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Collaborative Translational Research and Control of Meningitis in Sudan
No full textSudan lies within the meningitis belt and meningococcal disease has been one of its
major problems throughout the twentieth century. Over 12,000 and 55,000 cases were
recorded in the years 1935 and 1950 respectively; and during the period 1968-1980,
over forty thousands (40,513) were inflicted with the disease of whom 1,220 have died.
A collaborative translational research between the University of Khartoum and Uppsala
University in Sweden managed to document the epidemiology, clinical features and
complications of childhood acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in Sudan during both an
inter-epidemic (endemic) period (1985-1986), and the 1988 serogroup A epidemic; and
to examine the phenotypic and genetic similarities and differences of Neisseria
meningitidis strains isolated in Sudan and Sweden. A novel enzyme immunoassay test
(Pharmacia Meningitis EIA-Test) was evaluated as a potential rapid diagnostic method
for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae (HI) type b, Neisseria meningitidis (MC) and
Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNC)
Island Soqotra: a unique source of medicinal plants with anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral and antiprotozoal potentials.
No full textDespite the immense technological advancement in modern medicine, a large proportion
of Yemen population, as elsewhere in many other developing countries, still rely on
traditional healing practices and medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs. The
vegetation and floral biodiversity of Yemen including the island Soqotra provides Yemeni
traditional healers with an impressive pool of ‘natural pharmacy’ from which plants are
selected as remedies, or as ingredients to prepare herbal medicines (phytomedicines)
for a plethora of human and veterinary disorders. Soqotra is considered the "jewel" of
biodiversity in the Arabian Sea. Surveys have revealed that more than a third of the plant
species of Soqotra are found nowhere else. Different localities of Soqotra were visited
between 2004 and 2008 and many traditional healers were interviewed. So about 50
plants were collected, extracted with methanol and hot water and evaluated for their in
vitro anticancer activity against three human cancer cell lines (A-427, 5637 and MCF-7)
and for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as
well as multiresistant Staphylococcus strains. Moreover, the antiviral activity of 25 plants
has been assayed in two in vitro viral systems, influenza virus type A/MDCK cells and
herpes simplex virus type 1/Vero cells, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The methanolic
extracts of Ballochia atro-virgata, Buxus hildebrandtii, Dendrosicyos socotrana, Dracena
cinnabari, Eureiandra balfourii, Hypoestes pubescens, Jatropha unicostata and Punica
protopunica Withanina aduensis and Withania riebeckii exhibited the highest toxicity on
all tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging between 0.29 and 8.2 μg/ml.
The greatest antimicrobial activity was found by the methanolic extracts of Boswellia
ameero, Boswellia dioscorides, Boswellia elongata, Boswellia socotrana, Buxus
hildebrandtii, Commiphora ornifolia, Commiphora parvifolia, Euclea divinorum,
Euphorbia socotrana, Jatropha unicostata, Kalanchoe farinacea, Leucas samhaensis,
Leucas virgata, Pulicaria stephanocarpa, Punica protopunica, Rhus thyrsiflora, Teucrium
sokotranum, Withania adunensis and Withania riebeckii.
The methanolic extracts of Boswellia ameero, Boswellia elongata, Buxus hildebrandtii,
Cissus hamaderohensis, Cleome socotrana, Exacum affine, Jatropha unicostata and
Kalanchoe farinacea showed anti-influenza virus type A activity with IC50-values from
12.5 to 0.7 μg/ml. In addition, 15 plants of the 25 investigated exhibited anti-HSV-1
activity
New clinical developments in the management of early childhood caries
No full textEarly childhood caries is a global public health challenge. However, the clinical
management of the condition has not changed significantly over the years. The aim of
this lecture is to highlight new innovations in its management especially how to improve
the aesthetics of grossly decayed primary maxillary incisor
Identification of Biological Characteristics and Function of Human Sweat Gland Stem Cell
No full textThe sweat gland structure and function cannot be regenerated by itself during the treat
and cure of severe full-thickness burn injury patients. To identify the biological
characteristics and function of stem cell populations in human sweat gland, it will provide
novel knowledge for human sweat gland regeneration in dermis. We developed a highly
efficient and stable method to isolate and culture human sweat gland cells derived from
infant polydactylism sample. Much more sweat gland tissue can be obtained from infant
polydactylism sample compared to the samples from adult chest, neck and palm. In our
study four types of cells had been distinguished in sweat gland tissue by relative specific
markers in sweat gland tissue, including luminal cells in duct (K1b), peripheral cells in
duct (K1), secretory gland cells (K8) and myoepithelial gland cells (SMA). Based on
comparison of in vitro differentiation potential into keratinocytes in four types of sweat
gland cells, K1b+ luminal cells in duct only take three days to differentiate into K14+K5+
keratinocytes and may responsible for restoring epidermal injure. Our data suggested
that stem cells exist in duct part of sweat gland. We also designed a novel in vitro 3D
culture system for regeneration of secretory gland tissue. K8+ secretory gland cells
exhibited an excellent ability for building gland structure. Whether stem cells in duct is
also contributed to reinforce secretory gland cell when dermal sweat gland injure occurs,
it is still unclear. The next study will focus on high throughput analysis using gene
microarray on four types of sweat gland cells and several doubts for human sweat gland
stem cells may be answered
Oral Ulceration
No full textOral ulceration is a common complaint and there is a large number of causes. These
causes can be trivial or life-threatening and the key to successful management is correct
diagnosis. In this lecture, the differential diagnosis of oral ulcerations will be discussed
and illustrated. An algorithm for differential diagnosis presented and treatment options
debated
Stem Cells in Dental Tissues and Their Regenerative Potential
No full textStem cells provide an attractive novel therapeutic approach for repair and replacement
of pathologically damaged tissues. Adult stem cells are becoming largely recognised as
potential source of stem cells for future therapy given the controversy around embryonic
stem cells. Dental tissues are readily available source of adult stem cells following teeth
extraction. Within teeth Stem cells reside in the dental pulp, the periodontal ligament and
the apical papilla. These cells are multipotent stem cells of mesenchymal origin that can
be successfully differentiated into various specialised cells. Using explants culture and
magentic beads separation methods we isolated stem cells form dental pulp and
periodontal ligament. We developed a protocol for in-vitro differentiation of dental pulp
stem cells into functional neurons and odontobalsts. The osteogenic potential of
periodontal ligament stem cells is also explored in addition to the effect of inflammation
on renewal and regenerative capacity of these cells. We are particularly interested in the
factors that determine fate and terminal differentiation of stem cells to help develop
mechanisms for directed differentiation of stem cells for future tissue engineering and
regenerative medicine
Prevalence, Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella in Sudan
No full textPrevalence, Detection and Antimicrobial
Resistance Pattern of Salmonella in SudanInfectious microbial diseases constitute a major cause of death in many parts of the world,
particularly in developing countries. Salmonella has been identified as an important food and
water-borne pathogen that can infect human and animals resulting in significant morbidity
and mortality (Akkina et al., 1999). Salmonella is a facultative anaerobe, Gram-negative rodshaped,
2 – 3 x 0.4 – 0.6 μm in size and motile by peritrichous flagella except for S.
Gallinarum and S. Pullorum which are immotile. Members of the genus have a % G+C
content of 50-53. They are urease and Voges-Proskauer negative and citrate utilizing
(Montville and Matthews, 2008).
Salmonellae are typically non-lactose, non-sucrose fermenting but are able to ferment
glucose, maltose and mannitol with the production of acid only as in the case of S. Typhi
and acid with H2S in the case of S. Paratyphi and for most other Salmonella serovars
(Cruickshank, 1975). Optimum temperature for growth is in the range of 35 – 37ºC but some
can grow at temperatures as high as 54ºC and as low as 2ºC (Gray & Fedorka-Cray, 2002).
Salmonella grow in a pH range of 4 - 9 with the optimum being 6.5 – 7.5. They require high
water activity for growth (> 0.94) but can survive at aw of < 0.2 such as in dried foods.
Inhibition of growth occurs at temperatures < 7ºC, pH < 3.8 or aw < 0.94 (Hanes, 2003
الكشف عن مركز الضبط والتحكم لمرضى الايدز بمستشفى الابيض التعليمى وعلاقته ببعض المتغيرات
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected]تهدف هذه الدراسة الى الكشف عن مركز الضبط والتحكم لمرضى الايدز بمستشفى الابيض التعليمى
وعلاقته ببعض المتغيرات ، وفى سبيل ذلك عمل الباحثان على وضع اطار نظرى وفروض تتعلق
بالدراسة. استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفى وخاصة الدراسات الارتباطية . وتم اختيار عينة مكونة من
١٠٠ )مفحوص ( ٤٩ )منهم ذكور و ( ٥١ )إناث من مركز الارشاد والفحص الطوعى بمستشفى الابيض )
التعليمى تم اختيارهم بالطريقة القصدية.و تم تطبيق مقياس مركز الضبط من إعداد فاروق عبد الفتاح
موسي واستبانة البيانات الاولية من اعداد الباحثان. بعد جمع المعلومات قام الباحثان بتحليلها بواسطة
.(SPSS) الحاسب الالى وخاصة برنامج الحزمة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية خاصة
أظهرت النتائج ارتفاع الضبط الداخلي لدى مرضي الايدز مقابل الضبط الخارجي وعدم وجود فروق بين
الذكور و الاناث فى وجهتي مركز الضبط الخارجي والداخلي لدى مرضى الايدز بمستشفى الابيض
التعليمي عند مستوى الدلالة ٠.٠٥ .ووجود علاقة ارتباطية سالبة بين وجهة مركز الضبط الخارجى
والعمر لدي مرضى الايدز وعدم وجود علاقة ارتباطيه بين مركز الضبط الداخلي والعمر . قدم الباحثان
مناقشة للنتائج فضلاعن تقديم عدد من التوصيات الإجرائية والمقترحات ببحوث لاحق
Understanding Climate Change impacts and the level of awareness among selected stakeholders in Sudan
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] is the largest country in Africa with total area of about 2.5 million square km extending between latitude 30
and 230 north and longitude 220 and 370 east within semi-arid to savannas with annual rain fall within 100 – 900 mm/annum.
Although Sudan is a major country in Africa in deforestation and forest degradation, its contribution to climate change is
negligible yet, it is one of the dry land areas vulnerable to climate change impacts. Sudan is one of the key countries in Africa
with respect to climate change action.
However, knowledge about climate change risks is variable within and between different communities. Much research is
needed to identify the stakeholders and assess communication systems that contribute in knowledge distribution specifically
from decision makers, scientists, sectors, journalists and community organizations to the public in different communities.
Substantial concern in Sudan has been directed to the effect of mass media and extension campaigns because of their
implications for creating good understanding of global environmental issues related to climate change that affects Sudan at
local and national levels. Sudan is one of the African countries where continuous deforestation is resulting in major
environmental and social impacts at rural communities leading to increased vulnerability at local levels
Lower insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles arabiensis from two villages in northern and south west Ethiopia
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at Ibrahim MohamedIn Ethiopia, malaria vector control is practiced by selective DDT indoor residual spraying, implementation of long lasting insecticide treated nets and environmental management of larval breeding habitats. Since DDT and pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and permethrin which are used to treat nets are neurotoxins and have similar mode of action on the sodium channel membrane of mosquitoes, it was desirable to verify the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles arabiensis, the main malaria vector, to these insecticides, understand the status of cross resistance between DDT and the pyrethroids and also determine the molecular resistance mechanism