Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR)
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Potential Carbon Storage of Rubber Plantations
Get PDFThe study was conducted at the three Municipalities of Cotabato province Southern Philippines between January to May 2011. The study aimed at determining the Carbon budget of the different age rubber plantation through field sampling and modeling. Actual field measurement of dbh, were done for the estimation of above-below ground biomass. The major carbon pools, such as above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter and understory vegetation were added and multiplied with 45% default value by IPCC to obtained the carbon density in Mt/ha. The total estimated biomass of the rubber plantation in Antipas were 103.91Mt/ha (10 years) and 573.21Mt/ha (20 years) with carbon density of 46.79Mt/ha and 257.95mt/ha respectively. For the Arakan plantation, the following were revealed in the estimation: (a). the 40 year plantation has total biomass of 1041.54Mt/ha biomass (468.69Mt/ha C), (b). the 11 year plantation has 158.79Mt/ha biomass (71.46Mt/ha C), (c). the 35 year plantation has total biomass of 246.23Mt/ha (110.8Mt/ha Carbon density), and (d). the 12 year plantation has 355.60Mt/ha biomass (160.02Mt/ha C). In Matalam Cotabato, the two different age rubber plantations has an estimated biomass density of 149.47Mt/ha in 8 years with 67.26 Mt/ha C and 70.82Mt/ha biomass density for the 6 year old plantation with 31.87 Mt/ha C.The soil organic carbons found in each plantation were: Antipas; 100.25t/ha (10 years) and 203.54t/ha (20 years), Arakan; 202.55t/ha (40 years), 142.67t/ha (11 years), 86.1t/ha (35 years) and 129.53t/ha (12 years), Matalam; 53.32t/ha (8 years) and 62.04t/ha in the 6 year plantation. T-test reveals significant differences of the biomass and carbon density of the rubber plantation with respect to age range (6-12 years and 20-40 years). This implies that biomass production and carbon storage potentials of rubber plantation is very much dependent on plantation age. Pearson regressioncorrelation analysis of the carbon density of each plantation with carbon pools found to be highly significant
Solventless coating for Tablets: An alternative to conventional coating technique
Get PDFThere are many ways to coat tablets. Coatings are a very important part in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage form to achieve excellent formulation quality (e.g., color, texture, mouth feel, and taste masking), physical and chemical protection for the drugs in the dosage forms, and modification of drug release characteristics. Most film coatings are applied as aqueous or organic-based polymer solutions. Such film coating brings their own disadvantages. Solventless coatings are alternative technique of coating. Solventless coating technologies can overcome many of the disadvantages associated with the use of solvents (e.g., solvent exposure, solvent disposal, and residual solvent in product) in pharmaceutical coating. Solventless processing reduces the overall cost by eliminating the tedious and expensive processes of solvent disposal/treatment. In addition, it can significantly reduce the processing time due to reduction of step of drying/evaporation. These environment-friendly processes are performed without any heat in most cases (except hot-melt coating) and thus can provide an alternative technology to coat temperature-sensitive drugs. This review includes various solventless coating methods like magnetic assisted impaction coating , hotmelt coating, supercritical fluid spray coating, electrostatic coating, dry powder coating, and photocurable coating that can be used to coat the pharmaceutical dosage forms
A case of virilising steroid cell tumour of ovary
Get PDFA middle aged female patient presented to our Gynaec OPD with acute onset of virilising symptoms and vague abdominal pain. The patient’s biochemical values were normal except for a raised serum testosterone level and a raised CA125 level. Ultrasound and Computed tomography revealed an ovarian mass with mild ascites that appeared to be a yellowish solid ovarian tumour on gross examination. Microscopic examination showed a neoplasm composed of medium sized cells with clear cytoplasm and some with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The diagnosis of Benign steroid cell tumour of ovary, not otherwise specified (NOS-type) was made. The case is presented for its rarity
A comparative study on different market samples and standard samples of Shalaparni through physicochemical methods and near infrared spectroscopy
No full textDashmoolais one of the most important groups explained in Mishrakagana. One of which, Shalaparni is a potent drug used single as well as in various formulations mentioned in classics. Adulteration in Dashmoolaplants is a very big issue now days and this is because of the lack of availability of the original drugs. In this study market samples of Shalaparni (Desmodium gangeticum DC.) collected from the different part of India; compared with the standard Shalaparni authenticated sample which was collected from the natural source; by using physicochemical parameter and near infrared spectroscopy. Results were statistically processed by PCA. The results show that there is no similarity found outbetween the standard drug and market samples of Shalaparni which were collected from different regions of India. The market samples were observed for different adulterated material having poor quality
Antibacterial and Antioxidant activity of Benincasa hispida using Hydrogen peroxide scavenging model
Get PDFThe seeds of Benincasa hispida commonly known as ash gourd belonging to Cucurbitaceae family is employed as a main ingredient in kusmanda lehyam in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The seeds of Benincasa hispida mashed with milk or the various preparations from the pulp of fruit in the form of sweetmeats, like Kusmanda paka and petha are commonly used as a general tonic, aphrodisiac, rejuvenative and also a brain tonic. The plant of Benincasa hispida was collected from (Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Dept. of ayush, Ministry of Health and F.W, Govt. of India New Delhi) Govt. Central Pharmacy Annex, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar Bangalore. The extracts were subjected to Antioxidant activity by In hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model, model acetone extract showed scavenging (80.1%) of hydrogen peroxide and chloroform extract showed ( 79%) in comparison with ascorbic acid ( 94.5% ). Antioxidant activity was carried out for extract (acetone, chloroform, and aqueous extracts) with Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model. Acetonic extract showed more scavenging (80.1%) of Benincasa hispida and least scavenging was done by aqueous extract of (43%). After comparison with the standard drug (Ascorbic acid) showed (94.5%). From this it was conclused that acetone extract of Benincasa hispida showed high scavenging activity. Conclusively, the result revealed that Benincasa hispida seeds has antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity which may be due to the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids constituents present in the sample
Development of CelecoxibTransfersomal gel for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
No full textThe aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of Transfersomal gel formulations for transdermal delivery of Celecoxib and to evaluate the effect of concentration of Soya PC and Sodium deoxycholate. Transfersomal vesicles containing Soya PC mixed with Sodium deoxycholate and Celecoxib were prepared by conventional rotatory evaporation (Film hydration method) and characterized for various parameters including vesicle shape, size and size distribution, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro and ex-vivo drug release and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Vesicles were also evaluated for skin irritation study and permeation studies.Results of all the studies suggested that CelecoxibTransfersomal gel formulation was therapeutically effective drug delivery system for treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Fabrication and Optimization of Novel Lornoxicam Matrix Tablets Using 3-Factor 3- Level Box-Behnken Statistical Design: Invitro and Invivo Evaluation
Get PDFIn the present study efforts have been made to prepare sustained release matrix tablets of Lornoxicam. Matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression method by using Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15 (HPMC- K15), Ethyl cellulose (EC) and Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as polymers in different concentrations. A 3-factor 3- level Box-Behnken statistical design was used as an optimization tool having total of 17 experimental runs with 5 central points. All three polymers were selected as independent variables while %age drug release at various time intervals and hardness were used as dependant variables. In vivo studies were conducted on human plasma using Tenoxicam as internal standered. All the detections were made on SYKNM HPLC. Foriour Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) studies were conducted and no chemical interaction was found between drug and polymers. The drug release mechanism was mainly governed by non-fickian (anomalous) diffusion and zero-order (case II) transport diffusion. Regression analysis was performed on dissolution data obtained with the selected response variables and polynomial models were constructed. Polynomial models were further validated using one way ANOVA and results indicated that all the polymers used have significant effect on selected response (p>0.05). Contour plots and three dimensional response surface curves were drawn. In- vivo studies were conducted on two tablet formulation indicating slow and sustained release of the drug from matrix. From Behnken design it is possible to successfully formulate and optimize Lornoxicam sustained release matrix tablets with three polymers (HPMC- K15, EC and Na-CMC) in combination
Hepatic stellate cells targeting – a specific approach to liver cirrhosis
Get PDFCirrhosis is one of the chronic generalised disease and has a variety of clinical manifestations and complications some of which can be a life threatening. This results in decrease in hepatocellular mass and thus functions. It is 12th leading cause of death in United States. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) plays a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis because of their prominent role in extracellular matrix production, regulation of vascular tone, and production of inflammatory mediators such as transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).Therefore, these cells are major target for the treatment of Cirrhosis. Cell-specific delivery can provide a solution to these problems, but a specific drug carrier for HSC has not been described until now. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II (M6P/IGF-II) receptor, which is expressed in particular upon HSC during fibrosis, may serve as a target-receptor for a potential carrier. Carrier molecules are designed for their selective cellular uptake, taking advantage of specific receptors or binding sites present on the surface membrane of the target cell
Problems and challenges faced in consumer reporting of adverse drug reactions in developing countries – A case study of Yemen, Nepal and Malaysia
Get PDFBackground: Pharmacovigilance is the “science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug related problems”. The most commonly used adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system worldwide is spontaneous and voluntary reporting, which forms the backbone of reporting systems. Aims: To explore the current status of consumer involvement in the pharmacovigilance program in three developing countries, Yemen, Nepal and Malaysia. Method: An analysis was carried out for these three countries based on the current status of pharmacovigilance and involvement of consumers in their pharmacovigilance programs. Results: Malaysia has a good system for involving consumers in their national pharmacovigilance system, whereas Yemen still lacks the well-formed national drug policy. Lack of legislation and regulation which govern the import and distribution of drugs in Yemen is a limiting factor for development of consumer pharmacovigilance. Despite establishment of a pharmacovigilance centre, no reports have been released by the centre. The status of pharmacovigilance in Nepal is still in infancy. The regulatory body is assigned to be a national pharmacovigilance center, and coordinates with seven regional centers for pharmacovigilance activities. Nepal also lacks the involvement of consumers in the national pharmacovigilance program. Conclusion: Consumer reporting may be important for developing countries to implement a proper and effective pharmacovigilance program that can reduce morbidity and mortality rates, as well as reducing the economic burden of ADRs
Salmonella Paratyphi B bacteremia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with an unusual presentation- a case report
Get PDFBackground- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory and multisystem autoimmune disorder. Patients of SLE are at increased risk of infections owing to underlying immunological derangements and to the use of therapeutic regimens like immunosuppressive agents. Among the bacterial infections presenting as bacteremia in these patients, non typhoidal and typhoidal salmonellosis are commonly encountered. We report a rare case of Salmonella Paratyphi B bacteremia in a patient with juvenile onset SLE on treatment with corticosteroids