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Simulation of oil transportation in Sudan's Crude-oil pipeline
No full textThe hydraulic and thermal features of the flow in the 1500km long pipeline of Sudan's newly exploited oil are analysed. The Mathematical model of the resulting simulator software is described in this paper. The simulator is shown to predict flow parameters for normal oil transport conditions_ Comparison of the simulator'ii results to actual operational conditions reflected good agreement
Effect of Castration on Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Of Western Sudan Baggara Bulls
No full textTwenty-four Western Sudan Baggara bulls ranging in live body weight
from 175-185kg and age from 2.0-2.5years were used to study the effect of
castration on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality.
The animals were divided by stratified random sampling into two groups and
the groups were randomly assigned to either castrated or entire treatment. The
groups were fed ad libitum molasses based ration (11.09 MJ/kgDM, ME) and
sorghum stover as 1.43kgDM/head/day. Green fodder ‘Medicago sativa’ was
given as a supplementary source of vitamin A (2kg/head/2week). The bulls
were slaughtered at an average target live weight of 258 kg (250-265 kg).
A significant superiority of the intact bulls over the castrated ones was
proved in the following studied parameters: they took shorter feeding period
(P<0.05), scored higher for the measurements width of shoulder, hump base
length (P<0.05), heart girth around the hump (P<0.001) and height at tip of
hump (P<0.01). They also had heavier heads (P<0.05) and total genitalia
(excluding fat) (P<0.001). Their carcasses recorded heavier neck and chuck
and blade joints (P<0.05), heavier sirloin’s muscular tissue (P<0.05), higher
muscle to fat (P<0.001) and bone to fat (P<0.001) ratios.
The meat of the intact bulls was also proved to have higher moisture
and protein percentages (P<0.05), ash, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein
percentages (P<0.001) and significantly higher pH (P<0.01).
A non-significant superiority of the intact bulls over the castrated ones
was proved in growth rate (0.89 vs. 0.82kg/day), feed conversion efficiency
(8.85 vs. 9.44 kg DM/kg live wt. Gain) and the rib eye area (49.65 vs. 48.57
cm2).
A significant superiority of the castrated bulls over the intact ones was
detected in the following studied parameters: they scored higher for the
measurements length from patella to posterior midline and depth of patella
from tail junction (P<0.05). Higher percentage of genital fat (P<0.001),
kidneys and pelvic fats (P<0.01), omental (P<0.001) and mesenteric fat
(P<0.05). They were also found to have significantly thicker subcutaneous fat
layer (P<0.001), higher chilled dressing percentage on empty body weight
basis (P<0.05) and lower chiller shrinkage percentage (P<0.001).
The meat of the castrated group had higher Hunter lightness value
(P<0.001), superior water holding capacity (P<0.001), lower cooking loss
percentage (P<0.001) and pH level (P<0.01). It was also of higher ether
extract percentage (P<0.001), juicier (P<0.05) and had a better overall
acceptability of the cooked meat (P<0.05).
A non-significant superiority of the castrated bulls over the intact ones
was shown in the carcass measurement leg circumference (95.33+5.61 vs.
92.92+4.25cm) and cold carcass weight (135.08+3.54 vs. 132.91+5.36kg)
Workshop on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
No full textStem cells are pluripotent or multipotent cells possessing the ability to develop into
specialized cells that ensure proper organ function. Because of their promise in
regenerative medicine, over the past few years stem cells and so-called progenitor cells
have been studied extensively as potential tools for the repair or replacement of
defective organs in disease. Examples of these attempts include treatment of specific
diseases of the nervous system, haematopoetic disorders, diabetes, skin replacement,
ophthalmologic diseases, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The spectrum of
scientific studies involving stem cells in basic, translational and clinical research is very
large. In some fields it has already brought success, while practical perspectives for
treatment of disease are still lacking in others
Workshop on Molecular and Immunological Diagnosis of Infectious Disease
No full textThe rapid revolution in molecular biology and immunology techniques led to utilization of
such techniques in research and eventually for clinical diagnosis. Now, there is an
emphasis on diagnosis of infectious diseases utilizing molecular and immunological
techniques. In Sudan, health personnel need to be informed and updated on novel and
new diagnostic
Food security, safety and quality: Do they go hand in hand?
No full textThe fear for serious shortage of food to be able to feed the exponentially growing world
population in the relatively near future is widespread. As available arable land is limited,
the discussions generally focus on either further expansion of intensive farming or on the
need for eating less protein from meat. However, these arguments are mostly used by
rich countries with very high animal protein intakes and not enough arable land. They
would rather buy or lease land in developing countries to satisfy their consumption
needs. In addressing food security in poor countries and emerging economies, the
focus should not be so much on food in general but rather on the adequate availability of
essential nutrients. In Africa, micronutrient malnutrition is a much bigger problem than
undernourishment (under-nutrition). The lecture will address food security from a
practical angle applicable to both rich and developing societies and focusing on essential
dietary nutrients, agricultural efficiency (e.g. stay away from growing crops for fuel, avoid
single crop farming), and food fortification. Other factors which strongly affect food
security are food safety and quality. Food safety can be compromised by chemical and
microbiological contamination, the latter of which poses a considerably higher risk than
the former. The safety of food can also be challenged by food adulteration which,
unfortunately, is and not restricted to the rich countries in Europe, the US and China, but
happens also in developing countries where generally regulatory compliance monitoring
and control systems are limited. The lecture will address several aspects of the food
production and food processing chain, the pivotal role of small producers and
consumers, responsibilities and tasks of governmental policy and monitoring authorities,
and, last but not least, the need for broad education and training at higher (academic) as
well as lower levels. The future of any country is defined by the level of education of its
people
Infections of the Nervous System in the Critical Care Unit
No full textAcute bacterial meningitis
In acute bacterial meningitis earliest possible initiation of antimicrobial chemotherapy is
essential, delay by few hours increases long-term morbidity and mortality. Earliest
possible recognition of an accompanying sepsis syndrome or septic shock is also the
basis for best possible management and outcome. In resource poor settings as well as
in patients <55yrs the adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids is dispensable, not
contributing to reduction of morbidity or mortalit
Workshop on Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications of Flow Cytometry for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiencies Diseases
No full textPrimary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of diseases that cause susceptibility to
Infections, autoimmunity and malignancy. PIDs consist of more than 130 inherited
conditions. They are estimated to occur from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 2,000 live births. The
clinical spectrum of PID is highly variable. The incidence of PIDs in Sudan is uncertain
because of a lack of a national registry system. However, the high ratio of
consanguineous marriages makes PID a relatively frequent condition. Pediatricians or
residents of pediatric clinics are faced with patients with different complaints and signs.
Simple laboratory tests are helpful in the screening and diagnosis of a large number of
PID cases. If initial laboratory tests are inconclusive, in the case of a suspected PID,
further sophisticated tests are warranted. Early diagnosis and treatment, before severe
complications and tissue damage develop, haveshown to improve both morbidity and
mortality. However, lack of awareness about immunodeficiency can cause misdiagnosis
and severe complications
The Effect of Foliar Application of 6-Benzyladenine (BA) on Banana (Musa spp. L.) Sucker Production
No full text2002A field experiment was conducted to determine the influence of foliar application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) on sucker production on banana plants. The treatments were five concentration of 6-benzyladenine 10 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 250 mg/l, 500 mg/l and 0 mg/1 (control as a single foliar spray to runoff at 3 different times (January, Mach and May) after one month from planting. BA at 100 mg/1 stimulated lateral bud growth during the current season. The effectiveness of BA in breaking bud growth seems to be influenced by the time of application after planting. For optimum response to BA multiple spray applications to actively growing banana plants in non-fruiting condition were required. The results indicated that BA application may be a useful method for increasing sucker production in banana plantUOF
An Ecological Study of Coccinellid Predators Associated with Aphid Pests on some Important Field and Vegetable Crops grown in Khartoum State
No full text2003Field and laboratory studies were carried out for two seasons (1999/ 2000 and 2000/2001). Field studies were aimed mainly at investigating incidence of predators and aphids on various field crops e.g. sorghum, cotton, wheat, berseem and some vegetables. Two wild plants (Usher, Calotropis procera Ait and Liweis, Leptadenia heterophylla Decne) were also included in the survey. Laboratory studies were confined on a single coccinellid species (Hippodamia variegata Goeze). For this species, studies were directed at its feeding preference, biology and life tables. In the field, H. variegata was found to be the most prevalent predator on many crops at Shambat, especially on berseem, wheat and maize. Of the two cotton varieties, more predators were recorded on Barakat 90 (Gossypium barbadense L.) than on Acala 67 (G. hirsutum Linn.). Wheat variety Debeira harboured more predators than the other two (Condor and Nelein). Records of Coccinellid predators were generally higher than those of non-coccinellids, non-coccinellid in this study were Chrysoperla carnea Steph., the green lacewings; Xanthogramma aegyptium (Wied) syrphid larvae and spiders. H. variegata was observed feeding and breeding on Aphis nerii on Usher plant, which is considered toxic and avoided by many predators. Also Scymnus sp. was frequently found feeding on A. nerii (Boy) on Liweis plants. More predators were observed on an unsprayed eggplants field than on a sprayed one. Laboratory studies revealed that H. variegata may withstand relatively long periods of starvation (average duration for starvation to death was 17.4 days with range of 7-25 days). Rate of cannibalism was high in both adult and 4th. instar larva (percent cannibalized eggs was 94% and 93.6% for adult and 4th. instar larva respectively). The beetle was also found to relatively prefer feeding on Melanaphis sacchari Zhnt. and Schizaphis graminum Rond than Aphis craccivora and Aphis gossypii, and Aphis nerii was the least fed on. H. variegata was also found to produce slightly higher number of eggs when fed on M. sacchari than on A. gossypii, A. craccivora and Schizaphis graminum. Life tables studies indicated that H. variegata general performance was better in the first generation than in the second one. The innate capacity for increase (rm) of H. variegata was found to reflect the productivity of this beetle, hence, the beetle can be regarded as a predator with good potentials as a biocontrol agentUOF
Cytological Study of Exfoliative Buccal Mucosal Cells of Qat Chewers in Yemen
No full textPrevalence of oral cancer is relatively increasing in Yemen in
recent years, which is ascribed to Qat with other carcinogens.
Since the establishment of a simple and reliable method for the
detection of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions is essential,
exfoliative cytology (EC) was applied to a case-control
study to appraise the presence and severity of oral epithelial
atypia in 300 subjects (150 were Qat chewers and 150 were
non-Qat users) without prior knowledge of the subjects’ Qat exposure.
Ten patients with oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC)
were included as internal controls. Cytological atypia and hyperkeratosis
were demonstrated in six and 24 subjects, respectively,
and could not be ascertained in the remaining 294 and
276 correspondingly. All of the 30 (six atypia and 24 hyperkeratosis)
were among the 150 Qat chewers. Cytological atypia was
found in all the 10 control cases with OSCCs (eight with severe
degree and two with mild atypia). For the Qat among those with
atypia and hyperkeratosis, the adjusted OR and the 95% confi-
dence level were found to be 1.6 (0.8–7.2) and 3 (10.1–21.9),
respectively. In view of these findings, we suggest the use of EC
for detection and assessment of oral cytological atypia. Qat use
contributes to the occurrence of cytological atypia that might
develop to oral precancerous or cancerous lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol.
2010;00:000–000. ' 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc