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Socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, life stress, and health behaviors in a national sample of adolescents
Get PDFAdolescence is a developmental period during which time individuals adopt health behaviors that affect their lifelong health and disease risk. Socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, and stress have all been hypothesized to play a role in this association, but very few studies have examined how these factors interrelate and explain differences in health behaviors in adolescence. To address this issue, we assessed youths' socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, life stress levels across seven domains, and health behaviors in a national sample of 1, 830 high school seniors living in the four largest cities in Croatia. Structural equation modelling examined the extent to which stress mediates the effects of socioeconomic status and social‐cultural values on positive and negative health behaviors. As hypothesized, stress levels significantly mediated associations between youths' socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, and healthy and unhealthy habits. Additionally, whereas better socioeconomic status predicted less stress, greater social‐cultural value on achieving a “good life” predicted more stress. More stress, in turn, was associated with engaging in fewer healthy behaviors for both males and females, and more unhealthy behaviors for males. Socioeconomic status and social‐cultural values thus appear to influence stress levels, which may in turn affect adolescents' health behaviors and, potentially, their lifespan health
A proposition for bottom-up local community participation through digital mapping
Get PDFIN ENGLISH: Europeanisation and European urbanistic standards (urban sustainability) have been present in Croatia, as the youngest member, for only a few years, and more declaratively than in practice. Urban renewal, revitalization of cities’ centers and gentrification are therefore intensive processes, primarily economic in nature (with an increased real-estate value), and mostly beneficial for urban policy makers and holders of economic power (investors). Such renewal is often very partial and inconsiderate towards the quality of urban living for citizens, who are mostly excluded from participation without a possibility to influence the future appearance and purpose of space. This is also particularly problematic in peripheral city parts, smaller local communities or neighborhoods, in which residents’ everyday needs are inadequately met. Inadequate infrastructural equipment or reduced public or green areas threaten the basic citizens’ right to well-being. It is therefore possible to strengthen urbanity, as a fundamental measure of a more or less achieved urban living, only through citizens’ greater influence in a bottom-up participation process. Models of bottom-up urban public space design strategies should be adjusted to enter directly into the community and strive towards assisting its residents in making their space more acceptable on everyday level. In the Croatian spatial system, participation is weak, because commercialization and privatization are at the forefront of directing post-socialist countries’ urban development. In this context, the value of public spaces and interests is often destroyed. Examples of civic laboratories as possible models of local community action through applying digital technology would therefore be useful and could serve as examples of good bottom-up practice. Given the massive presence of the Internet and social networks, the main idea is to involve citizens in digital platforms and to design, with urban sociologists’ and architects’ assistance, preliminary research of the situation in every particular neighborhood. The results would be presented, with citizens’ consent, to urban policy and administration representatives to facilitate collaboration. On-line networking of residents and then on-line questionnaires or interviews would initiate the next inevitable phase of bringing residents closer. Such collaboration would motivate residents, but also make city authorities aware of the need to ‘leave the office’ and respond more openly to citizens’ demands, e.g. for improved waste removal and sorting, built or repaired parks and play-grounds, expanded green areas, increased citizens’ traffic safety, etc. Such digital mapping of community and citizens’ principal needs would mean an attempt to improve participation and extend its duration through phases (problem detection, collaboration and implementation). The institutional city authorities’ to-date ambivalence towards citizens can indeed be challenged more easily through digital technology because it implies the possibility of greater democratization. This is why it is important and long-term useful to develop models of civic laboratories, as fundamental participation models, upon which the future appearance and development of cities will depend. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Proces europeizacije i europski urbanistički standardi (urban sustainability) na primjeru HR, kao najmlađe članice, prisutan je tek nekoliko godina i više na deklarativnoj razini nego u praksi. Stoga su primjerice procesi urbane obnove i revitalizacije središta gradova, te gentrifikacije, intenzivni i prvenstveno ekonomske naravi (s povećanom vrijednošću nekretnina) te imaju najveću korist za nositelje urbane politike i nositelje ekonomske moći (investitore). Često je takva obnova vrlo parcijalna i ne uzima u obzir kvalitetu urbanog života za same građane. Oni su uglavnom izostavljeni iz participacijskog procesa i nemaju mogućnost utjecanja na budući izgled i namjenu prostora. To je posebno problematično i u drugim dijelovima grada, manjim lokalnim zajednicama ili susjedstvima, koji na svakodnevnoj razini nedovoljno ispunjavaju potrebe stanovnika. Neadekvatna infrastrukturna opremljenost ili smanjeni javni ili zeleni prostori postaju ugroženi te ugrožavaju i osnovno pravo građana na dobar život. Stoga je urbanitet, kao temeljnu mjeru više ili manje dostignutog urbanog života, moguće ojačati jedino uz veći utjecaj građana u procesu participacije odozdo. Modeli in bottom-up urban public space design strategies trebali bi biti prilagođeni direktnom ulazu u community i nastojati pomoći stanarima da prostor učine prihvatljivijim na svakodnevnoj razini. U hrvatskom prostornom sustavu postoji slab proces participacije jer procesi komercijalizacije i privatizacije (posljedice su poslovna i stambena preizgrađenost) predvode smjer urbanog razvoja postosocijalističkih zemalja. U tom je kontekstu vrijednost javnih prostora i javnih interesa često destruirana. Stoga bi primjeri civic laboratories kao mogućih modela akcije u lokalnoj zajednici kroz korištenje digitalne tehnologije bili korisni i mogli poslužiti kao primjeri dobre prakse odozdo. S obzirom na masovnu prisutnost interneta i društvenih mreža osnovna ideja je da se građani uključe u digitalne platforme te uz stručnu pomoć urbanih sociologa i arhitekata primjerice, osmisle preliminarna istraživanja o stanju u svakom pojedinom kvartu. Dobiveni rezultati u suglasnosti s građanima predstavili bi se predstavnicima urbane politike i administracije kako bi lakše ostvarili suradnju. On-line povezivanje stanara te zatim ispunjavanje on-line ankete ili intervjua prvenstveno bi bile pokretač i za sljedeću fazu koja je nezaobilazna i uključuje upoznavanje i zbližavanje stanovnika samih. Takvom bi se suradnjom pokrenulo stanovnike, ali i osvijestilo gradsku upravu da mora 'izaći iz ureda' i otvorenije odgovarati na zahtjeve građana, primjerice za boljim odvozom i razvrstavanjem otpada, gradnjom ili popravljanjem parkova i dječjih igrališta, povećanjem zelenih površina, povećanja sigurnosti građana u prometu itd. Takvim svojevrsnim digitalnim mapiranjem zajednice i najvažnijih potreba građana pokušalo bi se poboljšati proces participacije i produžiti njegovo trajanje po fazama (faza detektiranja problema, faza suradnje i faza realizacije). Korisno bi bilo usporediti postojeće pozitivne europske primjere participativnih modela kao što su portugalski, španjolski, slovenski, a kako bi se mogli primijeniti i hrvatski lokalni prostor. Dosadašnja podijeljenost institucionalne gradske vlasti spram građana uz digitalnu se tehnologiju zasigurno lakše može pokušati mijenjati jer ona u sebi nosi i mogućnost veće demokratizacije. Upravo je zbog toga važno i dugoročno korisno razvijati modele civic laboratories kao temeljnih participativnih modela o kojima će ovisiti budući izgled i razvoj gradova
Sporting the glass jaw: views on women in sports
Get PDFIN ENGLISH: Sport is still understood as a traditional bastion of masculinity that exalts physical qualities such as strength and speed, and psychological traits such as aggression and perseverance, deeming women’s participation undesirable and unnecessary. Nevertheless, women for decades, in strict separation from men or within so-called “women’s sports”, were achieving results worthy of the attention of even the fiercest sceptics. Because of its nature founded in physicality, sport is still relatively seldom the area of political struggle for gender equality, although female athletes have occasionally done more for positive outcomes of that struggle than is acknowledged. In this paper, I discuss the ambivalent nature of sport contributing, on the one hand, to the essentialisation of genders in their differences and the petrification of power relations between them, and containing, on the other, indications of destruction or at least of corruption of the traditional, hierarchically established gender norms. The paper consists of four parts. In the first introductory part, I explain the reasons for concentrating my discussion on formalised competitive sports and approaches I am using. While emphasising the biopolitical aspects of the subject, I start my analysis with the description of a proclaimed guiding principles of contemporary sports contained in the spirit of Olympism. In the second part, I discuss the ontology of sport contained in the ideas of the founder of the modern Olympic Games Baron Pierre de Coubertin and the consequential factors influencing women ‘s participation in sports. These range from the perception of women’s allegedly debilitating physical and psychological traits, through hypersexualisation of female athletes’ body, or the attitude that it is not feminine enough, to the accusations that female athletes harm their health jeopardising, for example, the basic feminine duty – that of motherhood. In the third part, I put de Coubertin’s arguments in the contemporary context emphasising the relevance the concept of hegemonic masculinity has on the contemporary understanding of masculinity and the role of sport in maintaining it. In the last, fourth part, I discuss emancipatory aspects of sports, concluding on their ability to disrupt both essentialised femininity and essentialised masculinity. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Sport se još uvijek razumijeva kao tradicionalni bastion muškosti koji veliča fizičke kvalitete poput snage i brzine te psihološke kvalitete poput agresivnosti i izdržljivosti određujući sudjelovanje žena nepoželjnim i nepotrebnim. Bez obzira na to žene su desetljećima, u strogoj razdvojenosti od muškaraca ili u takozvanim »ženskim sportovima«, postizale rezultate dostojne pažnje i najvećih skeptika. Zbog svoje prirode zasnovane u tjelesnosti sport je još uvijek rijetko područje političke borbe za rodnu ravnopravnost, premda sportašice povremeno više doprinose pozitivnim ishodima te borbe no što im se pripisuje. U ovom radu raspravljam o ambivalentnoj prirodi sporta koji, s jedne strane, doprinosi esencijalizaciji rodova u njihovoj različitosti te petrifikaciji međusobnih odnosa moći, a s druge strane sadrži pokazatelje destrukcije ili barem kvarenja tradicionalnih, hijerarhijski uspostavljenih rodnih normi. Rad se sastoji od četiri dijela. U prvom, uvodnom dijelu objašnjavam razloge svoje usmjerenosti na formalizirane kompetitivne sportove te pristupe koje koristim. Naglašavajući biopolitičke aspekte teme analizu započinjem opisom proklamiranih vodećih principa suvremenog sporta sadržanih u duhu olimpizma. U drugom dijelu raspravljam o ontologiji sporta sadržanoj u idejama osnivača suvremenih Olimpijskih igara baruna Pierrea de Coubertina te o posljedičnim čimbenicima koji su utjecali na sudjelovanje žena u sportu. Raspon spomenutih čimbenika seže od percepcije ženskih fizičkih i psihičkih osobina kao manjkavih, preko hiperseksualizacije tijela sportašica ili pak tvrdnji da nisu dovoljno ženstvene, do optužbi da ugrožavaju vlastito zdravlje dovodeći u opasnost primarnu žensku dužnost – majčinstvo. U trećem dijelu de Coubertinove argumente smještam u suvremeni kontekst, naglašavajući važnost koju koncept hegemonijske muškosti ima u suvremenom razumijevanju muškosti i ulogu sporta u održavanju iste. U posljednjem, četvrtom dijelu, raspravljam o emancipatornim aspektima sporta, zaključujući o njegovoj sposobnosti destrukcije kako esencijalizirane ženskosti tako i esencijalizirane muškosti
Istraživanje mladih u Hrvatskoj 2018./2019.
Get PDFKakvi su stavovi, vrijednosti i uvjerenja mladih u Hrvatskoj danas? S kojim se izazovima suočavaju mladi danas na putu odrastanja? Ovo su pitanja na koja reprezentativna studija o mladima u Hrvatskoj Zaklade Friedrich-Ebert daje odgovore. Rezultati studije temelje se na istraživanju provedenom na 1.500 adolescenata i mladih u dobi od 14 do 29 godina iz svih regija i društvenih slojeva Hrvatske. Osim toga, usporedba s prethodnim istraživanjima mladih omogućila je da se identificiraju trendovi i potencijali mladih u Hrvatskoj
Revitalization paths of urban centers: tentative observational comparison of two cities – Ljubljana and Zagreb
Get PDFIN ENGLISH: In this paper, a comparison is made between two post-socialist countries (Slovenia and Croatia), namely, their capital cities (Ljubljana and Zagreb). The research aims to establish the main principles and difficulties of revitalisation in each city and how successfully they have moved from socialist to democratic urban planning. The research hypothesis is that Ljubljana has been comprehensively revitalised according to relevant revitalisation guidelines, whereas in Zagreb the revitalisation has been partial and largely affected by the interests of investors and their political partners. The study uses semi-structured interviews conducted with various spatial planning experts and pertinent documentation. It confirms the hypothesis, examines successes and failures experienced in both cities’ transition process, and reflects on general problems of urban planning and revitalisation in post-socialist countries. -------------- IN CROATIAN: U radu se vrši komparacija dvaju post-socijalističkih zemalja (Hrvatske i Slovenije) tj. njihovih glavnih gradova (Zagreba i Ljubljane). Istraživanje ima za svoj cilj otkrivanje i pojašnjenje glavnih odrednica i poteškoća urbane revitalizacije u pojedinom gradu te uspješan i manje uspješan prijelaz iz socijalističkog sustava planiranja u liberalno demokratski. Hipoteza istraživanja jest da je urbana revitalizacija u Ljubljani provedena na cjelovit način, uzimajući u obzir sve bitne odrednice revitalizacije grada, dok je urbana revitalizacija u Zagrebu parcijalna i usmjerena ka privatnim interesima pojedinačnih investitora i političara. Istraživanje je provedeno kroz polustrukturirane intervjue s različitim stručnjacima koji se bave prostornim pitanjima kao i analizom relevantne dokumentacije. Istraživanje potvrđuje hipotezu te iznosi zaključke o ključnim odrednicama urbane revitalizacije u dva grada, kao i probleme kod urbanističkog planiranja u postsocijalističkim zemljama. --------------- IN SLOVENIAN: Članek primerja dve postsocialistični državi (Hrvaško in Slovenijo) oziroma njuni glavni mesti (Zagreb in Ljubljano). Raziskava je namenjena pojasnjevanju glavnih determinant in težav urbane prenove oziroma revitalizacije v določenem mestu ter uspešen in manj uspešen prehod iz sistema socialističnega načrtovanja v demokratičnega. Hipoteza raziskave je, da se urbana revitalizacija v Ljubljani izvaja celovito, ob upoštevanju vseh bistvenih elementov revitalizacije mesta, medtem ko je urbana revitalizacija v Zagrebu le delna ter osredotočena na interese posameznih vlagateljev in politikov. Raziskava je bila izvedena s polstrukturiranimi intervjuji z različnimi strokovnjaki, ki se ukvarjajo s prostorskimi vprašanji, in analiziranjem ustrezne dokumentacije. Analiza potrjuje postavljeno hipotezo ter povzema sklepe o ključnih determinantah urbane revitalizacije v dveh mestih in težave pri urbanističnem načrtovanju v postsocialističnih državah
Youth study Croatia 2018/2019
Get PDF"FES Youth Studies Southeast Europe 2018/2019” is an international youth research project carried out simultaneously in ten countries in Southeast Europe among which is Croatia. The main objective of the survey has been to identify, describe and analyse attitudes of young people and patterns of behaviour in contemporary society. The data was collected in early 2018 from 1500 respondents aged 14–29. A broad range of issues were addressed, including young peoples’ experiences and aspirations in different realms of life, such as education, employment, political participation, family relationships, leisure and use of information and communications technology, but also their values, attitudes and beliefs
Radni i stambeni uvjeti znanstvenika u Hrvatskoj
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: U radu se analiziraju neki od elemenata rada i stanovanja znanstvene populacije u Hrvatskoj dobiveni internetskom anketom koja je provedena 2017. godine. Anketa je upućena na adrese elektroničke pošte 7 269 znanstvenika, a odgovorilo ih je 1 966. Radne i stambene uvjete smješta se u suvremeni informatizacijski i postsocijalistički kontekst društva te ističe neke osnovne procese i fenomene koji na njih utječu, kao što su privatizacija stanovanja i fleksibilizacija rada. Nesigurnost radnih uvjeta koji iz njih proizlaze vidljiva je naročito kod mlađih znanstvenika. Testirane su razlike u zadovoljstvu znanstvenika radnim i stambenim uvjetima prema spolu, radnom statusu, tipu ustanove, mjestu rada i području bavljenja. Zadovoljniji su radnim uvjetima oni zaposleni izvan Zagreba od onih zaposlenih u Zagrebu te su muškarci zadovoljniji od žena. Stalno zaposleni ispitanici zadovoljniji su od ispitanika zaposlenih na određeno vrijeme. U boljem su stambenom položaju znanstvenici zaposleni na neodređeno, koji su i više sudjelovali u subvencioniranoj kupnji vlastitog stana. Za razliku od njih, zaposlene na određeno često prate nesigurni radni uvjeti, a uzrok tomu može se naći i u novoj znanstvenoj politici sve više okrenutoj tržištu. Zaključno, prema osnovnim stambenim kriterijima znanstvenu populaciju temeljno obilježava nastavak i jačanje modela privatizacije stanovanja započetog u tranzicijskom razdoblju u kojem je posjedovanje vlastitog stana poželjan stambeni status. U radnom smislu mora se istaknuti podijeljena situacija te kako postoji određeno zadovoljstvo radom, ali i iscrpljenost i nesigurnost koju u većoj mjeri osjećaju žene i mlađi znanstvenici. --------------- IN ENGLISH: The paper analysed some of the aspects of work and housing among the scientific population in Croatia using data from a 2017 on-line survey. The survey was e-mailed to 7 269 scientists, of which 1,966 responded. The working and housing conditions were set in the contemporary context of information-based and post-socialist society while highlighting some fundamental processes and phenomena affecting them, such as the privatisation of housing and the flexibilisation of work. The consequent uncertainty of working conditions was evident, especially among younger scientists. Differences in scientists’ satisfaction with the working and housing conditions were tested by gender, employment status, institution type, work location and research area. Those employed outside of Zagreb were more content with the working conditions than those employed in Zagreb, as were men compared to women. The permanently employed were more content than fixed-term employees, had a better housing status and were more involved in the subsidised purchase of their own apartments. In contrast, fixed-term employees experienced precarious working conditions more often, possibly due to the new, increasingly market-oriented scientific policy. In conclusion, the scientific population in Croatia – according to objective housing criteria – is fundamentally characterised by the continuation and strengthening of the model of housing privatisation initiated during the transitional period, where owning an apartment is a desirable housing status. The situation regarding work is divided. Certain work satisfaction is present, but also exhaustion and uncertainty, which are felt mostly by women and the younger scientists
Psihologija roda
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Ovo poglavlje pruža uvod u psihologiju roda, uključujući ključne teorijske perspektive, temeljne pojmove, suvremene trendove te metodološke pristupe primijenjene u istraživanjima u području psihologije roda. Prvi dio teksta, teorijski pregled, uključuje socijalizacijske teorije poput teorije socijalnog učenja i kognitivno-razvojnih modela nastalih u 1960-im i 1970-im godinama, zatim teorije rodnih uloga kao osobina ličnosti iz 1970-ih te nakon njih modele iz 1980-ih kao što su teorija društvenih uloga i model roda u kontekstu. U drugom dijelu teksta objašnjeni su ključni koncepti na kojima se temelje teorijski modeli i empirijska istraživanja ovog područja, poput rodnih uloga, rodnog identiteta, rodnih stereotipa, seksizma te seksualne orijentacije. Treći dio teksta nudi uvid u suvremene trendove u psihologiji roda kao što su: 1) kritičko propitivanje rodnih uloga; 2) važnost rodnih stereotipa i rodnih uloga u obrazovnoj, obiteljskoj i profesionalnoj sferi; 3) prepoznavanje interakcijskog efekta bioloških i okolinskih čimbenika na rodnu dinamiku, te 4) intersekcionalnost i inkluzivnost različitih rodnih i seksualnih identiteta. Opisi navedenih suvremenih problematika dopunjeni su spoznajama iz recentnih domaćih istraživanja. U četvrtom dijelu teksta opisani su metodološki pristupi primijenjeni u istraživanjima u području psihologije roda. --------------- IN ENGLISH: This chapter provides an introduction to psychology of gender, including theoretical perspectives, basic concepts, current trends, and methodological approaches applied in research in psychology of gender. The first section of the chapter, theoretical review, includes theories of socialization such as social learning theory and cognitive-developmental models that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, theories of gender roles as personality traits that emerged in the 1970s, and subsequently theories developed in the 1980s including social role theory and gender-in-context model. The second section of the chapter highlights the key concepts used in theoretical models and empirical research in the field, such as gender roles, gender identity, gender stereotypes, sexism, and sexual orientation. The third part of the text offers insight into contemporary trends in psychology of gender such as: 1) thinking critically about gender roles; 2) the importance of gender stereotypes and gender roles in the educational, family and professional domains; 3) recognition of the interaction effect of biological and environmental factors on gender dynamics, and 4) intersectionality and inclusion of different gender and sexual identities. Insights from the recent empirical research regarding these contemporary trends are also presented. The fourth part of the chapter describes the methodological approaches applied in research in the field of gender psychology
Stambene karijere u Hrvatskoj: od samoupravnog socijalizma do krize financijskog kapitalizma
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Visok udio kućevlasništva malo govori o tome na koje načine pojedinci i kućanstva u Hrvatskoj rješavaju svoje stambeno pitanje, a krossekcijski podatci o strukturi stambenih statusa, stambenim politikama te predtranzicijskim istraživanjima stambene opskrbe daju nedostatne odgovore na to pitanje. Oslanjajući se na koncepte stambenog statusa, stambene tranzicije i stambene karijere te na periodizaciju dominantnih sustava stambene opskrbe od 1975. do 2015., u radu adresiramo sljedeća pitanja: prvo, koji su dominantni oblici stambenih tranzicija u Hrvatskoj, drugo, kako su stambene karijere povezane s ishodišnim statusima te treće, koji su dominantni obrasci stambenih karijera u Hrvatskoj. Navedena pitanja potom dovodimo u odnos s obilježjima stambene opskrbe u pojedinim razdobljima te ih, naposljetku, razmatramo iz perspektive međukohortnih razlika. Rad se temelji na analizi retrospektivnih anketnih podataka o stambenim karijerama koristeći metode povijesti događaja (eng. event history) i analize sekvence. Anketiranje je provedeno na nacionalno reprezentativnom uzorku (N=1000) u sklopu IPSOS Pulsovog Omnibus istraživanja u studenome 2016. godine. Analiza je usredotočena na identifikaciju obrazaca stanovanja u Hrvatskoj te na prikaz stambenih karijera pojedinaca u razdoblju socijalizma i postsocijalizma (1975. – 2015.). Kroz cijelo promatrano razdoblje dominira obiteljski tip stambene samoopskrbe, slijede stambene tranzicije s osloncem na tržišnu opskrbu, čiji je broj u porastu, a perzistentno su najmanje zastupljeni, i do razdoblja krize gotovo iščeznuli, socijalizirani modaliteti tranzicija. Stambene tranzicije iz roditeljskog doma počinju kasno, a trajanje jednom otpočetih stambenih statusa, napose onih vlasničkih, vrlo je dugotrajno. Stambene karijere relativno su jednostavne te u većini slučajeva vode vlasništvu kuće ili stana, često kroz ostanak u roditeljskoj nekretnini. --------------- IN ENGLISH: High homeownership level shows little about how individuals and households in Croatia resolve their housing issue, while cross-sectional data on tenure structure, housing policies, and pre-transitional research studies provide insufficient answers to this question. By relying on the concepts of housing tenures, housing transitions, and housing careers, as well as on the periodisation of dominant housing provision structures from 1975 to 2015, this paper addresses the following questions: first, what are the dominant forms of housing transitions in Croatia? Second, how are housing careers connected to the resulting tenures? And third, what are the dominant patterns of housing careers in Croatia? These questions are then related to housing provision characteristics in certain periods and, lastly, considered from the perspective of intercohort differences. This paper is based on an analysis of retrospective survey data on housing careers, which was carried out using event history and sequence analysis methods. The survey was conducted on a national representative sample (N=1000) as part of the IPSOS Puls Omnibus research in November 2016. The analysis is focussed on the identification of housing patterns in Croatia, and the account of individuals’ housing careers during the socialist and post-socialist periods (1975–2015). Throughout the whole period, family-type self-provision of housing was dominant, followed by housing transitions based on market supply that were rising in numbers. Persistently least represented and almost vanquished by the start of the crisis period were socialised transition modalities. Housing transitions from parents’ home started late and the duration of once-started tenures was very long, especially in the case of homeownership. Housing careers are relatively simple and mostly lead to homeownership, often also through staying in a family home
