Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR)
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Endodontic Irrigation Systems and Techniques: A Review of the Literature
Get PDFEffective irrigation is central to the success of root canal treatment, enabling removal of microorganisms, tissue remnants, and the smear layer from complex root canal systems. Traditional irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and EDTA remain the foundation of endodontic disinfection, but limitations in their effectiveness and safety have driven the development of newer agents and combinations. Delivery methods have also evolved from conventional syringe irrigation to advanced activation systems, including ultrasonic, sonic, laser-based, negative pressure, and multisonic technologies. Adjuncts such as intracanal heating, surfactants, and microbubble technology are under exploration for improved efficacy. Laboratory evidence strongly supports the superiority of activated and advanced systems in enhancing microbial reduction, smear layer removal, and irrigant penetration. However, translational challenges, methodological variability, and limited long-term clinical evidence restrict definitive conclusions on their impact on treatment outcomes. Future directions require standardized protocols, clinically relevant biofilm models, well-designed randomized controlled trials, and patient-centered outcome measures. This review synthesizes current knowledge, highlights limitations, and discusses future perspectives in the evolving landscape of endodontic irrigation
Radiation Dose Considerations in CBCT: Balancing Safety and Diagnostic Value
Get PDFCBCT has now developed to be a key imaging modality in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial view, providing 3dimensional visualization with a lot of diagnostic utility. Nevertheless, the radiation dose is of concern and this posesserious safety issues especially to the pediatric populations and vulnerable populations. The paper will evaluate existingevidence on CBCT radiation dose level, compare with the existing radiographic and medical CT protocols, and identifyfactors that affect exposure to patients. Dose optimization strategies, including customized field of view (FOV), customizedexposure parameters and application of advanced image reconstruction methods, are discussed in the context of ALARA(As Low As Reasonably Achievable) and ALADAIP (As Low As Diagnostically Acceptable is Indication-oriented andPatient-specific) principles. The main clinical guidelines used by the major international entities are addressed to facilitatethe practice-based risk-benefit decision-making. Prospective opportunities, such as the use of AI to optimise imagingand protocols tailored to patients are also discussed. CBCT imaging should be balanced to guarantee the efficacy of thediagnosis and keep the patients saf
Role of Bioceramic Sealers in Enhancing Endodontic Outcomes
Get PDFBioceramic sealers have become a breakthrough in endodontics since cements show stronger biology and mechanicalbenefits over conventional sealers. They possess an outstanding ability to seal a connection and are dimensionally stableand they are bioactive which helps to further enhance treatment outcomes by lowering microleakage and increasingthe long-term success of the root filling treatment. Bioceramic sealers also have periapical regenerative, antibacterialproperties and enhance fracture resistance of roots that are endodontically treated. Further possibilities of integration ofmore advanced diagnostic equipment, e.g., cone-beam computed tomography, artificial intelligence only increase theprecision and predictability of the evaluation and clinical use of these materials. Biomeric sealers are another criticaladvancement of the currently evolving endodontic practice that can change its treatment regimens and raise the levelof patient care
Regenerative Endodontics: Current Concepts, Clinical Protocols, and Future Directions
Get PDFRegenerative endodontics is a paradigm shift in the treatment of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps that uses beyond apexification methods, biologically-based methods that repair the pulp-dentin complex. The recent theories have focused on the three components of tissue engineering that include stem cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules and the importance of the apical papilla in the maturation and healing of roots. Standardized clinical protocols are currently based on conservative canal disinfection, the induction of a biological scaffold (platelet concentrates or blood clots), and bioactive material sealing. Even though good results have been obtained, such as periapical healing, increased root wall thickness, and sustained root growth, shortcomings remain with respect to the predictability of genuine regeneration of the pulp, the potential of tooth discoloration, and inconsistent responses of long-term vitality. Continued developments in biomaterials, gene therapy, stem cell therapies and nanotechnology have the potential to eliminate these challenges and make regenerative endodontics more clinically applicable.. Future directions aim toward predictable, personalized, and biologically driven treatment strategies that may redefine the standard of care in endodontics
Comparison of Microleakage in Teeth Obturated with Bioceramic vs. Resin- Based Sealers
Get PDFMicroleakage is still an essential parameter that predetermines the final outcomes of the root canal treatment since it allowsthe intrusion of bacteria and undermines obturation integrity. Sealers made of resin are considered to be one of the goldstandards based on their adhesive qualities and clinical history; nevertheless, the issue of polymerization contraction andinterfacial crevices remains. On the contrary, bioceramic sealers have already become bioactive substitutes with desirableproperties, such as dimensional stability, formation of hydroxyapatite, and possible chemical bonding to dentin. Thisreview makes a comparison between microleakage of teeth obturated by resin-based and bioceramic sealers based onevidence of in vitro leakage models, ex vivo investigations, and existing clinical assessment. Results of the majority oflaboratory studies show that bioceramic sealers have less microleakage than resin-based sealers, however the outcomesare inconsistent with the different methodology used. Although promising, clinical evidence is limited and calls on theneed to conduct long-term randomized controlled trials. All in all, bioceramic sealers have greater sealing potential butmore standardized studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness in the long-term in clinical practice
Decalcification: An Amenable Process in Oral Histology
Get PDFIn histopathology, decalcification of calcified tissues plays a highly essential role in determining any hard tissue pathology by means of adequate tissue processing protocols. Before the examination of the tissue thoroughly to thrive for a final diagnosis, tissues go through a sequential curriculum to be differentiated clearly. To prepare tissues for microscopic examination, the elimination of calcium from hard tissues is an essential step so that acceptable sections can be obtained and used further. Decalcification is carried out by various decalcifying methods incorporating a variety of decalcifying agents, including acids and chelating agents. However, as it sometimes takes a long time lag and decreases the staining qualities of the specimen, many ventures have been made to find methods for accelerating this procedure
Pomegranate (Punicagranatum. Linn. var. Ganesh) Leaf Extracts Ameliorates Neurotoxicity In Transgenic Drosophila Expressing Human Amyloid Pathology
Get PDFTo prescreen the in vivo neuroprotective activity of the chloroform, ethanol extracts of the leaves of Punicagranatum L.var. Ganesh family Punicaceae, commonly called pomegranate, using the model organism Aβ42 -amyloid neurotoxicity included Drosophila melanogaster. Chloroform(CEPGL), ethanol, (EEPGL) extracts were prepared, and its analysis by HPLC were carried out. Acute toxicity assessments were also performed. The neuroprotective effect of CEPGL, EEPGL in vivo was evaluated on the transgenic Aβ42 model of Drosophila melanogaster, a novel model system for screening drugs for Alzheimer’s disease by longevity assay, Climbing assay, Pseudopupil assay and nail polish imprint technique, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). HPLC profile of the CEPGL, EEPGL showed the presence of Ursolic acid. Toxicity assessment using brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLA) of the CEPGL, EEPGL showed nontoxic up to 2500, 2000 ppm, respectively. The extracts possess potential in vivo neuroprotective activity on Drosophila melanogaster against beta-amyloid included neuronal toxicity. Conclusion: In the present study, we have presented the first evidence of the extracts of the leaves could significantly ameliorate the adverse morphological changes from Aβ42 protein in Drosophila, as indicated by prolonging the lifespan, by improving locomotor abilities and rescuing neuro-degeneration in ommatidia of Aβ42 expressing Drosophila which is comparable with donepezil. So it demonstrated the novel use of Ursolic acid of the extracts CEPGL, EEPGL effectively protect, rescue and most importantly, restore the impaired movement activity (i.e., climbing capability) in Drosophila melanogaster
A Recent Approach for Developing an Anti-malarial Phytomedicine
Get PDFA reverse pharmacology approach to developing an anti-malarial phytomedicine is designed and implemented in Mali resulting in a new standardized herbal anti-malarial after six years of research. The first step is to select the remedy for development through a retrospective treatment. The second step is the dose-escalating clinical trial that showed a dose-response phenomenon and help the safe and most effective dose. The third step is to compare the phytomedicine in the first line treatment. The fourth step is to identify the active compound can used for standardization and quality control
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Review: Spathodeacampanulata
Get PDFSpathodeacampanulata (S.campanulata) belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, commonly known as the Fountain tree, African tulip tree, Flame-of-the forest. S.campanulata parts of the plant such as flowers, leaves, stem, bark, and roots are used for anti-malaria, healing of wound, diureticanalgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in folk medicine. The S.campanulata is known to possess various therapeutic properties have been reported for possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, and anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical study shows the presence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and sterols. This review aims to provide detailed information regarding geographical distribution, phytochemicals, and pharmacological properties of the S.campanulata
Swertia chirata- A Wonderful Herb
Get PDFThe Binomial Name is Swertia chirata Buch Ham. Because it grows in Nepal’s forests, S.chirata is also known as Nepali Neem. Since the 18th century, India has used S.chirata as a medicinal plant, which Europe has introduced and recommended abroad. It can potentially treat anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, wound healing, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, antitussive, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor. It belongs to the Family: Gentianaceae, Genus: Swertia, and Species: Chirata. This review article contains all the relevant information regarding its morphology, microscopy, phytochemistry, plant description, taxonomy, substitutes of S. chirata, pharmacological activities of the plant. The review article aims to provide brief knowledge about this drug among people and researchers