Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR)
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Phytochemistry and Pharmacological review: Nigella sativa
Get PDFHabba-tul-barka or Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It is an important seeds due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. N. sativa is widely distributed worldwide and, therefore, has a broad genetic diversity, resulting in differences in their phytochemical composition. The scientific community has focused on the positive health effects of N. sativa as a whole, but the different varieties have rarely been compared according to their bioactive compounds and bioactivity. This review aims to provide a holistic overview of the current knowledge on the bioactivity of N. sativa. This review intends to provide a general and organized overview of the accumulated knowledge on N. sativa, identify the most bioactive varieties, their potential consumption pathways, and provide knowledge on the present gaps to guide future research
Management of Complex Root Canal Anatomy: Clinical Strategies and Case Reports
Get PDFIdentification, negotiation, disinfection, and blockage of the whole root canal system are key elements of the success of rootcanal treatment by clinicians. Additional canals, C-shaped, dens invaginatus, and taurodontism are all anatomical variationswhich often present a diagnostic and treatment challenge. A lack of identification and handling of such complexities can leadto a chronic infection and poor treatment results. This paper provides a literature review on prominent clinical modalitieson the management of complex root canal anatomy, such as, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), magnification,ultrasonics, advanced nickel-titanium instruments, and better irrigation and obturation methods. Chosen case reportsreflect how these approaches practically apply in different clinical situations and the significance of technology-baseddiagnostics and individual clinical decision-making. The results support the idea that effective endodontic treatment ofcomplicated anatomy predetermines a combination of good biological principles with the latest tools and techniques
Artificial Intelligence in Caries Detection: Accuracy and Clinical Integration
Get PDFDental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, with early detection being critical for effectiveprevention and treatment. Conventional diagnostic methods, including visual-tactile examination and radiography, areoften limited by subjectivity and variability in interpretation. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularlydeep learning and convolutional neural networks, have shown promising performance in enhancing diagnostic accuracyfor caries detection. Studies published between 2020 and 2021 demonstrate that AI systems can achieve accuracy levelscomparable to, and in some cases exceeding, those of experienced clinicians, particularly in the detection of earlylesions. Beyond accuracy, the integration of AI into clinical workflows offers opportunities for chairside decision support,improved patient education, and expanded access through teledentistry. However, challenges remain, including the needfor large annotated datasets, clinician acceptance, regulatory approval, and interoperability with existing dental practicemanagement systems. This review highlights the current evidence on AI accuracy in caries detection, discusses barriersand facilitators to clinical integration, and outlines future directions for AI-enhanced preventive and restorative dentistry
Microbial Study of Water Samples Collected from Different Districts of Himachal Pradesh
Get PDFWater Microbiology deals with the study of the living organisms of microscopic size present in water that causes infectious diseases of man. The primary test performed on water taken from 10 different sites act as an indicator of different types of water pollution, especially fecal pollution of water due to the presence of coliforms bacteria because they are invariably present in feces of human beings. The safety of drinking water is an ongoing concern within the global village. Traditionally, the safety of potable water supplies has been controlled by disinfection, usually by chlorination and coliform population estimates. However, it has been reported that coliform-free potable water may not necessarily be free of pathogens. Some diseases causing microorganisms enter the water from different sources and causes different types of diseases such as Polio, Typhoid, Hepatitis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis can spread through this contaminated water which is a matter of concern
Prebiotics: A Brief Review
Get PDFAlthough antibiotics have proven beneficial against various diseases and improve human beings’ overall health, excessive use of antibiotics may lead to an imbalance between the beneficial and harmful microorganisms, making our body more susceptible to infections. Antibiotic resistance is the second major concern. Prebiotic supplementation has gained interest in recent years to improve gastrointestinal health and immune function. Probiotic, prebiotics, and a combination of the two have evolved as good alternatives to antibiotics in case of gut health. Many potential prebiotics has been assessed, but only a few, including inulin, GOS, and FOS, have been validated utilizing human studies, while some are under trials for their beneficial effects on human health. So, the review aims to briefly explore the concept of prebiotics, their interaction with probiotics, and their effects on human health
In Vitro Anti Microbial Activity of Roylea elegans, Chrozophora tinctoria, and Daphniphyllum himalaense
Get PDFHerbal combination plays a major role in enhancing the activity due to its synergetic effects. Many well-known plants possess their antibacterial activity individually, and a combination of these may lead to the better efficacy of results. Plants belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and Laminaceae possess an excellent antibacterial effect against various bacteria. However, secondary metabolites like; terpenes, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds are well for their free radical scavenging activity, which may inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Thus, the combination of these herbal plants is evaluated for antibacterial activity using hydrogel forms solution
Antioxidant and Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Activity of Leaf Extract of Plant Piper Attenuatum (B. HAM)
Get PDFPiper attenuatum (B. Ham) is traditional medicinal plant in India. It has been claimed in traditional Indian system of medicine that the phytochemical constituents present in P. attenuatum (B. Ham) have Antioxidant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. So the present study aimed to evaluate anti–oxidant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity of ethanolic, aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of plant P. attenuatum (B. Ham), respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro as well as in vivo methods. Invitro method we used DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) scavenging assay while in vivo methods antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed by using animal models. Anti-oxidant activity of following concentrations 10μg/mL, 20μg/mL, 30μg/mL, 40μg/mL and 50μg/mL were measured for both extracts. Ethanolic extract of P. attenuatum (B. Ham) was evaluated at dose of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w. for skeletal muscle relaxant activity by using rota rod apparatus. The high antioxidant activity was found in the ethanolic extract of P. attenuatum (B. Ham) compared to aqueous one. For muscle relaxation, 200 mg/kg b.w. showed a significant reduction in the time spent by the animals on the revolving rod compared to the control. From the above study it may be concluded that both extract of P. attenuatum (B. Ham) having Anti – oxidant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity
Novel Emulsion Base for Vaginal Yeast Infection with Half Drug Concentration
Get PDFThe dissolution of the drug in the vaginal cavity strongly influences the efficacy of the product due to insufficient moisture at the vaginal site. This study was undertaken to develop semi-solid dosage forms of miconazole nitrate to optimize its release. Formulations containing miconazole nitrate at 2% were developed using hypromellose gel, non-ionic emulsion, and cationic emulsion. The effect of penetration enhancers such as propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at various concentrations was studied. Diffusion studies were carried out to evaluate the drug release and compared it against a commercial product. Formulation with the highest drug release was further evaluated at half (1%) drug concentration. Formulation with reduced drug levels along with the commercial product was evaluated for drug release for an extended time using human cadaver skin. The general order of average cumulative drug release from three bases was observed to be cationic emulsion > hydroxypropyl methylcellulose >non-ionic emulsion. Among all samples, the cationic emulsion with 5% DMSO gave a maximum drug release of 7.27 ± 0.2 mg/cm2 with a flux of 0.70 mg/cm2/min compared to only 3.09 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 drug release with 0.51 mg/cm2/min flux for brand product. The average cumulative drug release for formulation with half (1%) drug and brand (2% drug) over a period of 12 h through human cadaver skin was observed to be 8.28 ± 0.9 mg/cm2 and 8.71 ± 0.9 mg/cm2, respectively. This observation was in conformance with the in vitro antifungal studies showing an equivalent zone of inhibition. Keywords: Cationic emulsion, Drug release, Dimethylsulfoxide, In vitro antifungal study
Bioactive Ion Release Dynamics of Novel Bioceramic Pulp Capping Materials and Their Influence on Tertiary Dentin Architecture
Get PDFBioceramic pulp capping materials have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional calcium-based agents due to their enhanced bioactivity and biocompatibility. This study investigates the bioactive ion release dynamics of novel bioceramic pulp capping materials and their influence on tertiary dentin architecture. Emphasis is placed on the controlled release of calcium, silicon, and phosphate ions and their role in modulating pulp cell behavior and mineralization processes. The interaction between ion release profiles and dentin–pulp complex responses is examined, highlighting mechanisms that promote odontoblastic differentiation and organized tertiary dentin formation. Findings suggest that sustained bioactive ion release contributes to improved dentinal bridge quality, structural integrity, and reduced inflammatory response. These outcomes underscore the potential of novel bioceramic materials to enhance pulp healing and long-term restorative success
Evaluation of the in-vitro Antifungal Activity of Selected Fungal Species Tested Against Opportunistic Human Pathogen Candida albicans
Get PDFCandida albicans is currently the fourth-leading cause of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, reaching a mortality rate of up to 35–40% for systemic or disseminated infections. Systemic mycoses can occur in patients with severely impaired immune systems (AIDS), with organ or bone marrow transplants, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and patients in ICU (neonates and elderly). It is, therefore, obvious that there is a substantial need for fast, effective antifungal antibiotics to combat fungal infections. The present investigation has been proposed to screen effective fungal metabolites for the control of Candida albicans by evaluating the potential of fungal bioactive compounds, its purification and characterizatio