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Kvaliteta života u stambenim naseljima u kontekstu zapadnoeuropskih i postsocijalističkih zemalja = The quality of life in housing estates in the context of West-European and post-socialist countries
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Rad donosi uvid u kvalitetu života na razini stambenih naselja u europskim zemljama. Pri tome se stanovanje i zadovoljstvo stanovanjem u stambenim naseljima te okolnom prostoru i susjedstvu razmatra kao važna dimenzija kompleksnoga istraživačkog koncepta kvalitete života. Analiza kvalitete stanovanja donosi zanimljivu razdiobu na tzv. dvije Europe ili dva tipa stambenih naselja. U vrijeme planiranja i izgradnje zajednička im je bila ideja oblikovanja modernih i funkcionalnih, mješovitih naselja koja će riješiti stambeno pitanje većine stanovnika, odnosno različitih društvenih slojeva. Ipak, prvi tip naselja obilježava društveno-povijesni kontekst Zapadne, a drugi Istočne Europe ili, prema nekim autorima, razlike u kvaliteti stanovanja između „kapitalističkog“ i „socijalističkog grada“. Upravo se iz te perspektive čini korisnom analiza kvalitete života i mogućnost obnove sada već ostarjelih i depriviranih naselja izgrađenih nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata u oba tipa grada. Podjednako onih u Zapadnoj Europi, koje nerijetko obilježava značajno lošiji imidž i veći broj socioekonomskih problema (kriminal, segregacija, propadanje i dr.) kao i naselja u postsocijalističkoj Europi u kojoj su velika stambena naselja iz socijalističkog razdoblja još uvijek poželjna stambena opcija, ali također sa sve češćom pojavom problema vezanih uz održavanje i brigu o zgradama i izgrađenoj okolini (zajedničkim i javnim prostorima). Posljednjih desetljeća sve češće u oba tipa naselja dolazi do iseljavanja srednjih i viših slojeva stanovnika što postupno dovodi do segregacije, ali i propadanja u socijalnom i fizičkom smislu. Navedeni negativni aspekti kvalitete stanovanja zahtijevaju donošenje nacionalnih stambenih strategija i programa obnove koji u zapadnoeuropskim zemljama postoje i provode se, a u većini postsocijalističkih zemalja ne postoje, u čemu Hrvatska nije iznimka. Obnova stambenih naselja neizostavan je dio stambene politike svake zemlje kojim se može ublažiti ili spriječiti daljnje opadanje kvalitete života stanovnika tih naselja. --------------- IN ENGLISH: This paper provides a clear insight into the quality of life on the level of housing estates in European countries. In doing so, the questions of housing and satisfaction with the housing situation in the estates as well as with surrounding areas and the neighbourhood, in general, is being considered as an important dimension of a complex research concept called the quality of life. In analysing the quality of housing, we inevitably encounter an interesting division into the so-called two different versions of Europe or two types of housing estates. In the phase of planning and constructing, they shared a common idea of designing modern and functional, mixed estates that would solve the housing question of most residents, i.e. of different social classes. However, the first type is marked by the socio-historical context of Western Europe, and the second by Eastern Europe, or as some authors like to frame it, the differences in housing quality between ‘capitalist’ and ‘socialist’ cities. From that perspective specifically, it seems useful to analyse the quality of life and the possibility of renewing both types of housing estates, by now deprived and decrepit, built after the Second World War in both types of cities. This applies equally to those in Western Europe, often marked by a significantly worse image and higher levels of socioeconomic problems (crime, segregation, deterioration and other), as well as the estates in post-socialist Europe, where large housing estates built during the socialist period remain a desirable housing option, but that are increasingly facing problems related to maintenance and upkeep of buildings and built environments (both public and communal spaces). In the last decades, in both types of estates there has been an increasing depopulation of middle and higher classes of residents, which progressively causes segregation but also deterioration in the social and physical sense. All the mentioned negative aspects of the housing quality require adopting national housing strategies and renewal programs which exist and are implemented in Western European countries, while they do not exist in most post-socialist countries, and Croatia is not an exception. Housing estates renewal should be an essential part of every country’s housing policy, aimed at alleviating or preventing further degradation of the quality of life for housing estate residents
On underrepresented and vulnerable groups of students: contributions to the enhancement of the social dimension of higher education in Croatia
Get PDFAddressing the obstacles that students belonging to vulnerable groups are facing implies that equality of chances in higher education cannot be reduced only to the formal enabling of access to higher education. It requires a clear articulation of “real options“ that are at disposal to various groups of students (Lynch and Baker, 2005) and upon which, eventually, depends their educational success. The main precondition for this is the identification of relevant groups of students, and the general factors that contribute to their underrepresentation and/or vulnerability. The recognition of the obstacles is the main precondition for strenghtening the social dimension of higher education, i.e. for the enlargement of “real options“ for successful studying and completing the studies. This study is therefore focused on acquiring a more in-depth insight into student experience, to enable the recognition of relevant obstacles arising from belonging to a vulnerable group. With this purpose, the data gathered in focus groups and interviews with selected underrepresented and vulnerable groups of students are analysed. Since technical reasons prevented us from obtaining data related to all eighteen groups listed in the National Plan, we confined our selection to some so far less explored groups: refuge and asylum seeking students, students belonging to the Roma minority, LGBTQ+ students, students from alternative care, female students in the technical field, male students in humanities, and students who are children of Croatian Homeland War veterans. Besides the findings on the student experience of selected underrepresented and vulnerable groups of students, the study includes two complementary analyses related to the social dimension on higher education in Croatia. The first brings an overview of literature on recent research on underrepresented and vulnerable groups of students in Croatia, and the second includes an analysis of recent national policies and strategic documents of higher education institutions in Croatia
Sodelovanje javnosti v postsocialističnih mestih med stagnacijo in napredkom: primer Zagreba in Ljubljane
Get PDFIN SLOVENIAN: Sodelovanje javnosti pri urbanistični preobrazbi glavnega mesta je pomemben dejavnik, ki ga je treba upoštevati pri presoji kakovosti demokracije v postsocialističnih državah. V članku avtorji obravnavajo procese sodelovanja javnosti pri taki preobrazbi v dveh postsocialističnih glavnih mestih: v Zagrebu in Ljubljani. Predstavljeni so izsledki izbranih študij primerov v obeh mestih (park Tabor in soseska BS 7 v Ljubljani ter Meštrovićev paviljon in park Savica v Zagrebu), poleg tega so izpostavljene podobnosti in razlike, ugotovljene na podlagi njihove primerjave. Izsledki raziskave iz let 2018 in 2019 kažejo dokaj nizko stopnjo sodelovanja javnosti v Zagrebu. V Ljubljani je bila navedena stopnja višja in tudi pravna podlaga zanjo je bila močnejša, opazna pa je bila delna odvisnost od političnih in gospodarskih dejavnikov. V obeh mestih je bilo sodelovanje javnosti v najbolj neposredni obliki pri aktivnostih nevladnih organizacij in civilnih pobud. Komunikacija med prebivalci in mestno upravo je bila slaba, kar ni spodbudno vplivalo na sodelovanje. --------------- IN ENGLISH: Public participation in the urban transformation of capital cities is an important factor to consider when assessing the quality of democracy in post-communist countries. This study examines participatory processes in two capital cities, Zagreb (Croatia) and Ljubljana (Slovenia). The cases studied are summarized, and similarities and differences are pointed out using the comparative method (Tabor Park and the BS 7 neighbourhood in Ljubljana, and the Meštrović Pavilion and Savica Park in Zagreb). Findings from 2018 and 2019 showed a rather low level of public participation in Zagreb. In Ljubljana, the level of public participation was higher and the legal basis for it stronger, although there was a certain amount of dependence on political and economic factors. In both cities, public participation in its most direct form was present at the level of NGO and civil initiative activities. Residents’ communication with the city administration was poor and did not facilitate the participation process. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Participacija javnosti u urbanoj transformaciji glavnih gradova važan je faktor koji treba uzeti u obzir pri procjenjivanju kvalitete demokracije u postsocijalističkim zemljama. Ovo istraživanje ispituje participativne procese u dva glavna grada, Zagrebu (Hrvatska) i Ljubljani (Slovenija). Proučavani slučajevi su sažeto prikazani, te su istaknute sličnosti i razlike korištenjem komparativne metode (park Tabor i naselje BS 7 u Ljubljani, te Meštrovićev paviljon i park Savica u Zagrebu). Nalazi iz 2018. i 2019. godine ukazali su na prilično nisku razinu participacije javnosti u Zagrebu. U Ljubljani je razina participacije javnosti bila viša te je njezina pravna osnova bila snažnija, iako je u određenoj mjeri bila prisutna ovisnost o političkim i ekonomskim faktorima. U oba grada participacija javnosti je u svojem najneposrednijem obliku bila prisutna na razini aktivnosti nevladinih udruga i građanskih inicijativa. Komunikacija stanovništva s gradskom upravom bila je slaba i nije olakšavala proces participacije
Stavovi stručnjaka/inja o politici regulacije prostitucije u Hrvatskoj
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Različite ideološke pozicije određuju modele, odnosno politike usmjerene prema reguliranju prostitucije, tj. prema osobama koje se prostitucijom bave, organiziraju prostituciju ili traže usluge u toj domeni društvenog života. U ovom radu prikazujemo stavove relevantnih stručnjaka/inja o politikama prostitucije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rezultati rada temelje se na kvalitativnom istraživanju provedenom polustrukturiranim intervjuima na uzorku 15 stručnjaka/ inja iz različitih područja (ministarstava, vladinih ureda, neovisnih državnih tijela, saborskih odbora i civilnih udruga) u čijem je djelokrugu regulacije fenomen prostitucije ili s njim povezani problemi. Sugovornici/e prostituciju najčešće smještaju ili u diskurs nasilja i eksploatacije ili u diskurs seksualnog rada. Većina stručnjaka/inja zagovara promjenu modela regulacije prostitucije, a među najčešće spominjanim europskim modelima, na koje bi se hrvatski model mogao ugledati, su švedski model kriminalizacije klijenata, dekriminalizacijski model i model legalizacije. Primjetno je da se stručnjaci/kinje iz civilnog društva koji donose programe smanjenja štete i rade s osobama koje prodaju seksualne usluge češće opredjeljuju za liberalne modele reguliranja prostitucije. Svi stručnjaci/kinje ističu važnost donošenja politika koje bi bile usmjerene prema lakšem izlasku iz prostitucije. --------------- IN ENGLISH: Different ideological positions determine models or policies aimed at regulating prostitution, respectively persons who engage in prostitution, organize prostitution or seek services in that domain of social life. In this paper, we present the views of relevant experts on prostitution policies in the Republic of Croatia. The conclusions of the paper are based on a qualitative research conducted in semi-structured interviews on a sample of 15 experts from different fields (ministries, government offices, independent state bodies, parliamentary committees and civil society organizations) in whose scope of regulation is the phenomenon of prostitution or related problems. Interviewees most often place prostitution either in the discourse of violence and exploitation or sexual labor. Most experts advocate a change in the model of regulation of prostitution, and among the most frequently mentioned European models, which the Croatian model could be modeled on, are the Swedish model of criminalization of clients, the decriminalization model and the model of legalization. It is noticeable that civil society professionals who devise harm reduction programs and work with people who sell sexual services are more likely to opt for liberal models of regulating prostitution. All experts emphasize the importance of adopting policies that would make it easier to get out of prostitution
Affordable housing in the context of inadequate housing polices in Croatia
Get PDFDuring the transition period in Croatia, the state lost control over the housing sector, which fell into the hands of citizens, getting closer to the neo-liberal type of housing system determined by the out-of-control market and a crucial role of the private actors (investors and developers). Croatia thus became one of the postsocialist countries with the largest share of private ownership as a tenure status over flats and in which the process of housing privatization has brought many changes. In the context of strong processes of privatization and financialization of housing and the reduced role of state, there were many new aspects hindering the resolving of housing rights and problems. According to the 2011 census, 88.9% of flats in Croatia became private property or coownership. In the beginning of the 2000s subsidized housing for particular categories of inhabitants through the so-called POS model (State-Subsidized Housing Construction) started primarily in the capital Zagreb. This model was not systematic enough and until the present day it has appeared only periodically, answering to the existing demand insufficiently. It involved subsidized purchase, but not rental options except in some isolated cases. Subsidized flats for the young and other threatened social groups further deepen the problems, because it does not open the country’s housing policy to new solutions. Therefore, for particular groups of citizens, such as fixed-term employees, mostly younger, then unemployed or poorer citizens, and other marginal groups, the opportunity to obtain their own housing may be hindered, primarily due to the process of mass privatization. This also has brought a significant increase in the number of private construction companies that were building even more than was the demand for housing units. In the period of transition, a close connection of the state and the private sector, construction companies and banks is particularly emphasized, both in Croatia and in other transition countries. In the Croatian context, affordability nevertheless refers to the option of purchase and to creditworthy citizens, and not to the other models, such as public rental housing or social housing which remain the models of caring for the threatened groups of citizens, and not the broader population. So, affordable housing in the post-socialist context has a very one-sided meaning that cannot be compared to the same concept in Western European countries. All of the above points to inadequate housing policy in Croatia in the post-socialist period, which is not in line with affordable housing for all
Anti-EU backlash from below or above?: public opinion in Central and Eastern Europe prior to the 2015 migration crisis
Get PDFIN ENGLISH: Relations between Brussels and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) worsened during and after the 2015 migration crisis. In order to see to what extent CEE citizens contributed to and/or resonated with this new state of affairs, this paper investigates public opinion before the migration crisis in seven CEE EU Member States. We inquire whether the main issues of the rift (CEE political elites’ opposition to following EU decisions and immigration and their emphasis on sovereignism, nationalism, Christian Europe and historical traumas) could also be traced to public stances towards these issues before the migration crisis. We used the ISSP National Identity module conducted in 2013 and 2014 in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovenia. The results show that opposition to EU supranationalism was not linked to ethnic nationalism and religious identity (except in Hungary). Contrary to political elites, who emphasised the cultural threat posed by migration, public opinion was more concerned with the economic threat. Moreover, the perception of cultural threat was not linked to opposing EU supranationalism in any of the countries. However, particularly support for sovereignism (in almost all the countries), but also pride in national history (in some countries) correlated negatively with support for EU supranationalism. The results suggest that political elites can bypass public opinion to construct an anti-EU climate, however not out of thin air. The conditions for such a process were present in Hungary with its emerging transnational cleavage, which shows the importance of cleavages in studying Euroscepticism. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Odnosi između Bruxellesa i država Srednje i Istočne Europe pogoršali su se tijekom i nakon migracijske krize iz 2015. godine. Kako bi se ustanovilo koliko su stavovi građana Srednje i Istočne Europe pridonijeli i/ili odgovarali tom novom stanju, ovaj rad istražuje javno mnijenje prije migracijske krize u sedam srednje i istočnoeuropskih članica EU-a. Propitujemo mogu li se glavni problemi rascjepa (otpor srednje i istočnoeuropskih političkih elita spram slijeđenja odluka EU-a i spram imigracije te njihov naglasak na suverenizmu, nacionalizmu, kršćanskoj Europi i povijesnim traumama) dovesti u vezu sa stavovima javnosti prema tim problemima prije migracijske krize. Koristili smo National Identity modul ISSP-a koji je proveden 2013. i 2014. u Češkoj, Estoniji, Hrvatskoj, Mađarskoj, Litvi, Latviji i Sloveniji. Rezultati pokazuju da otpor spram EU supranacionalizma nije bio povezan s etničkim nacionalizmom, a ni religijskim identitetom (osim u Mađarskoj). Suprotno naglasku političkih elita na kulturalnu prijetnju od migracija, javno mnijenje bilo je više zaokupljeno pitanjem ekonomske prijetnje. Štoviše, percepcija kulturne prijetnje nije bila povezana s otporom EU supranacionalizmu ni u jednoj od država. No, potpora suverenizmu (gotovo u svim državama) i ponos nacionalnom poviješću (u nekim državama) osobito su bile negativno povezane s potporom EU supranacionalizmu. Rezultati sugeriraju da su političke elite mogle zaobići javno mnijenje i konstruirati anti-EU atmosferu, iako ne ni iz čega. Uvjeti za takav proces postojali su u Mađarskoj s ondje nastajućim transnacionalnim rascjepom, a to upućuje na važnost proučavanja rascjepa u istraživanju euroskepticizma
An overview of social inclusion, digitalisation and young people
No full textIN ENGLISH: This chapter looks at the current effects of digitalisation on social inclusion and how the two concepts might be understood and interlinked within the youth sector. It is based on a research study in 2019 by the same group of authors, which looked at social inclusion, digitalisation and young people (Șerban et al. 2020), and the intersection of these themes across Europe. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Ovo poglavlje razmatra trenutne učinke digitalizacije na socijalnu uključenost i kako se ta dva pojma mogu razumjeti i međusobno povezati u sektoru mladih. Temelji se na istraživanju iz 2019. godine iste grupe autora, koje se bavilo socijalnom uključenošću, digitalizacijom i mladima (Șerban i sur. 2020), te presijecanjem tih tema u Europi
The development of tourism on large Croatian islands: the case of Hvar Town on the island of Hvar
Get PDFIN ENGLISH: This paper examines the special characteristics of tourism development on the Adriatic islands, focusing on Hvar Town, the largest town and port on the island of Hvar and its busiest destination. The research was carried out using the method of semi-structured interviews. A total of 30 interviews were conducted with the local residents (mostly employed in the tourism sector) and temporary/seasonal visitors. The intention was to learn about the current state of tourism in the town and look at the possible scenarios for the future development of sustainable tourism, based on its three inter-connected aspects: environmental, economic and socio-cultural. The research also considered the influence of various tourism actors on the development, the possibilities of agritourism, the role and importance of cultural tourism and, finally yet importantly, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the last year's drastically shortened summer season. The results show that mass tourism (and its subset party tourism) have dominated the tourist offer since 2000 onwards, changing the reputation of Hvar as the elite travel destination or the family holiday destination it used to have before. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Ovim se radom istražuju specifične karakteristike turističkog razvoja na jadranskim otocima i to konkretno na primjeru grada Hvara na otoku Hvaru kao najvećem gradu na otoku Hvaru te najposjećenijoj destinaciji na otoku. Istraživanje je provedeno kroz metodu polustrukturiranih intervjua. Provedeno je 30 intervjua koji su obuhvaćali stalne i sezonske stanovnike mjesta kao i različite tipove aktera; od predstavnika lokalne zajednice do radnika u turizmu. Nastojalo se odrediti postojeće stanje turizma u gradu Hvaru kao i potencijalne scenarije za njegov daljnji razvoj kroz različite dimenzije održivog razvoja, dakle ekonomsku, ekološku, socijalnu i kulturnu dimenziju održivosti. Istražilo se kakav je i koliki utjecaj pojedinih aktera na turistički razvoj, na koji su način povezane poljoprivreda i turizam u vidu agroturizma; postoje li i na koji su način osmišljeni aspekti kulturnog turizma te koliko je utjecala pandemija COVID-19 na turističku sezonu. Rezultati pokazuju kako je masovni turizam (i, uz njega, party turizam) preuzeo veći dio turističke ponude od 2000. godine nadalje. Turistički je razvoj tekao slobodno. tj. stihijski u smjeru masovnosti, zamjenjujući dotadašnje tipove turizma kao i reputaciju Hvara kao odredišta luksuznog (elitnog) i obiteljskog turizma
How gender and economic, cultural and social capital influence educational decisions of students in the Croatian context?
No full textIN ENGLISH: The research presented in this chapter focusses on exploring gender differences regarding the access to higher education (HE) and the secondary students’ choice of type of HE institution. The questionnaire was administered to 1814 secondary school students in Croatia in 2014/2015, with an average age of 19. The research draws on Bourdieu’s theory of cultural, economic and social capital with the integration of students’ opinion on HE institutions and gender perspective. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that the students’ gender intersects with the cultural capital and the students’ opinion on HE institutions in shaping their decision to attend HE and their choice of type of HE institution. Differences in the structure of cultural capital of male and female students’ that influence choice of HE institution point to its stereotypical nature. Furthermore, female students are more concerned than male students about whether their choice of study is appropriate for their gender, while for male students the prestige of higher education institutions is more important. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Istraživanje prezentirano u ovom poglavlju fokusirano je na ispitivanje rodnih razlika u pristupu srednjoškololaca visokom obrazovanju (VO) i izboru tipa visokoobrazobne institucije. Upitnik je primijenjen na uzorku od 1814 srednjoškolaca 2014./2015. s prosječnom dobi od 19 godina. Istraživanje je teorijski utemeljeno na Bourdieu-ovoj teoriji kulturnog, ekonomskog i socijalnog kapitala s integriranim učeničkim mišljenjem o visokoobrazovnim institucijama i rodnom perspektivom. Hijerarhijska regresijska analiza indicira da rod srednjoškolaca korelira s njihovm kulturnim kapitalom i mišljenjem o visokoobrazovnoj instituciji pri donošenju odluke o nastavku obrazovanja na VO razini i izboru visokoobrazovne institucije. Razlike u strukturi kulturnog kapitala učenika i učenica koji utječe na njihov izbor visokoobrazovne institucije upućuje na rodno stereotipnu narav kulturnog kapitala. Nadalje, učenicama je mnogo važnije nego učenicima odgovara li studijski program njihovom rodnom identitetu, dok je učenicima mnogo važniji ugled visokoobrazovne institucije
Komparacija turističkih scenarija razvoja Povalja na otoku Braču 2009. i 2019.
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Socioprostorne transformacije u Hrvatskoj obuhvaćaju gradove i sela, kako na kopnu tako i na otocima. Vođene su interesima različitih društvenih aktera pri čemu prostor intervencije doživljava različite promjene kako u svojoj socijalnoj strukturi tako i u okolnom prostoru. Na otocima koji su danas izloženi negativnim demografskim procesima depopulacije i gubitka stanovništva, dodatno je otežano pokrenuti razvoj ili omogućiti pozitivne promjene. U tome se ističu upravo najmanji otoci i manja naselja na njima kao što je primjer naselja Povlja na Braču. U radu će se prikazati studija slučaja kao komparativna longitudinalna analiza ovog mjesta i promjene koje su vidljive u istraživanjima provedenima u razmaku od deset godina (2009. i 2019. ). Cilj je istraživanja usporediti jesu li se potencijalni turistički scenariji razvoja za Povlja iz 2009. (masovni turizam, održivi turizam i stagnacija) promijenili u ovom vremenskom razdoblju s obzirom na socijalnu i ekonomsku situaciju. Metodom polustrukturiranih intervjua sa stalnim i privremenim (sezonskim) stanovnicima Povalja istražilo se promišljanje stanovnika o trenutnom i potencijalnom turističkom razvoju mjesta, te koliko se istraživanje iz 2009. može usporediti s rezultatima istraživanja iz 2019. Istraživanje iz 2019. pokazalo je da mjesto nije napredovalo ni u turističkom ni i ekonomskom smislu, i da je od ponuđenih scenarija najprisutniji scenarij stagnacije koji prelazi i u nazadovanje. --------------- IN ENGLISH: Social and spatial transformations in Croatia are occurring in the cities and villages, both on the mainland and the islands. They are governed by the interests of various social actors, while the interventions cause changes in both the social structure and the physical spaces. The islands are particularly challenging as the negative demographic trends of depopulation and population loss create additional difficulties for initiating future development and making positive changes. This is especially true for small islands and small settlements, such as Povlja on the island of Brač. This research presents a case study as a longitudinal comparative analysis of this place and its changes as recorded in the studies conducted in 2009 and 2019. The study aims to compare whether the potential tourism development scenarios of Povlja in 2009 (mass tourism, sustainable tourism, and stagnation) have changed during this period, especially with regards to the social and economic situation. The method of semi-structured interviews with permanent and temporary (seasonal) residents of Povlja was used to gain insight into their views on the current and potential tourism development, as well as to compare the results between the 2009 and 2019 studies. The 2019 research shows that the place hasn't made any progress in the tourist or economic sense, and that among all possible scenarios, the most dominant is stagnation, which eventually leads to decline