Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR)
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Per Urethral Catheterisation: Microbial Growth Incidence and its Management
Get PDFThe urinary tract is the most common site of nosocomial infections accounting for more than 40% of the total number reported by acute care hospitals and affecting approximately 600,000 patients per year. Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) defines in terms of “bacteriuria” and “urinary tract infection” frequently. Bacteriuria or funguria levels >103 colony- forming units (CFU) have been shown to be highly predictive of CAUTI, given that these levels increase to 105 CFU within 24 to 48 hours. In Indian population, catheterassociated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting all age groups. Biofilm is the predominant mode of growth in aquatic ecosystems and, as such, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI). The present review focuses to evaluate the incidence and pattern of microbes in catheter associated urinary tract infection and provides information about the etiology of CAUTI. Most of the studies concluded that gram negative pathogen E.coli showed the highest incidence rate and other pathogens like Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and staphylococcus species also having the incidence rate in the patient having CAUTI. The antibiotic resistance pattern showed the variation in resistance and sensitivity of antibiotics against the pathogens. The present study focuses on the incidence of the microbial growth in patient having catheterization and also elucidates the antibiotic sensitivity pattern. It is necessary to determine the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity status during and after the catheterization
Estimation of Caffeine, Niacin and Calorie Content in Tea Commonly Consumed by Dhaka City Residents
Get PDFTea is largest consuming drink in the world. Many health claims is attributed towards the tea due to its distinguished phytochemical array. Role of tea is well established as a neutraceutical and many studies elucidate its pharmacological worth. The objective of this study was to calculate the calorie content by determining total lipid, crude fiber, total protein and available carbohydrate contents and estimation of caffeine and niacin content in Bangladeshi teas. The lipid, crude fiber, protein and available carbohydrate contents of the tea samples were found to be in the range of 3.25-5.53, 10.15-15.41, 12.97-17.08 and 4.78-6.21 g/100g fresh weight respectively while calorie contents were found in the range of 83.54- 101.46 Kcal/100g fresh weight of tea. The total caffeine and niacin content in teas ranged from 1.31 - 3.58 and 0.038 – 0.056 g/100g fresh weight respectively. Tea leaf contained the highest amount of caffeine (3.58 g/100g) and niacin (0.056 g/100g). As tea has different health effects it is essential to estimate the update nutrient contents of tea
Implementation of time release technology in formulation development and evaluation of sustained release tablet of Lornoxicam
Get PDFIn present study, the attempts have been made to formulate sustained release tablets of lornoxicam by direct compression method. Based on viscosity grades different proportions of hydrophilic polymers (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M) are used for preparation of lornoxicam sustained release matrix tablet. The drug excipient mixtures were subjected to preformulation studies comprising of micromeritic properties. The tablets were subjected to various studies like as physicochemical studies, in vitro drug release, kinetic studies, etc. FTIR studies shown there was no interaction between drug and polymers. The physicochemical properties of tablets were found within the limits. Lornoxicam is a first generation analgesic, inflammatory and antipyretic agent used in relieving symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute sciatica and low back pain. From developed formulations batch F1 have shown zero order drug release behavior and prolong drug release over a period of 12 h which was deemed as suitable and optimum formulation for sustained drug delivery. Results of the present study indicated the suitability of the low viscous polymer in the proportion of (drug:polymer) 1:1 in the preparation of sustained release formulation of lornoxicam
Effect of temperature on the population of Emerita asiatica (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) in the Kovalam beach, East coast, Tamilnadu, India
Get PDFEffect of temperature on the population of sand crab, Emerita asiatica was studied. Specimens were collected once in a fort night from April 2012 to March 2014 by hand picking method in the intertidal region of Kovalam beach. The temperatures of atmosphere, sea water and wet sand were recorded once in a fortnight. The population presented a smaller incidence of males in relation to females (54.79:45.21); however in September 2012 an inverse pattern occurred (29.50:70.50). Ovigerous females were present in all samples with greater frequencies in September and October 2012 where as the highest juveniles were present in May and August 2012
Evaluation of Immunomodulatory activity of the flavanoid from Kigelia africana
Get PDFModulation of the immune responses to alleviate the diseases has been of interest for many years. Thus a real need exists to protect our immune systems and lead healthier lives. Hence the present study is aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Flavanoid of Kigelia africana. The effect of flavanoid of Kigelia africana on the immune system of rats and mice was evaluated by using different experimental models such asmice lethality test, Serum immunoglobulin level, Haemagglutination reaction, hypersensitivity reaction, and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction test. Flavanoid of Kigelia africana was administered orally at low dose and high dose of 100mg/kg/day, poand 200 mg/kg/day, po respectively and Levamisole (2.5 mg/kg/day, po) was used as standard drug. Flavanoid of Kigelia africanain both doses increased the levels of serum immunoglobulin and prevented the mortality induced by bovine Pasteurella multocida in mice. Exhibits a dose related increase in the early hypersensitivity reaction and Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to the SRBC antigen. It also resulted in a significant increase in the antibody titer value, to SRBC, in experimental animals. Hence, it was concluded that flavanoid of Kigelia africana increases both humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
In-vitro antidermatophytic activity of essential oil of Psidium guajava (Linn.)
Get PDFDermatophyte with the ability to digest keratine invade and therve on keratinized of human and animals. In the present study, the activity of essential oil of Psidium guajava (Linn.) was evaluated against four selected dermatophytes, namely Microsporiumcanis, Trichophytomruburum, T. verrucossum, T. tonsurans. Dermatophyteswere isolated with the infected skin, scalp, nail and genital organs of patients from districts hospital, Bareilly. Griseofulvin was used as a standard antifungal drug against the test dermatophytes. Oil was extracted through clevenger’s apparatus. Maximum inhibition zone was reported 69 mm against T. verrucossum followed by 60 mm Trichophytomruburum, 48 mm Trichophytomruburum and 45mm Microsporiumcanis. All five concentrations of oil showed excellent inhibitory effect against all test dermatophytes as compared to standard antifungal used
Tissue esterases of Lamellidens corrianus (Fresh water mussel)
Get PDFPolyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) technique was used to examine the esterase pattern of Ctenidia, Hepatopancreas, Hemolymph, Intestine, Mantle. Foot of the Lamellidens corrianus. The zymograms revealed the varied pattern of esterase both in number and type. This varied pattern suggested several roles for these enzymes present in different tissues
Nutritive contents of two plant species growing in western Rajasthan
Get PDFEvaluation of Nutritive contents of two plant species of Western Rajasthan i.e. Psoralea odorata Blatt and Halb and Glinus lotoides Linn were carried out. The selected plant species collected from local area of Bikaner region, root, shoot and fruit were separated and analysed for nutritive contents. Crude protein, crude fat, total ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE), organic matter, total carbohydrates, calcium and phosphorus were analysed
To monitor the adverse drug reactions and safety of medicines commonly prescribed at obstetrics and gynaecology unit in a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFAdverse drug reactions are the recognized hazards of drug therapy and they can occur with any class of drugs. Any substance that is capable of producing a therapeutic effect can also produce unwanted or adverse effects. Adverse Drug Reactions result in increased healthcare cost due to the need of some interventions and increased hospital stay. The study was undertaken to monitor the adverse drug reactions to medicines commonly prescribed at obstetrics and gynaecology unit in a tertiary care hospital, to establish ten most commonly prescribed medicines in this unit that gave maximum adverse drug reactions and to determine the list of commonly affected organ systems and assess their causality. In this Retrospective, non-interventional study a total of 63 adverse drug reaction reports were collected from 249 patients. The most common medicine that caused maximum ADRs was Oxytocin 10 (15.87%). Other frequently used drugs were Amikacin, Methylergometrine, Mifepristone+Misoprostol,Levonorgestrel+Ethinylestradiol, Cefotaxim+sulbactam, Cefixime+Ofloxacin, Mifepristone alone,Clomifene citrate, Tramadol. The most commonly affected organ system was cardio-vascular system 12 (19.04%).The assessment by Naranjo’s scale showed that out of 63 ADRs, 41 (65.07%) ADRs were probably related to drugs, 21 (33.33%) ADRs were possibly related to drugs and 1 (1.58%) ADR was doubtful. WHO causality assessment scale revealed that out of 63 ADRs, 51(80.95%) ADRs were probable or likely, 12(19.04%) ADRs were possible. It was observed that safe medicines were prescribed in obstetrics and gynaecology department as per FDA category A with no banned drugs .However, there is a need to sensitize the doctors to prescribe rationally and emphasize this aspect in under and post graduate medical teaching as well. The health system needs to promote spontaneous reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions from all health care professionals and the public at large in a well structured programme to build synergies for monitoring ADR in the country. Also proper documentation and periodic reporting to regional pharmacovigilance centres should be encouraged to arrive at meaningful conclusion on safety issue of medicines and thereby reduce considerably social and economic consequences of ADRs
Evaluation of pharmacological potentials of the ethanolic extract of a mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) grown in FCT
Get PDFThe aim of this research work is to evaluate the pharmacological potentials of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidium grown in Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ethanolic extract were carried out. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of pharmacological constituents such as: steroids, triterpenoid, carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides and glycosides .The antibacterial activity of the extract was conducted using well agar diffusion method on four clinical bacterial isolate which are identified using various standard biochemical tests. The extract shows activity on: Escherichia coli (12mm), Klebsiella pneumonia (12mm), Proteus mirabilis (13mm) and Streptococcus spp (14mm) at 1000mg/ml respectively .The antioxidant potentiality of the extract was also evaluated using the stable radical 1,1- Diphenyl-l-pienyl hydroxyl (DPPH) and the IC50 of the standards and extract was obtained at 0.06, 0.13, and 0.23 respectively