8393 research outputs found
Sort by
Presentation & Complications of of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Khartoum- Sudan
No full textAims:
To study the pattern of presentation & the early post-traumatic neurological and psychiatric complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Patients & Methods:
This is a descriptive prospective hospital based study. It includes 459 patients who presented to the National Center of Neurological Sciences (NCNS) in Shaab Teaching Hospital in Khartoum- Sudan, with TBI in a period of six months. Questionnaires prepared beforehand were filled for all patients. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS computer program. The chi-square (χ2) test and the p value were used for statistical significance.
Results:
TBI was found to affect different age groups from one day to ninety years with a mean age of 27.53+ 16.92 years mainly young adults. Male to Female ratio was 4: 1. Most of them were either of working or studying groups. The most common causes of TBI were Motor Vehicle Accidents 179 (39.0%), followed by assaults 143 (31.2%) and falls 71 (15.5%). The presenting symptoms were mainly loss of consciousness 410 (89.3%). TBI was associated with scalp and face lacerations in 223 (48.6%). The complications encountered were convulsions in 8.2%, limb paresis in 9.0%, psychiatric complications in 20.8% and amnesia in 5.9%. Death was in 17.0%.
Conclusion:
TBI affects the productive population. It is caused mainly following motor vehicle accidents and presented mainly by variable degree and duration of disturbance of consciousness. Approximately one sixth of patients with TBI developed psychiatric complications and almost similar ratio developed neurological complications
Studies on the quality of sugar, molasses and treacle as products of sugarcane in the Sudan
No full text2003Comprehensive physio-chemical analysis were carried out for products of sugar cane in an attempt to find the effect of extraction and refining on the quality of sugar, molasses and treacle (black honey). The study analysis were conducted on three grades of refined sugar, namely silver-sugar, green-sugar and normal-sugar in addition to treacle, molasses samples and cane syrup, massecuite at different stages of crystallization. The samples were obtained mainly from Kenana Sugar Factory, where complete refining is done, specially decolourization. The analysis included determination of sucrose, reducing sugars, invert sugars, total soluble solids (T.S.S), and sweetness in terms of purity. Ash, acidity and protein content. Similarly physical properties were measured mainly: viscosity, colour and particle size of sugar crystals. The results obtained revealed that the average percentage of sucrose of treacle (black honey) was 29.36%, molasses 32.56%, whereas it was 99.90%, 99.81%, 99.76% for silver-sugar, green-sugar and normal-sugar respectively. The reducing sugars were 50.26% for treacle and 16.88% for molasses and only 0.036%, 0.060% and 0.189% for silver-sugar, green-sugar and normal-sugar. The moisture content was 20.50% for treacle and 21.30% for molasses. However, that for refined sugar did not exceed 0.047%. Slight traces of ash were found in sugar samples. While molasses gave 12% ash as yet it was poor in nitrogen consequently in protein content. The total soluble solids were found to be 99.98%, 99.97% and 99.95% in the silver-sugar, green-sugar and normal-sugar respectively. while treacle gave 83.24% and molasses 86.98%. T.S.S. Sweetness estimated as purity was found in the range 99.81% to 99.92% for the refined sugar samples and only 37.43% for final molasses. Sugar solutions were found to be almost neutral with pH 6.5 but molasses and treacle were slightly acidic 5.6%. The viscosity was calculated at 30ºC and found to be 3.426 centistoke for treacle and 5.019 centistoke for molasses. The three refined sugar samples silver, green and normal - sugar gave 1.940, 1.942 and 1.945 centistok respectively. The mean aperture of sugar crystals was 0.54mm for silver-sugar, 0.63mm for green-sugar and 0.68mm for normal-sugar. The colour of the sugar was measured colourimetcally and was found to be 41 unt at l 420nm for silver-sugar whereas green-sugar and normal-sugar gave 129 and 519 unt. respectively. Chromatographic analysis using TLC technique revealed consistency with chemical analysis findings for sugar, treacle and molasses components of mono-and di-saccharides, namely glucose, fructose and sucroseUOF
Effect of different levels of salinity on growth, yield and seed quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
No full text2003Two pot experiments and laboratory tests were conducted during two seasons (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity on barley seed yield and seed quality. The two pot experiments were carried out at Shambat, Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum while the laboratory tests were carried at the Seed Administration Lab, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Khartoum. Local barley cultivar was used in 1999/2000, while in 2000/2001 four introduced cultivars were used along with the local cultivar. Seeds were planted at 5 levels of soil salinity in 1999/2000 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mmohs/cm) and 4 levels (0, 4,6 and 8 mmohs/cm) in 2000/2001. The results revealed significant effect of salinity on seedling emergence, all growth and yield parameters and seed quality. Salinity increased seedling emergence percentage and reduced days to 50% heading. Significant increase in number of spikelets/spike, number of seeds/spike and seed yield/pot was found in the first season. No significant effect was obtained on number of tillers / plant, number of spike/plant and 100 seed weight. In the second season significant increase in number of tillers/plant, number of spikes/plant and 100 seed weight was obtained in response to salinity. Significant reduction was found in number of spikelets/spike, number of seeds/spike and seed yield/pot. Seed quality evaluations revealed that salinity resulted in an increase in seedling shoot and root lengths but reduced seedling growth rate, seedling dry weight and speed of germination in the first season. No significant effect was found on standard germination percentage. In the second season, standard germination percentage, seedling shoot length and speed of germination were increased by salinity. Seedling root length was reduced by salinity and no significant effect was found on seedling dry weight and growth rate. Salinity level of 6 mmohs/cm resulted in a significant increase in growth and yield parameters as well as seed quality. The local cultivar was found to be more tolerant to salinity than the introduced cultivars as reflected in growth parameters and seed quality. The interaction effects between salinity levels and cultivars were significant in some tests of growth, yield and quality parametersUOF
Genetic and Phenotypic Aspects of Body Weights in Local Large Beladi Chicken Raised Under Two Different Dietary Constituents
No full textThe foundation stock was primarily established by purchasing 50
cockerels and 160 pullets of the indigenous fowl from the Blue Nile area
(Sinar state). This work was conducted to compare the genetic and
phenotypic parameters estimates for body weights of large Beladi chicken
under two different feeding regimes and proposing outlines of a strategy
for improving body weights at different ages. Each cockerel was
randomly assigned to mate with three pullets in a rotational pattern. Eggs
for incubation purpose were collected from the individual breeding pens
three times a day and recorded on daily basis. Eggs were weighed, graded
and pedigreed and then incubated to obtain 13 consecutive hatches at
weekly intervals. The total number of birds used in the experiment was
1718. According to the experimental protocol, which based on feeding
regime, chicks were divided into two groups (A) and (B). Birds in group
(A) were fed on broiler-formulated rations, whereas birds in group (B)
were fed on layer-formulated rations. For group (A) individual body
weights were taken at biweekly interval up to 12 weeks. However, for
group (B) individual body weights were taken at monthly interval up to 3
month.
The overall average body weights for birds at hatch, 4, 8 and 12
weeks in group (A), were 26.78±2.91, 147.16±30.87, 393.51±64.12 and
800.93±155.97g, respectively, whereas, the corresponding weights in
group (B), were 29.31±2.66, 170.80±49.27, 353.43±102.70 and
512.75±116.11.
Mean body weights of birds in group (B) were significantly (P <
0.05) higher than those in group (A) at hatch and 4 weeks of age,
however, the reverse was true for body weights at 8 and 12 weeks of age.
Growth pattern revealed an increasing trend with advanced ages. On the
other hand, the monthly weight gain showed marked decline at 8 weeks
of age for birds in group (B). Comparing growth of birds in A and B
groups revealed that, increasing dietary protein and metabolizable energy
(ME), resulted in increase body weights at 8 and 12 weeks of age by 11.3
and 56.2 percents, respectively. In group (A), the mean body weights of
males were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of females at 4, 6, 8
and 12 weeks of age. This may express the presence of heterogeneity
between sexes at these ages. Sire and dam effects on body weights were
found to be significant at various ages. Hatch had significant effect (P <
0.01) on body weight at all ages.
Heritability estimates for body weights at different ages from sire,
dam and sire plus dam components of variance were obtained for both
groups. The estimates in group (A) and (B) ranged from low (0.02) to
high (0.97) and low (0.06) to moderate (0.25), respectively. In group (A),
heritability estimates from dam component were higher than those from
sire component, whereas the reverse was true for the estimates in group
(B). Heritability estimates for body weights in group (A) were slightly
higher than those in group (B). This may reveal the tendency for
increasing heritability magnitudes with improved levels of dietary
protein and metabolizable energy (ME).
For both groups (A) and (B), the genetic and phenotypic
correlation estimates ranged from low (0.16) to high (0.97) and followed
similar trends. However, the magnitudes were relatively higher in group
(A) than those in group (B). The environmental correlation estimates
were also positive, ranged from low (0.08) to high (0.99), and followed
similar trend.
Based on sire component of variance, the highest heritability
estimate in group (A) was at 4 weeks of age, whereas the corresponding
estimate in group (B) was at 8th week. Generally, it may be concluded that
mass or individual selection for body weight is better to be conducted at
4th week, when birds are fed on diet with high protein and metabolizable
energy (Broiler ration) and at 8th week, when birds are fed on diet with
low protein and metabolizable energy (Layer ration)
Effect Of Urea Treatment Of Sorghum Stover On The Chemical Composition And In Rumen Degradability
No full textThe objectives of the study were to estimate the effects
of different levels of urea treatments on chemical
composition, nutritional value and rumen degradability of
sorghum Stover.
This experiment contained two: untreated sorghum
Stover (sorghum) served as control. The other urea levels
namely: 2% and 4% urea were used. Crude protein content of
the treated sorghum was enhanced (P< 0.05) over the
untreated control and ranks as 7.30, 6.05% CP for 4% and
2% respectively. NDF content was decreased (P< 0.05) from
92.5% (control) to 89.8 and 87.8 for 2% and 4% urea
respectively.
EE content was decreased (P< 0.05) from 1.77 (control)
to 1.63 and 0.82 for 2% and 4% respectively.
The rumen degradability was increased (P< 0.05) from
59.2% (control) and 64.2, 67.2 for 2, and 4% and among
hou
Evaluation of the study on Environmental and Social Impact of Roseires Dam Heightening Project
No full textThe study is composed of the main report (volume 1) and a technical report (draft ecological impact report, volume 2). The main report is a comprehensive study which covered major aspects of the environmental and social impacts of the dam heightening. However, the technical report which should summarize the major aspects in the main report, has in some aspect limited coverage and also need to be compatible with the main report. There are facts that need revision and will be pointed out in the following pages particularly with regards to forest resource assessment and endangered species.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and its application in food safety
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum to get the full text please contact the other at Ahmed El AminThe Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system (HACCP) is recognized as a systematic and preventive approach to the identification, assessment of the hazards and risks associated with the manufacture, storage
and distribution of food rather than through end-product inspection and testing. The system can be implemented at each stage of production from farm to table and also it can be used on ranches, feedlots and at processing plants (10, 11, 32, 33, 34, 35).
The HACCP system was first pioneered in 1960s by the Pillsbury Company, the United States Army and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as joined program to guarantee the food used in the U.S space program to be 100% free of pathogens. In the early 1970s the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) started to train its inspectors in the HACCP concept. In 1987 the International Commission of Microbiological Specification for Foods (ICMSF) has introduced it internationally. Also the European Commission is actively promoting harmonization of HACCP principles according to the 1995 Food Safety Regulations implemented in the Directive on Food Hygiene. The Committee of the Codex Alimentarius has engaged in it for some years (1, 7, 10, 32, 33, 38, 39) and has published the latest concept late
Cations Redistribution as Affected by Soil Types and Organic Amendments
No full textTwo laboratory experiments were carried out to examine the effects of soil type and organic amendments on cations distribution in the soil and their impact on the pH and the electrical conductivity of the soil (ECe). The experiments were executed in 1996-97 at the Department of Soil and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Surface soil samples (0-30 cm), were taken from Shambat and Elrawakeeb, West Omdurman soils. The treatments were farmyard, chicken manures and higlig sawdust applied at the rate of 11.9 tons/ha. Air-dried soil samples were passed through a 2-mm sieve and a predetermined weight was packed in columns (1100 cm3) to a bulk density of 1.2 Mg m-3. The treatments were mixed thoroughly in the top 3-cm. The soil columns were irrigated ten times at an interval of seven days. The leachate from each column was received in a covered flask, every two weeks and its calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) contents, pH and ECe were determined. The soil was left to dry inside the columns and the column segments were put apart and divided into two depths (0-15 ; 16-30 cm) and analyzed for above mentioned parameters. The effect of the soil type on the Ca++ and Mg++ contents of the leachate was significant only after the first two irrigations. The amendments significantly reduced the Ca++ and Mg++ contents in the second leachate of Shambat soil (clay), whereas no significant differences were observed in Elrawakeeb soil (sand). The results showed significant differences between the two soil types for Mg++, Na+, K+, pH and ECe but not for Ca++ content. The effect of amendments was significant only on the K++ content and ECe while the effect of the soil depth was significant only on the Na+ content
MUNITY INDUCING NON -CONVENTIONAL DIETARY SOURCES
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum to get the full text please contact the other at ahmed [email protected] these non -conventional diets_ The extent of the HMAIDS problem in the Sudan and in-between
women specially is overviewerilt is believed that women in households or anywhere etse lithe society have
a
key
role ki pushing foreword the use of these prophylactic dietary sources in actual meals preparation, through dietary
tourist:fog or the extensive use of public med.iaat large
Improvement of the shelf life of camel milk using lactoperoxidase enzyme system
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] this study the lactoperoxidase enzymes system (LPS) was used for preservation of camel milk. The camel milk samples were collected from 2 locations in Eastern Nile Province of Khartoum North, Sudan. The first was from a collection point at EIGerif and the second from ElSamrab, the latter is relatively not far away from the laboratory. The milk samples were divided into two equal portions (treated and control). Both portions were further subdivided into 2 amounts in order to test the effect of cooling by keeping part at room temperature (37° C) and the other at refrigerator (8° C). The chemical analysis that wars done include determination of fat, protein, total solids and ash %. Similarly clot on boiling test and the acidity of camel milk samples were done daily. The fat contents were 2.825± 0.14%, 3% and 2.5% for mean and standard deviation, maximum and minimum levels, respectively. The protein values reveaied 3.3%, 3% and 3.061± 0.815%, respectively. The ash contents were 0.90%, 0.24% and 0.63± 0.197, respectively. However the total solids revealed values of 10.08%, 7.3% and 9.22± 0.72%, respectively as shown in Table 1. The result revealed highly significant (P<0.001) effect of lactoperoxidase enzymes system as milk preservative. Since the refrigerated treated carnel milk samples showed higher shelf life (11 and 19 days, for the milk brought from ElGerif and ElSamrab, respectively) compared to those of refrigerated control samples (10 and 14 days, respectively). Similarly the non refrigerated treated camel milk samples were found to show a shelf life of 15 and 8 days, compared to 3 and 2 days for non treated samples, respectively (Table 2). The present study concluded that the lactoperoxidase enzymes system has a positive effect on the keeping quality of camel milk by expanding its shelf life. Hence we recommended its application for preservation of camel milk in the field in order to utilize the nutritious healthy unused camel milk