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Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Bacteria Isolated From Raw Milk Contaning By Antibiotics And Chemical Preservatives In Khartoum State, Sudan
No full textThis study was carried out on milk samples collected from farms and
sales points in Khartoum State. Two hundred and forty milk samples were
randomly collected. One-hundred and twenty milk samples were collected
during summer and 120 milk samples were collected during winter from the
same sources.
The milk samples were examined for microbial quality, chemical
preservative, drug residues and physical characteristics. Total bacterial
counts, isolation and identification of microorganisms from antibiotic
contaminated milk and resistance of isolated bacteria to antibiotics were
estimated. The chemical preservative residues examination included the
detection of formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, carbonate,
alkalinity of ash and detection of antibiotics residue. The physical properties
of milk studied were temperature, acidity and pH.
The present study revealed high average of total bacterial counts (5.15
× 1011 ± 5.57 × 1011 cfu/ml) in milk samples. During summer season the total
bacterial counts of milk (1.02 × 1012 ± 3.4 × 1011 cfu/ml) was significantly
(P< 0.001) higher than winter (1.30 × 1010 216 × 109 cfu/ml).
In this study it was found that 5 (2.08 %) of the milk samples
contained formaldehyde, 1 (0.41%) positive to hydrogen peroxide and 4
(1.6%) showed alkalinity of ash. However all the milk samples examined
contained no boric acid. Moreover, 30 (12.25 %) and 16 (6.66%) milk
samples were contaminated with antibiotic and sulphanomide, respectively.
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The mean temperature of milk samples during summer and winter was
27 ± 3.79 C. During summer and winter seasons the temperatures was 28 ±
2.44 C and 25± 3.86 C, respectively. The mean acidity (0.20± 0.22 %) was
highly significant (P< 0.001) compared to that recorded during winter (0.19±
0.22%). Milk samples revealed mean pH value of 6.6± 0.44, while during
summer and winter they were 6.7± 23 and 6.6 ± 0.58, respectively. It was
also found that the mean shelf life of milk samples were 5.2± 1.74 days,
while during summer the shelf life was significantly (P<0.05) lower (4.5±
1.92 days) then during winter (5.9± 1.23 days).
In the present study most of the bacteria isolated were
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium ovis, E. coli,
Citrobacter spp., Kelbsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. The
Isolated bacteria showed wide range of multiple resistances and the highest
resistance was against penicillin, clindamycin, collxacillin and ampicillin,
while chloramphenicol showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the
tested organisms followed by gentamicin and pipercilli
Creating a social movement – lessons learnt from the Global Child Dental Health Taskforce project
No full textIn 2006 the United Kingdom government funded the establishment of the Global Child
Dental Health Taskforce to help improve the dental health of young children and
especially those from a disadvantaged background.
This project has led to the creation of the charity, the Global Child Dental Fund, and the
Senior Dental Leaders programme. The aim of the lecture is to highlight the underlying
principles of the initiative and the importance of health advocacy in creating a social
movemen
Immune Escape of Cancer Cells
No full textEffective antitumor immune response depends on the interaction between several
components of the immune system, including antigen-presenting cells, antibodies,
complement and different T cell subsets. Cancer cells have developed multiple
strategies to modulate our immune system for evasion. Recent advances in cancer
immunology allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms tumors use to execute
immune escape and of the relationship the tumor establishes with immune cells. Many
cellular and molecular events reflect that the tumor undergoes a continuous remodeling
at the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic level to acquire resistance to cell killing
mechanisms by complement and apoptosis. Malignant cells effectively employ literally all
the components of the host's immune system to escape from their antitumor effects.This
includes the accumulation of suppressive cells like Treg and myeloid derived suppressor
cells as well as the release of inhibitory factors into the microenvironment.
Furthermore, tumor-propagating cells must also escape from immune-mediated
destruction. The ability to persist and to initiate neoplastic growth in the presence of
immunosurveillance is decisive for the survival of cancer stem cells. After a general
overview this presentation will exemplarily provide a deeper insight into strategies how
cancer cells escape immune recognition and how these mechanisms can be neutralized
with potential impact on tumor immunotherapy
Basic Surgical Skills Course
No full textThe aim of this course is the introduction of surgical trainees of safe surgical practice.
Basic principles of safe surgical practice will be taught, practiced and assessed during
the workshop. Successful candidates will be certified at the end of the course indicating
that they have the skills of safe surgical practic
Management of Epilepsy for Nurses
No full textEpilepsy is most common and serious chronic neurological disorder. It is treatable and
compatible with normal life but surrounded by significant stigma and lack of training for
health care staff and the public. Nurses take on most of the care in rural areas and they
need to be equipped with knowledge and skill to deliver safe care
Patterns of presentation of lung cancer in Sudan
No full textIn the developed world lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in men and is the leading cause of cancer mortality. The incidence of lung cancer is low in most African countries, but emerging statistics indicate that its incidence is increasing in these countries. Early detection of lung cancer results in favourable outcome and knowledge of patterns of presentation may help physicians to make prompt diagnosis and thereby improve outcome. This study was conducted to achieve this goal by identifying patterns of lung cancer presentation
Role of some risk Factors in the Etiology of Breast Cancer in the Sudan
No full textAim: The aim of this study was to correlate breast cancer by common breast cancer risk factors in the Sudan. Methodology: Using a purposeful questionnaire 150 female breast cancer patients and 100 apparently health controls were asked detailed information on about risk factors. Results: Out of the 150 women with breast cancer, 38 (25.3%), 22(14.7%), 26(17.3%), 20(13.3%), 21(14%), 11(7.3%), 72(48%), and 86(57.3%) were identified as having a previous history of oral contraceptives usage, a family history of breast cancer, a past history of benign breast disease, a previous history of breast cancer, a previous breast biopsy, claimed other cancers in their families, confessed a pesticides exposure, and over weigh in most of their lives respectively. Out of the 150 women, 44(29.3%) were found to have a previous physical activity. Moreover, 44.8% and 66.9% have attended the menarge at the age of 13 and 14 respectively. Of these factors, statistical significant risks were found with, past history of benign breast disease (P < 0.04), previous breast biopsies (P <0.07), pesticides and plasticizers exposure (P < 0.01 and 0.04), period of being over weight (P <0.001), practice physical activities (P <0.0001), unmarried (P <0.002), decreased number of children (P <0.002). According to the ethnic group, Gaalyaeen tribes represented 61(40.7%) of the study subjects. Most of the patients were from Khartoum state, constituting 37.3%. Conclusion: There was variable exposure to many risk factors for breast cancer in the Sudan. The study suggests further separate measurement of risk factors for breast cancer, as well as, factors that might reduce those risk factors. Cohort mean of evaluation is highly recommended
Disorders of Sex Development among Sudanese Children
No full textA newborn with ambiguous genitalia is considered as a medical and psychosocial emergency as two major issues need to be immediately addressed;the relationship of sexual ambiguity to a possible life-threatening disease and the sex of rearing.Chidren as well as their families who have had the wrong sex assigned to them in infancy could face considerable social and psychological problems. Diagnosis and management of these disorders needs understanding of the basic pathophysiology,expert clinical judgement,specialized diagnostic facilities, medications and skilful surgery among others. Management needs a multidisciplinary team including pediatricians ,paediatric endocrinologist, surgeons ,geneticists, psychologists in addition to the family and subject understanding religious leaders. As is the situation in many developing countries these teams and investigative facilities were not available in Sudan and therefore many cases were either missed, or managed on guess basis. This is compounded by the fact that most deliveries take place at home and sex assignment was left to the discretion of the midwife .In this cross sectional descriptive study we review our 5 years experience of the University of Khartoum Paediatric Endocrinology unit which started in January 2006 at Gaffar Ibn Oaf Children’s Hospital and Suba University Hospital. During this period about 120 cases, the biggest series in the region, were seen. The commonest cause was congenital adrenal hyperplasia followed by XY disorders of sex development particularly androgen insensivity syndromes and true hermaphrodites. Investigative facilities were available however some tests had to be sent abroad and the cost was prohibitive. The mean cost of investigating one case was over 800 SDG excluding laparoscopy and others. These cases were managed by a multidisciplinary team. Availability of laparoscopy helped us in reducing the cost of many dynamic tests and we believe this is a cost effective tool in developing countries. In many cases we had to do sex reassignment even at an older age. Guidelines for managing these cases in Sudan including the religious opinion will be discussed with emphasis on the importance of intra and interinistitutional cooperation
Nasopharyngeal cancer in Sudan: Clinical, Epidemiological, Histology and Molecular Characteristics
No full textNasopharyngeal cancer is a common cancer among Sudanese; it is the fifth among men and the ninth among women.
Objectives: To study the epidemiology, clinical features, staging, etiology and pathology of nasopharyngeal cancer in Sudan.
Study design: This is a prospective study.
Setting: ENT Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum City, Sudan.
Subjects and methods:
Patients suspected to have nasopharyngeal cancer were assessed during the period Mar 2006 to Dec 2008.
Data from Confirmed cases was obtained; it included clinical and epidemiological information.
Results: One hundred and fifty five cases were studied. Bimodal age distribution of the disease was noted with two peaks, one at 15-19 years and one at 50-54 years. The male to female ratio was 2.6:1 and a distinct geographical distribution of the disease was noted, with clustering of cases in the towns of Dilling, Kadogli and the surrounding rural area of the Nuba Mountains, these areas in the Western States, were reported to be of high background radiation due to naturally produced radioactive uranium. Nuba tribe headed the list among other tribes.
Seventy percent of cases presented at stage IV. There was predominance of type II (27.7%) and type III (62.5%). Patients were treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Of the 62 fresh nasopharyngeal specimens that are studied for the presence of EBV by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 87.1% and 83.8 % were positive using LMP-1 and NA-1 as primers.
Conclusions: Nasopharyngeal cancer is an important form of cancer in Sudan. Some tribes are significantly more affected than others. Patients present with advanced disease. EBV is present in the majority of studied fresh specimens. Environmental and genetic factors need further studies. Screening at risk populations that aim at early diagnosis and management of patients is recommended.
Key words: Nasopharyngeal cancer, Sudan, epidemiology, clinical staging, pathology, etiology
Aspect of pain Assessment and Nursing Intervention post sternotomy (Sudan Heart Center – 2003)
No full textPain as a concept is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or potential tissue damage, which has individual variation with different coping mechanisms . In this respect nurses need to understand the physiologic basis of pain, with its physical and psychological consequences, hence the methods of treatment and control. Thus, they must have the knowledge and skills to assess pain and its effects on the patient, to implement pain relief strategies regardless of setting. Problem where stated according to this informatio