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The Response of Broiler Chick's to Treated Dietary Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus) seeds
No full textAn experiment was conducted to study the response of broiler chicks
to treated Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) seeds as a protein supplement.
One hundred and sixty un-sexed one-day old broiler chicks Ross (308)
were used. Four experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient
requirements of broiler chicks according to NRC (1994). Diet (A) was the
control diet with 0% Hyacinth bean seeds and there were other three diets,
each containing 15% Hyacinth bean seeds with different treatment. Diet(
B),soaked seed+ enzyme; the seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours then
boiled for 15 minutes and multi enzyme was added: (Bergazym P) contains
Endo-1,4-B-Xylanase, Endo Pentosanase , protease and amylase .Diet(C)
:(The seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours then boiled for 15 minutes.
Diet (D): The seeds were roasted in electric oven for15 minutes at 100 oC.
All diets were approximately isocaloric and isonitrogenous.
Chicks were divided into four groups (40 birds/ treatment) with four
replicates of 10 birds/ replicate in a Complete Randomize Design. The
experiment continued for six weeks. Feed and water were provided
adlibitium .Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were weekly
reported. Final body weight, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage
were obtained.
The results of the experiment indicated that treated Hyacinth bean
seeds significantly (p<0.05) affected the final body weight and feed
conversion ratio of broiler chicks. In birds fed soaked Hyacinth bean seeds
(diet C) the final body weight increased and better feed conversion ratio
were observed while the other two treatments had significantly(p<0.05)
lower body weight and feed conversion ratio . Treatment had no significant
(p>0.05) effect on overall feed intake and dressing percentag
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of the Sudanese Indigenous Chicken
No full textThe overall objective of this study was to assess the genetic relationships
and diversity, determine the phenotypic characteristics and estimate the
amount of gene flow among three ecotypes of the Sudan indigenous chicken.
These include Large Beladi (LB), Bare Neck (BRN) and Betwil Chicken
(BTW). Morphological characteristics of 900 chickens were physically
examined at their home lands. And structural questionnaire was
administered to 120 households in three localities (Bahri, Dilling and and
Abu-neama) at rate of 40 forms to each locality. After data analysis the
results observed were as follows;
The flock structure was 46.1% for chicks and growers, 34.6% hens and
19.35 cocks. The Sudanese indigenous chickens are characterized by wide
phenotypic variation. The few which can be identified were crown feather
pattern 6.95% and frizzled 0.01%. The average adult body weight was
1650.5 ±125 g. for male and 1187.±70g. for female. The hen reaches sexual
maturity at 6.5 months, on average. Most of the hens lay 13.2
eggs/hen/clutch and they produce 3 to 3.5 clutches of eggs per year. The
average egg weight was 40.8 g.±1.6 and hatchability rate at natural
incubation was 71.8%. Bare Neck chicken was found to have significantly
(P<0.01) poorer maternity care (57.7% hatchability) compared to the other
types (Large Beladi and Betwil).
The chicken populations were genotyped using mtDNA, D-loop segment as
a molecular marker. Total of 81 blood samples were collected from five
chicken populations by rupturing of the brachial vein. The populations were
Betwil (BTW, n = 21), Large Beladi Bahri (LBB, n = 12), Large Beladi (LB,
n = 22), Bare Neck (BRN, n = 12) and Beladi Malakal (SUD, n = 14) was
xiv
retrieved from (ILRI). A commercial strain of egg line White Leg horn type
(COML, n=9) was also genotyped together with the Sudanese local
chickens.
The result of the PCR amplification of the mtDNA, D-loop segment
produced bands with approximately 600 base pairs (bp) and results of
analyzed 397 nucleotides produced total of 14 haplotypes.
The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree indicated that the indigenous
Sudanese chickens can be grouped into two clades IV and IIIa only.
Median joining networks analysis showed that haplotype LBB49 has the
largest frequency. The hierarchal analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA),
results was that; Percentage of genetic variation within the population was
88.6% while 11.4% account for differentiation among the population. And
when the populations was redefined into two geographical zones rich and
poor Savanna, the results were fractioned into three genetic variations;
between individuals within population was 95.5%, that occurring between
populations within the group was 0.75% while the genetic variation between
groups accounted for 3.75%. The pair wise Fst showed high genetic
difference between Betwil populations and the rest with Fst ranging from
0.1492 to 0.2447. Finally it was found that there is large number of gene
exchange within the Sudanese indigenous chicken (Nm= 4.622).أجريت هذه الدراسة بهدف التعريف على العلاقات الوراثية والتباين الوراثى وتقدير الخصائص المظهرية وانسياب الجينات بين ثلاث سلالات من الدجاج السودانى المحلى . وهى تشمل البلدى الكبير (LB ) و عاري الرقبة (BRN ) ودجاج البتويل (BTW ) . تمت دراسة الصفات المظهرية على 900 دجاجة فى موطنها الاصلية. كما تم توزيع عدد 120 استبيان على المربين بثلاثة محليات ( بحرى – الدلنج و ابونعامة ) بواقع 40 استبيان لكل محلية . كانت النتائج بعد تحليل البيانات كما يلى : كان تركيب قطيع الدجاج السودانى يتكون من46.1 % كتاكيت و فراريج و 19.3 % ديوك و 34.6 % اناث كما وجد ان هنالك اختلاف وتباين واسع فى الصفات المظهرية. من اهم الصفات التى يمكن ذكرها هى وجود نمط الريش الأجعد (Frizzle ) بنسبة 0.01 % ونمط القلنسوة ( الريش الاضافى فى قمة الراس ) بنسبة 6.95 % . بلغ متوسط الديوك والاناث 125± .51650 جرام و70 ± 1187جرام على التوالي . وتصل الإناث إلى عمر النضج الجنسى فى فترة 6.5 شهور تقريبا ومتوسط انتاج البيض للدجاجة الواحدة هو محصلة 3 إلى 3.5 فترات انتاج بيض فى السنة ( سلاسل انتاجية ) فى كل سلسلة 13.2 بيضة. و كان متوسط وزن البيضة 16±40.8 جرام وبلغت نسبة الفقس الطبيعي للدجاج البلدي السوداني 71.8% وقد سجل الدجاج عارى الرقبة قدرة امية ضعيفة بنسبة 57.7% وكان الفرق معنويا (P<0.01 ) مقارنة بالسلالات الاخرى ( البلدى الكبير و البتويل ) . تم تحديد التراكيب الوراثية لعشائر الدجاج البلدى باستخدام DNA المتقدرات. و ذلك باستعمال مقطع (D – loop) كواسمة جزئية. أخذت 81 عينة دم من الوريد العضدي من خمسة عشائر تشمل البلدي الكبير (LB,n = 22) و عاري الرقبة (BRN, n = 12) و البتويل ( BTW, n = 21) و بلدي بحري ( LBB, n= 12 ) و بلدي ملكال ( SUD, n= 14 ) مستمد من عينات (ILRI) كما تم دراسة سلالة تجارية ( COML, n= 9 ) من خطوط اللجهورن الأبيض مع الدجاج السوداني المحلي. أشارت نتائج تضاعف ( PCR ) الحمض النووي DNA لمقطع D- loop في المتقدرات إلى ظهور حزم (Bands ) تحتوي على ستمائة زوج قواعد تقريباً. كما أن نتيجة تحليل 397 نيوكليوتيدة أدت إلى التعرف على 14 هابلوتايب. تشير نتائج شجرة النسب أن سلالات الدجاج السوداني تنتمي إلى عائلتين ( Clade V& IIIa ) فقط. كما أوضحت طريقة التحليل ( Network analysis) على أن هابلوتايب LBB49 هو الأكثر تكراراً. ظهر من تحليل التباين الجزيئي العنقودي أن 88.6% من التباين الجيني كان داخل العشائر بينما 11.6% كان موجوداً بين العشائر. عندما تمت إعادة تعريف العشائر إلى مجموعتين جغرافيتين سافنا غنية و سافنا فقيرة كان التباين بين الأفراد داخل العشائر 95.5% و التباين بين العشائر داخل المجموعات كان 0.75% و كان التباين بين المجموعات يشكل 3.75%. أوضحت نتائج (Fst ) لمقارنة الأزواج أن أكبر تباين جيني كان بين عشيرة البتويل و العشائر الأخرى و يتراوح بين 0.1492 إلى 0.2447 كما وُجِد أن معدل إنسياب الجينات بين العشائر السودانية كبير و يقدر بـ (Mn =4
Using immunostains to distinguish the look-alike Blue Cell Tumors, their pathogenesis and behavior: Experience of a single center in Khartoum
No full textBlue cell tumours are a diverse group that look alike in the H&E stained sections and are
difficult to distinguish from each other except by immunohistochemistry. They include:
Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumour, Ewing's Sarcoma/PNET, Neuroblastoma,
Medulloblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Carcinoid tumor, Small cell lung cancer, Wilms'
tumour, Retinoblastoma, Small-cell lymphoma and Hepatoblastoma. We have
encountered all these in our practice. Because of the long list only some will be
discussed. These are Ewing group of tumours and some uncommon but quite interesting
members of the other Blue cell tumours. There are 3 main types of Ewing tumors: Ewing
sarcoma of bone, Extraosseous Ewing tumor (EOT) and Peripheral primitive
neuroectodermal tumor (PPNET). The latter is a rare childhood cancer that involves the
brain and can also starts in the bone or soft tissue and shares many features with Ewing
sarcoma of bone and EOT. Peripheral PNETs that start in the chest wall are known as
Atkin tumors. We used certain immunohistochemical stains to correctly diagnosis these
cases. Classic Ewing sarcoma is positive for CD99, Vimentin but negative for the neural
stain S-100 protein. PPNET has the same markers as Ewing but they are s-100 and
Cytokeratin and/or EMA positive. We had odd sites for Ewing sarcoma such as the
Esophagus. Some other interesting small round cell tumours are myelomas. When they
have typical appearance of plasma cells the diagnosis is easy. However there is a poorly
differentiated plasmacytoma that looked like other blue cell tumours. One was in the
spine. It stained positive for the B cell marker CD20 but was negative for LCA which led
us to do immunostaining for plasma proteins. The cells were positive for IgG and
negative for Ig A and Ig M. Mature plasma cells of multiple myeloma are negative for
CD20. Diagnosis: Myeloma of the small lymphocyte-like type involving D11
Effects of Transportation Conditions Across Sudan on The Stability of Medicines
No full textThe stability of pharmaceuticals mainly influenced by the rate of degradation reaction which in turn greatly affected by temperature variation. According to Arhenius Theory the rate of reaction is exponentially proportional to rise in temperature, and according to Q10 Theory, the rate of reaction increase 2 to 4 folds every 10°C rise in temperature. So, the concept of the Mean Kinetic Temperature was adopted as an expression for the fluctuating temperature. EMRO of WHO specifies 30°C as the maximum transportation temperature for Sudan. Five drug products of different varieties and packaging were transported with electronic temperature and humidity recording devices to six Sudanese cities of different climates. The samples were tested before and after transportation using pharmacopoeial methods. The recorded temperatures were electronically treated by Stability System II software to calculate the Mean Kinetic Temperature. The resulted transportation MKT to all cities, including Khartoum and those using air flight vehicles, exceeded the specified limits. The MKT of Khartoum streets and traffics reached 48.3 °C during summer seasons. The active pharmaceutical ingredients of most drug products utilized were greatly affected and consequently the expiration date will be earlier than that specified in the labels. The average change in Artemether products was 9.7% for tablets and 3.13% for injection. Metronidazole IV fluid lost water resulting in significant increase in concentration of the solute. Amoxicillin trihydrate powder for suspension and Rifampicin tablets lost 6.9% and 6.16% from their potency respectively. It is potentially recommended that transportation and distribution of medicines should be in a controlled specifically licensed conditioned vehicle, datalogger should be attached and the temperature should not exceed the specified limit. Special care should be given to Artemeter products for both quality and handling. Large volume parentrals in plastic container should be avoided whenever it is possible. DRA reference laboratory should be rehabilitated and perfectly equipped and staffed to achieve all stability studies required
Evaluation of Hand Hygiene Adherence by Health Care Workers in a Secondary Sudanese Hospital Setting
No full textBackground: Most health care workers (HCWs) are aware of the importance of hand hygiene procedures, but still the adherence and compliance with this simple action remains low. Evaluation of compliance with hand hygiene was carried out in a Sudanese hospital setting.
Method: Adherence to hand hygiene was evaluated hospital wide through direct observation, collecting data on hand hygiene carried out whenever indicated opportunity of hand hygiene. The results were analyzed using mixing effects models.
Results: A total of 1930 opportunities were observed from different study area of the hospital. Overall compliance was (40.8%). Adherence was highest in nurses (45%) followed by physicians (37.9%). High statistically difference (p = 0.0001) observed in hand hygiene opportunities after (68.1%) than before (31.9%) an activity. The situation in which the compliance was highest were those with intermediate risk of infection (49.7%), where in the high risk situation the hand hygiene carried out in (38.7%) of the occasions.
Conclusion: Low adherence observed suggests that more and new interventions should be carried focus in modification of HCWs habits and attitudes, working at several levels: individual and institutional
Pharmacokinetics of Paromomycin (Aminosidine) in Healthy Volunteers and Kala-azar Patients
No full textThe objective of this work is to study the pharmacokinetics of Paromomycin (PM) in kala-azar patients and healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetics of Paromomycin was studied in patients receiving intramuscular Paromomycin (15 mg/kg, daily for 28 days or 20 mg/kg daily for 21 days). Serial plasma samples were collected on day1 and day 26 (15 mg/kg regimen) or D 1 and D14 (20 mg/kg regimen) at various times up to 24 hours after the first dose for that day. 24 hours urine samples were also collected. Healthy volunteers received a single, intramuscular dose of Paromomycin (15 mg/kg). Serial plasma samples were collected at various times up to 24 hours, and 24 hour urine samples were also collected.
Paromomycin was assayed using High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method.
The results indicated that mean Paromomycin concentrations in plasma were significantly lower in patients compared to volunteers at all times post drug administration. In addition, Paromomycin was undetectable in plasma from patients 8 hours after administration of both the 15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses (there was no accumulation of Paromomycin in the body on multiple dosing). There was no significant difference between mean plasma drug concentrations following the 15 mg/kg dose compared to the 20 mg/kg dose in patients
Stem cell research: a religious and ethical perspective
No full textStem cell research is among the most promising and controversial technological breakthroughs of our time. Stem cells are the cells from which all 210 different kinds of tissue in the human body originate. There are great potential to relieve human disease and suffering. The first studies on stem cells began in the 60s. Scientists have isolated the first human embryonic stem cell lines specifically tailored to match the nuclear DNA of patients, both male and female of various ages, suffering from disease or spinal cord injury. Because many diseases result from the death or dysfunction of a single cell type, scientists believe that the introduction of healthy cells of this type into a patient may restore lost or compromised function.
Stem cells are able to divide, while maintaining their totipotent or pluripotent characteristics. Early in mammalian development, stem cells (embryonic stem cells); have the ability to differentiate into every cell of the human body (totipotent), potentially forming an entire fetus. Stem cells derived from later stages of mammalian development have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, but not into an entire organism. Adult stem cells are generally limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin
Most cells in the human body are differentiated and have the ability to form only cells similar to them. If one can manipulate the conditions controlling cellular differentiation, it may be possible to create replacement cells and organs, potentially curing illnesses such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other potentially serious illnesses..
Embryonic Stem cells for research are obtained from the surplus fertilized embryos in infertility management with IVF, from aborted fetuses, umbilical cord and cloning whether therapeutic or reproductive.
The overwhelming objection to stem cell research is that it involves the destruction of an embryo or foetus. For many, this constitutes destruction of a potential human, and conflicts with religious and moral views held in our society. For others, the potential for this research to provide treatments and possibly cures for debilitating illnesses that have no cure and significantly impact on our way of life overrides this concern. Central to any argument on this is what actually constitutes the beginning of life for a human. Opinions on this vary from the moment of conception to a 14 day embryo and a living baby at birth. The other major ethical issue associated with stem cell research ties in with the combination of embryonic stem cell and cloning technologies.
This newly emerging technology has caused a great deal of ethical, legal, and theological discussion and debate. Is IVF permitted to begin with? Are pre-embryos included in the prohibition of abortion? May a very early embryo be sacrificed for stem cells that could save lives or at least cure disease? May we fertilize ova specifically to create an embryo to be sacrificed for stem cells? With 'surplus' embryos cryopreserved in IVF clinics, is there a need to create additional embryos solely for purposes of stem cells basic research? Need we make "fences" in the form of protective laws to protect fetuses from wanton destruction? May tissue from aborted fetuses be used for research or medical treatment?.
This paper discusses stem cell research in an ethical and religious perspective showing the Islamic, Catholic, Judaism and secular ethical views. it also projects possible compromises that could be utilized and urges local authorities to develop regulations for all clinical and research work that involves the human embryo
Antidiabetic and Hypolipidaemic Effects of Citrus aurantifolin Leaves on Hyperglycaemic and diabetic Rats
No full textObjectives: This research aimed to study the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Citrus aurantifolin leaves, in hyperglycaemic (type II) and Streptozotocin diabetic rats (type I).
Methodology: This plant was phytochemically screened using the standard methods for determination of its chemical composition., The hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic effects were determined following the Glucose tolerance test (GTT) model and the results were compared to the control and the reference drugs Insulin and Glibenclamide for types I and II diabetes mellitus respectively.
Results: Phytochemical screening of C.aurantifolin revealed presence of sterols (++), alkaloids (+), fla64rfc 64rfc 4wsazThe results of this research in type II showed that both extracts of C.aurantifolin exhibited an early persistent hypoglycaemic effect in type II hyperglycaemic rats as compared to the control. Both doses of the aqueous extract and dose 400 mg ∕ kg of the methanolic extract reduced blood glucose significantly (P <0.001) throughout the experiment, while dose 200 mg ∕ kg of the methanolic extract reduced blood glucose significantly (P<0.05) throughout the experiment. In type I diabetic rats, the hypoglycaemic effect was slow but highly significant (P <0.001) as it only started at the 4th hour post dosing. Regarding the effect of C.aurantifolin on blood cholesterol, the aqueous extract showed an earlier, less persistent and highly significant (P <0.001) hypocholesterolaemic effect in type II hyperglycaemic rats than the methanolic extract as its effect occured at the 1st hour only while dose 400 mg/kg of the methanolic reduced cholesterol level significantly (P<0.05), at the 2nd and 4th hours and dose 200 mg/kg at the 1st and 2nd hours post dosing. In type I diabetic rats, dose 400 mg/kg and Insulin,showed a significant (P <0.05) hypocholesterlaemic effect at the 4th hour post dosing, the effect of the extract continued to the 8th hour. The highest significant reduction (P <0.001) was exhibited by dose 200mg/kg of the methanolic extract at the 4th hour post dosing. Concerning blood triglycerides, both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of C.aurantifolin, reduced blood triglycerides significantly (P <0.001) and (P<0.05),at the 2nd and 4th hours post dosing, respectivly.In Type I diabetic rats,the effect of the aqueous extract was highly significant (P <0.001) since the 1st hour and continued throughout the experiment. The methanolic extract, reduced blood triglycerides significantly (P<0.05) 8 and 12 hours post dosing while the effect of Insulin was significant (P<0.05) since the 1st hour and continued throughout the experiment.
In conclusion the leaves of C.aurantifolin confirmed its traditional use in herbal medicine as a hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic agent which can be very effective
Effect of Different Quantities of Irrigation Water on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.)
No full text2003A study was conducted in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat area for two successive seasons 1999/2000 and 2000/200. The objectives were to study the effects of the quantity of irrigation water and varieties on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yield. The different water amount treatments used were 300, 400, 500 and 600 mm. The irrigation treatments were calculated through calibration of the pump, using a stop watch. The varieties of wheat used were: El Neilein, Condor and Deibira. Data collected included crop growth and yield parameters of wheat. A split plot design was adopted for analyzing the parameters, with the irrigation treatments as main plots and the varieties as sub-plots. Differences in season 1999/2000 were due in wheat to uncontrollable weather conditions. Irrigation water amount significantly affected yield, the high yields were obtained from 500 and 600 mm, while the lowest was recorded by the 300 mm treatment. There were slight difference effect on growth and yield components except El Neilein which showed high grain yield with high amount of water (500 and 600 mm). Also there were differences in plant height between the two seasons, this could be attributed to the high temperatures that prevailed in the 1999/2000 seasonUOF
A Twenty year experience of Primary Immune Deficiencies’ investigations in resource-limited settings
No full textPrimary Immune Deficienes (PID) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders in
which immune system dysfunctions cause an enhanced susceptibility to infections that is
the common clinical feature of these diseases. To date, more than 200 genes have been
identified and associated with as many different immunodeficiencies. The frequency of
PIDs is higher in North-Africa and Middle-East as compared to Europe and North-
America. Indeed, our population is characterized by a high frequency of consanguineous
marriages which may reach 50% in rural areas. This may account for the higher
incidence of autosomal recessive immunodeficiencies observed.
During the last twenty years, we’ve diagnosed and investigated at the Institut Pasteur de
Tunis, a resource-limited institution, 655 tunisian cases of PIDs including patients with
combined immunodeficiencies, antibody deficiencies, phagocytosis defects, complement
deficiencies and other well-defined immunodeficiencies