the number of
macroschizonts per cell, and increase in the number of extra cellular macroschizonts at
concentrations of 5000 and 10000 ppm. The number of dividing cells significantly
(P≤0.05) decreased at concentrations of 500, 5000 and 10000 ppm. The number of viable
cells, also, significantly (P≤0.05) decreased at concentrations of 5000 and 10000 ppm
compared with the control which did not significantly (P>0.05) increase. Besides, the
activity of the highest concentration (10000 ppm) revealed some lymphoblast cells with
degenerated nuclei. The study showed that K. africana has antitheilerial effect on
T. lestoquardi and could be an effective candidate for the treatment of malignant ovine
theileriosis after in vivo confirmation. Further studies are recommended for
phytochemical analysis and mode of action
Protective Efficacy of Doramectin Against Experimental Infestation with Hyalomma anatolicum in Rabbits
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine the protective efficacy of doramectin
against experimental infestation with Hyalomma anatolicum in rabbits. The drug was
subcutaneously injected in rabbits at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg body weight, 2 days and 4
days before infestation. The results showed that there was highly significant decrease in
weight of engorged female ticks (0.0616±0.0371g) compared with the control
(0.3646±0.1424 g), in the weight of egg batch produced, decreased hatchability
percentage by 19.83% on day 4 post–injection. The two groups showed significant
prolongation of feeding and pre-oviposition periods and decreased oviposition periods. In
the two groups, the estimated reproductive factor was significantly reduced, and
inhibition of oviposition was 15.45% on day 2 post-injection and 90.79% on day 4 postinjection.
It is concluded that doramectin gives protection against tick infestation as well
as treatment in animals exposed to ticks
تعديل مسمي الدرجة العلمية للطالبة امل عبدالرحيم عبدالواحد ابشر كلية الدراسات العليا
No full textتعديل مسمي الدرجة العلمية للطالبة امل عبدالرحيم عبدالواحد ابشر كلية الدراسات العلي
تحليل كتب الجغرافيا بالمرحلة الثانوية بالسودان في ضوء مفاهيم التنمية المستدامة
No full textهدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على مدى تضمين كتب الجغرافيا بالتعليم العام الثانوي على مفاهيم التنمية المستدامة - توجه القرن الحادي والعشرين - وما يرتبط بها من علاقات معرفية.
أتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي بأسلوب تحليل المحتوى. تكونت عينة الدراسة من الكتب الثلاثة التي تدرس بالمرحلة الثانوية ( الصفوف الأول والثاني والثالث )، حيث اعتمد على وحدات الكلمة والجملة كأسس لعملية التحليل وأخذت التنمية المستدامة كمعيار للتحليل.
وقد تبين من عملية التحليل إلى أن محتوى مناهج الجغرافيا ( الكتب عينة الدراسة ) تضمن 122 مفهوما واصطلاحاُ بصلة مباشرة للتنمية والتنمية المستدامة بنسبة (6.47) من جملة المفاهيم الواردة في الكتب. في الجانب الآخر تم رصد حوالي 793 (42.7%) مفهوماً بارتباط غير مباشر لكن بصلة علاقة معرفية متداخلة مع التنمية في أربعة مصفوفات تتصل بعلاقة التنمية المستدامة بالموارد، وبالتنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، وبقضايا التنمية والسكان، وبقضايا البيئة والتنمية. وتبين أن كتاب الصف الأول يحتوي على 171 مفهوماً واصطلاحاً للتنمية المستدامة بطريقة مباشرة وغير مباشرة بنسبة 26.3% من جملة مفاهيم الكتاب؛ بينما كتاب الصف الثاني تضمن 297 مفهوماً بنسبة 55.9% مقارنة مع كتاب الصف الثالث الذي تضمن 447 مفهوما بنسبة 63.5% من جملة المفاهيم الجغرافية التي وردت به.
من واقع النتائج خرجت الدراسة بتوصيات أهمها؛ مراعاة التدرج العلمي والمعرفي للمادة الدراسية بين الصفوف و الاستفادة من الإسهامات التي تصدر من وكالات الأمم المتحدة والمنظمات الحكومية بشأن تطوي
An Assessment of the Written Performance of the Sudanese EFL University Learners: A Communicative Approach to Writing
No full textAn Assessment of the Written Performance of the Sudanese EFL UniversityThe study investigates the written performance of the Sudanese EFL students. The study aims to assess the written texts produced by the students to find out how successful they are in their use of writing as a mechanism through which meaning is communicated. The subject of the study consists of 65 Sudanese EFL teachers drawn from some Sudanese universities and 240 fourth level students who are taking English as their major in five Sudanese universities. Three tools are used for data collection: writing test, two questionnaires (one for the teachers and the other for the students) and an interview with the students. By using the statistical program SPSS, the study reveals that Sudanese EFL students do not possess the ability to cope with the different modes of writing. This makes them unable to develop an understanding of how to employ the linguistic, cultural and social knowledge to develop an idea into a meaningful and comprehensive written text. The study also shows that students are not able to depend on the strategies of writing so that they could produce texts which stimulate readers and keep their attention. Furthermore, the study reveals that the students are not prepared to benefit from their teachers and peers while they are writing; they never ask for advice or any clarification but do their writing individually. Moreover, the study has reached the conclusion that the students’ inability to know what the readers know and what they want represents one of the factors that lead students to produce less informative written texts. The study concludes that the poorcommunicative competence the students possess stems from different factors: (1) the instruction the students receive in writing does not revolve around the issues that enable them to develop their abilities as writers, (2) the students are not motivated enough to exert efforts and seek opportunities to engage into deliberate writing and intensive reading so that they can promote their writing abilities, (3) the environment in which writing is done does not enhance and foster students' ability to create writing which is sophisticated and communicative in nature, (4) teachers also do not encourage these students to view writing as a mechanism through which meaning is negotiated, and (5) the sorts of feedback these students receive on their writing does not contribute to the development of students' writing proficiency. To help the students develop their writing skills, teachers should help the students be knowledgeable about the different modes of writing and be knowledgeable about the lexical and grammatical structures required b
Identity construction and negotiation through an EFL syllabus in Sudan
No full textIdentity construction and negotiation through an EFL syllabus in SudanThis paper investigates the process of national identity construction among basic school pupils in The Sudan. The paper adopts the assumption that identity can be constructed and negotiated via language. SPINE3, a textbook of English as a foreign language taught to Grade 8 has been chosen as a representative of language programs implemented at basic level schools in the Sudan and thus the main source of data for the study. Issues such as traditions, customs, good values, religion, cloths, food, literature, historical events, famous people, etc, have been carefully considered in terms of their representation in the textbook. A critical discourse analysis approach has been employed in the process of data analysis. Results show that SPINE 3 promoted and help construct a national identity among the pupils. Yet, the identity constructed and negotiated through the textbook is based primarily on the Arabic and Islamic culture which is thought to be the most effective unifying factor of the Sudanese nation. As such, PINE 3 completely ignores and marginalize Sudan‟s rich linguistic, cultural and ethnic heritage. The paper concludes that paying due respect to the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Sudan will help realize political and economic settlement in the Sudan
مسائل علمي_في_لغة_الاعلام
No full textمسائل عملية في لغة الإعلامحِينَ تَعْظمُ الشَكْوى مِن ضعْف اللُّغةِ، وظَلْعِ الأداء العَصْرِيّ ، بل عَجْزهِ عن استيفاء شُروطِ الاستقامةِ، يُشيرُ ألفٍ أصبعٍ إلى لغِة الإعلام، وتُصْبِحُ وسائل الإعلام دَريئة لَرمَاح أهل الغَيرةِ عَلَى العربيّةِ، والحقُّ أنَّ لغةَ الإعلامِ في حُضُورها ، وجَرَيَانها اليوميِّ، ومُلابستِها لتجدّد الأحداثِ نائبةٌ عن العربيّةِ كُلَّها في امتحان المُعَاصَرةِ ، وقَدْ أَشَارَ إلى ذلك أحدُ الباحثينَ بقولهِ ( وتُعّدُ اللُّغةُ الإعلاميّةُ في عصْرنَا الحالي امتحاناً دقيقاً للفعاليّةَ اللغُّوية وتُعاني اللغُّة العربيّةُ من صُعُوبِة هذا الامتحان ، ، والشَّكوى دائمةٌ من الُّلغةِ الإعلاميّةِ العربَية) (1) لهذا كُالهِ تتْخِذُ وسائلُ الإعلامِ المقروءةُ والمسموعةُ والمرئيةُ مُصحَحيَن لغُويّين يُنْونَ بإصلاحِ الخَلَلِ في الألفاظِ، وتقويمِ العِوجِ في الأساليبِ والتراكيبِ
Developing of prediction models for soil profile and its parameters using Artificial Neural Networks
No full textDeveloping of prediction models for soil profile and its
parameters using Artificial Neural NetworksArtificial neural networks (ANNs) are a form of artificial intelligence (AI), which in their architecture attempt
to simulate the biological structure of the human brain and nervous system. In this report, back-propagation neural
networks are used to predict soil classification and soil parameters of Khartoum State. The study was based on the available
data collected from specified areas in Khartoum, and then the results were compared with data brought from actual
boreholes to check the ANN model validity. The results indicate that artificial neural networks are a promising method in
predicting soil classification and soil parameters of Khartoum State