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Workshop on Clinical Trials Conduct
No full textThe course will focus on training on popular methodologies of clinical trials conduct
including Good Clinical Practice, Good Clinical Laboratory Practice and ethics in clinical
research. Taking the package of Clinical Trials which were conducted in Sudan to
develop new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis as case study
The Effect Of Phase Feeding On Broiler Performance
No full textThis study was conducted to assess the effects of phase
feeding on growth performance of broiler chicks. The experimental
work consisted of a 7-week feeding trial, in which three different
feeding programmes were fed to day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard).
The chicks were reared on deep litter in an open experimental
poultry house. The experiment was arranged in a completely
randomized block design consisting of three rows (blocks) with
three pens (experimental units) each, with 10 chicks per pen.
Three experimental diets were formulated to contain
different levels of ME and Crude protein; namely a broiler starter
diet containing approximately 3072 Kcal ME/kg and 23.9% crude
protein, a grower diet containing 3118 Kcal ME/Kg and 21.8%
crude protein, and a finisher diet containing 3200 Kcal ME/kg and
18% crude protein.
The three feeding programmes were randomized within
each block giving three replicates per treatment. The first
programme (treatment I) consisted of feeding the starter diet
throughout the whole experimental period (7 week), While the
second feeding programme (treatment II) consisted of feeding the
starter diet for the first two weeks followed by feeding the grower
diet for the following two weeks, followed by the finisher diet for
the remaining two weeks of the experiment. In the third feeding
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programme (treatment III), the starter diet was fed for three weeks
followed by the finisher diet for four weeks.
Records were kept for weekly feed consumption, weekly
live weight and live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, daily
mortality and dressing percentage at the end of the experiment.
The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance to assess
statistical differences among the experimental treatments.
The results diets not reveal any significant differences in
productive parameters, but indicated marked trends in differences
among the experimental treatment. These differences showed that
the highest feed consumption and live weight gain were attained by
the group of birds fed the starter diet throughout the experimental
period. Feeding the starter diet followed by the finisher diet for
four weeks resulted in the lowest total feed consumption,
reasonably high body weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratio
and highest dressing percentage.
It can, however, be considered under the conditions of the
present experiment that the three experimental feeding
programmes supported similar productive performance of broiler,
indicating a slight economic advantage of feeding the starter diet
followed by the finisher die
Effect Of Dietary Selenium On The Performance Of Crossbreds Goats
No full textThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of three dietary levels
of selenium on body weight and body measurements such as heart girth, neck length
and ear length of crossbred (50 %Nubian x Saanen) goats under tropical conditions.
The experiment was conducted at the Goat Improvement Centre at Helat Kuku, in the
north eastern region of Khartoum state.
Twenty one crossbred females were used, the initial weight for group A, B
and C (14.6 ± 2, 15.5 ± 2 and 14.2 ± 2 kg) respectively . All individuals were F1
progeny of Saanen sires crossed with local Nubian goats. Their ages were between 3
and 4 months, and they were assigned to three pens in a complete randomized design.
Two of the three groups of animals were fed concentrates supplemented with 0.1 and
0.15 mg/kg selenium. The third group of animals was left as control and fed
concentrates with no selenium supplementation. Green fodder (Lucerne) was offered
at a rate of 0.5kg/head/day. Body measurements including heart girth, neck length,
ear length, horn length, croup length, body length, height at withers, fore leg length,
hind leg length and body weight were taken every two weeks. The data were
analyzed using the SPSS statistical package.
The means and standard errors of the 0.1mg/kg selenium supplementation
group for heart girth, neck length and horn length 63.31 ± 0.66 cm, 29.59 ± 0.27 cm
and 9.00 ± 0.58 cm respectively. Croup length, body length and ear length, 16.24 ±
0.15, 38.93 ± 0.26 cm and 17.37 ± 0.28 cm respectively. Height at withers, fore leg
length, hind leg length and body weight 60.22 ± 0.49 cm, 41.16 ±0.34 cm, 47.61 ±
0.37 cm and 19.81 ± 0.45 kg respectively.
The means and standard errors of the 0.15 mg/kg selenium supplementation
group for heart girth, neck length and horn length 64.99 ± 0.66 cm, 30.89 ± 0.27 cm
and 4.38 ± 0.55 cm respectively. Croup length, body length and ear length 17.51 ±
0.15 cm and 39.76 ± 0.26 cm, 16.40 ± 0.28 cm respectively. Height at withers, fore
leg length, hind leg length and body weight 61.2 ± 0.49 cm, 42.67 ±0.34 cm, 48.11 ±
0.37 cm and 20.50 ± 0.45 kg respectively.
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The means and standard errors of the 0.00mg/kg selenium supplementation
group for heart girth, neck length and horn length 64.53 ± 0.66 cm, 29.46 ± 0.27 cm
and 10.23 ± 0.58 cm respectively. Croup length, body length and ear length 17.09 ±
0.0.15 cm, 38.30 ± 0.26 cm and 17.24 ± 0.28 cm respectively. Height at withers, fore
leg length, hind leg length and body weight 60.74 ± 0.49 cm, 42.24 ± 0.34 cm, 47.36
± 0.37 cm and 19.56 ± 0.45 kg respectively.
The results showed that the effects of selenium supplementation on heart
girth, height at withers, hind leg length and body weight were not significant (P>
0.05).
The results also showed that the supplementation of selenium on neck length,
horn length, croup length, body length, fore leg length, were highly significant (P<
0.01), while the effects of supplementation of selenium on ear length was significant
(P< 0.05).
The effects of age on body weight, heart girth, neck length, croup length, horn
length, body length, ear length, height at withers, legs length (fore and hind legs)
were highly significant (P< 0.01).
The interaction between the supplementation of selenium and age on body
weight, heart girth, neck length, croup length, horn length, body length, ear length,
height at withers, legs length (fore and hind legs) were not significant (P> 0.05). It
was concluded that selenium supplementation of up to 0.15 had positive effects on
body weight and body measurements.الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو مقارنة وتقييم تأثير ثلاثة مستويات من السلينيوم علي وزن الجسم والقياسات المظهرية للجسم مثل طول العنق وطول الأذن للجيل الأول لهجائن (50% الماعز النوبي × ماعز السعانين) تحت الظروف المدارية. أجريت التجربة في مركز تحسين نسل الماعز بحلة كوكو، شمال شرق ولاية الخرطوم. استخدم واحد وعشرون أنثى من الجيل الأول للهجين. كل إفراد الجيل الأول هي عبارة عن نتاج لتهجين بين إناث الماعز النوبي المحلى وذكور السعا نين. كانت أعمار هجائن الجيل الأول المستخدم في التجربة بين الشهر الثالث والشهر الرابع المجموعة (أ)، (ب) و(ج) 14.6 ± 2، 15.5 ± 2 و14.2 ± 2 كلج على التوالي، ثم وزعت الإناث عشوائيا على ثلاث الحظائر. اثنين من الثلاثة مجموعات غذيت بمركزات بها سلينيوم بتركيزات تبلغ 0.1 ملجم و0.15 ملجم. المجموعة الثالثة غذيت بمركزات خالية من السلينيوم. العلف الأخضر (البرسيم) الذي أعطي بمعدل 0.5 كلجم/رأس/يوم. أخذت القياسات المظهرية للجسم طول الصدر، طول الرقبة، طول الأذن، طول القرون، طول الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، ارتفاع طول الجسم من الأرض طول الأرجل الأمامية والخلفية ووزن الجسم كل أسبوعين. أخذت البيانات وحللت باستخدام نظام الحزم الآحصائية (SPSS). المتوسط والخطأ المعياري للمعاملة الأولى 0.1 ملجم/كلجم سلينيوم لطول الصدر، طول الرقبة وطول القرون، (63.31±0.66 سم، 29.59±0.27 سم، و9.00 ±0.58 سم على التوالي. طول الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، طول الجسم، وطول الأذن 16.24±0.15 سم، 38.93±0.26 سم و17.3±0.28 سم على التوالي، ارتفاع طول الجسم من الأرض، طول الأرجل الأمامية والخلفية ووزن الجسم 60.22±0.49 سم، 41.16±0.34 سم، 47.61±0.37 سم و19.81 ±0.45 كلجم على التوالي. المتوسط والخطأ المعياري للمعاملة الثانية 0.15 ملجم/كلجم سلينيوم لطول الصدر، طول الرقبة وطول القرون 64.99±0.66 سم، 30.89±0.27 سم و4.38±0.58 كلجم سم على التوالي. المنطقة الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، طول الجسم، طول الأذن، ارتفاع طول الجسم من الأرض، طول الأرجل الأمامية والخلفية ووزن الجسم 17.51±0.015 سم، 39.76±0.26 سم، 16.40 ±0.28 سم، 61.21±0.49 سم، ±0.34 سم، 48.11 ±0.37 سم و20.50±0.45 كلجم على التوالي. المتوسط والخطأ المعياري للمعاملة الثانية 0.00 ملجم/كلجم سلينيوم لطول الصدر، طول الرقبة، طول القرون، 64.529±0.659 سم، 29.494±0.266 سم، و10.23±0.58 سم على التوالي. طول المنطقة الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، طول الجسم، طول الأذن، 17.09±0.015 سم، 38.30±0.26سم و17.24±0.28 سم على التوالي. ارتفاع طول الجسم من الأرض، طول الأرجل الأمامية والخلفية ووزن الجسم 60.74±0.49 سم، 42.24±0.336 سم، 47.36±0.37 سم و19.56±0.45 كلجم على التوالي. أظهرت النتائج إن التغذية بالسلينيوم على كل من وزن الجسم، محيط الصدر، طول الارتفاع من الأرض، وطول الأرجل الأمامية ليس لهم تأثير معنوي (P> 0.05) كذلك, أظهرت النتائج إن التغذية بالسلينيوم على طول الرقبة، طول القرون، طول المنطقة الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، طول الجسم وطول الأرجل الأمامية ذات تأثير معنوي (P< 0.01) في حين انه ليس له معنوي على طول الأذن (P< 0.05). إن تأثيرالعمرعلى محيط الصدر، طول الرقبة، طول القرون، طول المنطقة الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، طول الجسم، طول الأذن، طول ارتفاع الجسم من الأرض، طول الأرجل الأمامية والخلفية ووزن الجسم ذو تأثير معنوي جدا (P< 0.01). التداخل بين التغذية بالسلينيوم وتأثير العمر على وزن الجسم، محيط الصدر، طول الرقبة، طول المنطقة الخلفية الظهرية (منطقة الحوض)، طول القرون، طول الجسم، طول الإذن، ارتفاع طول الجسم من الأرض، وطول الأرجل الأمامية والخلفية ليس لهم تأثير معنوي (P> 0.05). أخيراً يتضح من ذلك إن التغذية بالسلينيوم في درجات مستوى حتى 0.15 ملجم/كلجم لها تأثير ايجابي على وزن الجسم والقياسات المظهرية للجسم
Nutritional Status of Racing Horse in Sudan
No full textThe study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of
the racing horse in Sudan compared to the requirements set by
NRC with respect to their needs for Dry Matter Intake (DMI),
Crude Protein (cp), and Digestible Energy (DE).
The field study was carried out in Horse Racing Stables
and some stables in ALMANCHIA and SUBA in order to collect
data on the level of nutrition.
The data were collected from 55 horses are of different
status. The horses chosen include; Growing, Lactating,
Breeding, Pregnant, moderate working, Light working, and
intense working horse. The data collected include; Age,
Weight (kg), Sex, weight and type of green feed given daily
(kg) and weight of concentrate fed (kg) daily. Samples were
taken from different stables were analyzed (proximate
analyses) to determine percentage of CP and calculated DE.
The results showed that there are significant difference
between what is given and what is needed according to NRC
requirements.
The DMI (kg)/day assessment as percentage was shown
to be above the requirement (1.2% to 225.82%).
The CP (g) given to horses is more than requirement by
(40% to 519%) above the NRC requiremen
Nutritive Evaluation of Bambara Groundnut ( Vigna subterranean) Pods, Seeds and Hull as Animal Feeds
No full textThis study was conducted to evaluate the Bambara groundnut
as an animal feed in term of chemical composition, gas production
parameters and their relationship.
Samples, collected from Kordufan State, and then fractionated
into pods, seeds and hull.
Crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), Ash and Fat was
determined, in addition in vitro gas production was carryout, organic
matter digestibility (OMD %) and metabolic energy (ME MJ/kg) was
calculated. CP was 24.98%, 5.56% and 15.30%, CF was 12.94%,
43.43% and 25.19%, Fat was 1.6%, 4.3% and 3.5% and Ash was
3.6%, 5.3% and 3.8% respectively for pods, seeds, and hull.
Organic matter digestibility were significantly (P<0.05) higher
(62.71) in seeds than in hull and pods (38.79, 55.92) respectively.
The metabolic energy were significantly (P<0.05) higher
(10.78) in seed than in pods.
Gas production from the quickly degradable fraction (a) was
higher in hull than in seeds and pods respectively.
The slowly degradable fraction (b) was highest in seeds (60.32), and
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lowest in hull (23.41).
Potential gas production in Bambara groundnut was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in seeds (54.56), than in hull (21.78)
Gas production rate (c) was significantly (P<0.05), high in pods
(9.20), and lowest in seeds (6.23).
Crude protein was positively and significant (P<0.001),
correlated with soluble fraction (a), the degradable fraction (b) and
potential gas production (a+b) and negatively with the rate of
fermentation fraction (c)
Language Use Attitudes in Sudanese Urban Centers
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] paper investigates the process of language maintenance and
language shift among ethnic minority groups living in Dilling city, the
Nuba Mountains, and Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. A 22-item
questionnaire was used to collect data on language proficiency,
language use, and language attitude. The results show that a
considerable number of younger.-generation migrants have adopted
Arabic as their primary language. Arabic was also used predominantly
in most domains of communx'cation. Although many respondents showed
a positive attitude to their ethnx"c languages, they actually did not make
any effort to maintain them. The analysis suggests that language shift to
Arabic in Dilling xs~ more pronounced than that in Khartoum. The main
reason behind this difference is that a significant portion of the sample
population in Khartoum belongs to the Southern groups who proved to
be bigger in size, more homogeneous, and highly proud of their ethnx'c
and cultural identity. Another possible reason is that while ethnic
individuals from the same groups tend to live together in certain areas in
Khartoum, those in Dilling Ixve in scattered areas around the cx"ty
مراحل انتقال الثورات العربية: مدخل مؤسسي للتفسير
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected]ترمي هذه الورقة لدراسة المراحل الانتقالية التي تعيشها الثورات العربية. وتكمن المشكلة البحثية للورقة في تحديد العوامل التي تتحكم في التوازن الهش للفترات الانتقالية للثورات بين مؤسسات الدولة القديمة وبعض القوى التي أحدثت التغيير الثوري وتريد تكوين مؤسسات جديدة. وتنطلق الورقة من فرضية أن ما يميّز أوضاع الانتقال بعد الثورات أنها تعد مراحل مفصلية يتوقف عليها مسار الثورات المستقبلي، وذلك لأن عوامل هيكلية كانت تؤثر في المحافظة على بقاء الأنظمة السياسية القديمة في كل من تونس ومصر وليبيا قد ضعفت لدرجة كبيرة الأمر الذي مكّن فاعلين سياسيين من السعى لإحلال مؤسسات سياسية جديدة مكان القديمة. وتستخدم الورقة التحليل المؤسسي التاريخي. وترى أن مخرجات الفترة المفصلية تتوقف على ثلاثة عوامل هي: ، الإرث المؤسسي الذي خلفته الدولة القديمة، وطبيعة التغيير الثوري الذي يؤثر علىى وجود آليات للتغذية الاسترجاعية أو عدمها، وتحالفات النخب
Assessment of milk quality knowledge and practices of women within different socioeconomic commutes in Khartoum North (Sudan).
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] present study was conducted to evaluate the different practices and consumption
aspects of milk and milk products in three different socioeconomic groups of families
(poor class, middle class and higher class) in Khartoum North. Forty-five household
women (15 from each group) were randomly selected. A survey and questionnaires
addressing the comparison of milk sources, quantities consumed and their preference in
terms of sources and dairy animals, dairy products, and the methods of preservation were
conducted. Fresh milk samples were similarly collected in sterile containers from each
family, participating in the present study; for microbial analysis, using the Resazurin
reduction test, which is an indirect method for grading the microbial load. The laboratory
analysis of milk samples revealed that 46.7% of the samples were graded as excellent
milk, 35.6% were graded as good milk and 17.8% were reported as accepted milk, while
no rejected milk sample was detected in the selected milk samples. Moreover, in the poor
families the excellent milk grade was 46.7, the good milk grade was 40% and the
accepted milk grade was 13.3% of the tested samples. In the middle class families,
53.3%,
33.3% and 13.3% were found to obtain excellent, good and accepted grades of
milk, respectively. However, in the higher class families the excellent, good and accepted
grades of milk were recorded as 6.7%, 66.7% and 27.7%, respectively. The study also
evaluated the ownership
of animals and their rearing practice,
methods of milk
transportation and preservation and preparation of yoghurt. The result of milk analysis
together with some advices on the hygienic handling and safety of milk and milk products
were clearly explained to the selected women, participating in the study. It was concluded
that the economic situation influences the type and amount of milk and milk product
consumed and the use of labourers to run the business of the farm. Also the freshness of
milk is an important factor in grading milk in Khartoum North, regardless of educational
and handling practices.
This could be achieved by the efficient transportation and
handling and further storage and preservation. Processing of milk instead of keeping the
extra raw milk is essential and important in obtaining good quality products. In order to
ensure
the
quality of milk and milk products during handling and processing to
consumption, it is necessary to organize training and extension programmes especially
to household women
Occupational Exposures to Aluminum and Iron and Risk of Lung Epithelium Atypia in Sudan
No full textThis study investigated the risk of lung cytological atypical changes in regards to occupational exposure to Aluminum and Iron
Study on Some Factors Leading To Culling Cows In Three Sudanese Dairy Farms
No full textThe present study was undertaken to investigate the main reasons leading to
culling of dairy cows in the three dairy farms (kenana, judiciary and dairy
land farms). The data on (416) culled dairy cows for the period (1989-2006)
in two farm except dairy land in the period from the (1989-2003).was the
second. The result indicated that causes of culling included low fertility ,
low production , acute mastitis , cystic ovaries , old age and decline
production and feet and leg problem. The study revealed that the main
causes of culling were problems related to productive, reproductive and
mastitis. The contribution of these factors on culling rates were 35.1%, 45%,
10% respectively. While the death contributed only 3.8% in the cows culled.
The study also investigated some productive and reproductive traits of the
culled cow's. The results portrayed highly significant difference between the
farms on age at first calving, lactation length, calving interval number of
lactation and productive life at (p< 0.01).
The individual causes of culling possessed different magnitude in the three
studied herds