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Estimation of malaria transmission in malaria endemic area in Sennar State, central Sudan using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] is considered to be a major health problem in Sudan. Malaria in central Sudan
is characterized by highly seasonal malaria transmission. Knowledge of the malaria
transmission intensity in a given area or environment is important to guide malaria
control programmes. An entomological study was conducted in two localities to estimate
malaria transmission intensity in different ecologic zones in central Sudan. The main
malaria vector in the study area and it’s feeding preference were investigated. Two
entomological parameters, the sporozoite rate (SR) and entomological inoculation rate
(EIR), were also determined
اللغه وادوار النوع الاجتماعي في السودان
No full textLanguage shift from a local language to Arabic bilingualism to
the exclusive use of Arabic is occurring in vernacular speech communities in
Dilling town, in the Nuba Mountains. Females are further along in the direction
of shift than males. ~Women in Dilling are increasingly attracted to Arabic for
the practical function the language plays in their life. The growln`g role of
women in the changing society of the Nuba Mountains has contributed much
to the process of language shift among themselves, as they have to use Arabic
(the sole /ingua franca of the area) in more domains of communication. Today,
women participate aetl`vely in the soel.opolitical and soeioeeonofnf~e h.fe in the
region. In this perspective women tend to move away from their tradl.tional
domain, the house, to a more open and interactive settm`g. The paper confirms
Gal's (1978) findings that women's speech choices may best be understood
wl.thin the framework of their social status their life choice, and the symboh`e
values of the code at their disposal
IN WTRO STUDIES ON UREA TRANSPORT ACROSS THE ISOLATED OMASUM EPITHELIUM
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum to get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] transport of urea has been studied in a variety of tissues including the
rumen (Ritzhaupt et al., 1997:Kato and Sands, 1998; Stewart et al., 2005), where carriermediated
transport mechanisms have been reported. No such information concerning the
transport of urea in the omasum is known. We have therefore carried out this study in
attempt to characterise the transport mechanism of urea across the isolated omasum
epithelium of shee
Sudan’s Renewable Energy Master Plan Study
No full textBefore delving into discussion of Sudan’s energy resources, it is first important to review key general characteristics of Sudan that have important implications for the country’s energy sector and renewables industry, in particular. With an area of 2,376,000km2 (World Bank, 2004 & AFREPREN, 2005;), Sudan is Africa’s largest country which increases the cost of ensuring adequate energy services to all its communities found in different parts of the country. Sudan’s population is estimated at over 35million, growing at an average annual rate of 2.18% (World Bank, 2004) with a significantly large proportion of young people who require employment. The energy sector could be an important contributor to job generation that would employ the growing number of young people entering to the job market every year. The urban population is estimated at 38%, and is expected to grow rapidly in the near future. Consequently, urban energy demand is expected to grow rapidly. While traditionally, it was believed that the bulk of the poor were found in rural areas, the picture is changing with rapid urbanization. A growing number of the poor are now found in urban areas and their need for adequate energy services will need to be addressed by Sudan’s policy makers. Sudan’s GDP increased from US15billion in 2002. The GDP growth rate in 2002 was estimated at 5.5% (World Bank, 2002) close to double the population growth rate. A large proportion of the growth is attributed to the energy sector – primarily revenues flows from a rapidly growing oil industry that is able to meet the bulk of local petroleum demand as well as generate a very substantial growth in oil exports. The per capita income was estimated at USD340 in 2002. A significant proportion of the population lives in poverty, with limited access to resources and incomes. The southern region of the country has registered the highest poverty levels over the years primarily due to political instability and simmering conflict that has now been brought under control with the recent signing of major peace agreements. The current political process in Sudan is likely to lead to a significant change in the development of the country. A peace agreement signed in January 2005 is currently being implemented, and is expected to result in better integration of the Southern Sudan in the national development process. Of particular interest has been the agreement to share oil revenues in an equitable fashion. Several processes have been initiated to build on the peace dividend with one of the most important being the Joint Assessment Missions, that have highlighted key development projects that should be given priority in the South; and the preparation of an interim poverty reduction strategy for Southern Sudan, which is ongoing and which will be merged with the existing draft poverty reduction paper and which is expected to provide the basis for more equitable development of the country as well as drastic reduction in poverty levels. A national initiative on Sudan’s strategies for achieving the MDGs has also been launched by the Ministry of Finance. These initiatives are likely to result in a significant reduction in poverty levels, and accelerated as well as more equitable development of Sudan
.وضعية المصطلح العلمي العربي الموحد في المجال التعليمي في السودان
No full textوفق السودان بخطو خطوات واسعه وفي وقت وجيز في مجال الانتقال من استخدام اللغه الانجليزيه في تدريس المناهج الى اللغه العربيه:
.استقل السودان من السيطره الحكم الاجنبي في عام 1956.
.اكتمل تعريب المنهج الدراسي للمرحله الثانويه في عام 1969.
.أنشأت الهيئه العليا للتعريب في عام 1990 يأسس قويه بقصد التنسيق والأشراف الدقيق والمبرمج على حركه التعريب في الجامعات والمعاهد العليا كافه
.اكتمل تعريب المناهج الدراسيه للجامعات السودانيه في عام 1996 عقب القرار السياسي الذي صدر في عام 199
Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and It’s association with hepatitis B in Gummuiya Agricultural Scheme
No full textThe cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection and it’s association with hepatitis B infection in residents of the Gummuiya scheme in the suburbs of Omdurman .
Faecal and urine samples from 225individuals in the village of Baraka in Gummuiya Agricultural Scheme were examined for S.mansoni and S.haematobium eggs using modified Kato thick smear and tube centrifugation techniques . The prevalence of of S.mansoniwas found to be (25.3%).
A serosurvey of 128 subjects for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was conducted.These subjects comprise 46 bilharzia patients ,38negative controls from the study area and 44 negative controls from Khartoum
The sero-positivity of (HBsAg) in these groups was 30.4% ,7.8% and 11.3% respectively . The difference in the positivity was statistically significant.(chi –square = 6.55,=P ‹0.05 =0.01049).
This result is indicative of the existence of an association between S.mansoni and hepatitis infection. The reasons underlying this association were uncertain but the immune stastus of the infected person seems to be the main reason
Oral epithelial atypical changes in apparently healthy oral mucosa exposed to smoking, alcohol, peppers and hot meals, using the AgNOR and Papanicolaou staining techniques.
No full textTo evaluate cytological atypical changes in apparently healthy oral mucosa exposed to smoking, alcohol, hot meals, and peppers using the AgNOR and Papanicolaou methods. A total of 180 individuals were evaluated, of which 60 were smokers, 34 were alcohol users, 52 were habitual peppers and hot meal (exposed) consumers, 24 were non-exposed, and 10 were patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), as an internal control. Cytological materials were obtained by brushing of buccal mucosa, on the border of the tongue and on the floor of the mouth, and participants underwent the Papanicolaou test for cytological changes and AgNOR staining for evaluation of the mean number of AgNOR dots per nucleus. SPSS program was used to perform the Pearson chi-square test. The 95% confidence level, Odds Ratio (OR), and the 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were used.The features of cytological atypia were verified among 10 individuals, including 5 smokers, 2 alcohol users, 2 hot meals and peppers consumers, and one non-exposed. For atypia among tobacco smokers, the adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and the 95% CI were found to be 2 (0.246-16.24). Increased keratinization was detected among 27 (45%) of the smokers (P < 0.0001), 17 (32.7%) of the pepper and hot meals consumers (P < 0.005), 4 (11.8%) of the alcohol consumers, and among 2 (3.7%) of the non-exposed group. Statistical analyses revealed a greater mean number of AgNORs per nucleus in smokers (3.68) followed by (2.82) alcohol consumers, compared to the habitual peppers and hot meal consumers (2.28) and the non-exposed group (2.00). What's more, 80% of the smears with cytological atypia were identified with 6 +/- 2 AgNOR mean count.The increase of the variables suggests that the evaluation of epithelial atypical changes in individuals exposed to smoking and alcohol carcinogens may be a useful screening tool. While hot meals and peppers didnot seem to be a risk for oral mucosal proliferation, they increased the potency of keratinization and infection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Rangeland Improvement by Interseeding and Water Conservation in Semi-arid Zone of the Sudan "South Darfur, Nyala Province"
No full text2003A Research was conducted over a 2-year period at Agleri (40km North East of Nyala)-Western Sudan in a semi-arid zone under rainfed conditions. The objectives were to evaluate the adaptability of introduced perennial pasture legumes and grasses to semi-arid conditions, and to assess the current status of rangelands vegetation and the effect of improved pasture on livestock performance. Four introduced perennial pasture species, namely Stylosanthes hamata, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Clitoria ternatea (legumes) and Cenchrus ciliaris (grass) were studied. Two ploughing methods viz. spring toothed cultivator and spike toothed harrow were used, grazed and ungrazed plots were evaluated. Nested in management design was used. Grazing management and ploughing methods form the main plots and pasture species formed the sub-plots, with three replicates. The plot size was 15 × 30m. Data were randomly collected on a number of attributes, for each treatment in each replicates, were used for statistical analysis. Measurements of plant density, composition, ground cover, frequency, forage yield and forage quality determination were carried out along with livestock performance. Generally, all treatments had no significant differences on soil moisture content, but there were significant differences encountered among pasture species for most characters studied; namely, plant density, % vegetative cover and survival rate, and forage yield. Stylosanthes hamata as a pure stand and as a mixture with Cenchrus ciliaris was almost outstanding in growth attributes and forage yield compared to others introduced pasture species. Vegetation measurements indicated that the plant composition and frequency were almost the same in grazed and ungrazed exclosures, the dominant annual grasses were Aristida spp., Chloris virgata and Eragrostis termula. The fewer plant species were Brachiraria xantholeuca and Brachiaria deflexa. The dominant forbs were Zornia glochidiata, Old landia senegalensis and the fewer plant species were Alysicarpus ovalifolus and Commelina spp. The dominant trees and shrubs were Boscia senegalensis, Acacia tortlis and Acacia senegal, whereas the fewer species were Combretum glutinosum and Adenium obesum. Among the introduced pasture species Stylosanthes hamata and Cenchrus ciliaris were able to compete with local plant species. The study indicated that there was no significant effect of ploughing and grazing management methods on pasture species attributes and forage yield, but spring toothed cultivator showed better results in plant growth attributes and forage yield. It was found that plant density, vegetation ground cover, survival rate ands forage yield were better in plots that plough by spring toothed cultivator than spike toothed harrow. The forage of introduced pasture species was of high quality compared to the indigenous local species. Grazing trial for both seasons showed that the improved pasture increased rams body weight in the first and the second periods and started to decline in the third period, while under traditional pastures, the ram body weight started to decline in the second and the third period
Principles of Head & Neck Robotic Surgery
No full textDuring the last decade, robotic surgery has evolved from a novelty to the preferred
surgical method for urologic, gynaecologic, thoracic, cardiothoracic, and gastrointestinal
procedures. The use of robotics in head and neck surgery grew out of the success of
other transoral surgical modalities used to remove head and neck tumors. This
presentation reviews the evolution of robotic head and neck surgery, the current
capabilities of surgical robots in this field and discusses the benefits of this techniqu
Oral Cancer workshop
No full textOral cancer is the second commonest cancer in the Sudan following breast cancer. It is
strongly associated with tobacco use namely the habit of toomback dipping