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Lietuvos gimnazistų kalbinės elgsenos požymiai ir perspektyva
No full textThe article, based on data from a comprehensive study conducted during the 2023-2024 academic year on the linguistic behaviour of gymnasium students’ in everyday life, discusses the results of language choice in various daily situations from the perspectives of language vitality and communicative adaptation theories. These results reflect current realities and indicate expected changes. The study revealed that young people\u27s linguistic environment is predominantly Lithuanian (the language used at home, in communication with friends, in public spaces, when reading books, and when expressing feelings and emotions). The influence of English is more pronounced in the online sphere and in communication on social media. The interaction between the standard language and dialects shows limited use of dialects in everyday communication, however, it is noteworthy that dialect use remains a significant symbol of connection with one’s native place, language, and tradition. The use of other languages may be determined by internal and external factors - either as a conscious choice to speak another language or as a necessity dictated by circumstances. The results of this study outline two directions of linguistic behaviour: the first indicates a strong and close identity connection with the Lithuanian language, while the second reveals young people’s openness to other languages and cultures.Straipsnyje, remiantis 2023–2024 mokslo metais atlikto išsamaus gimnazijos klasių mokinių kalbinės elgsenos kasdieniame gyvenime vartosenos situacijos tyrimo duomenimis, kalbos gyvybingumo ir komunikacinės adaptacijos teorijos aspektais aptariami kalbos pasirinkimo įvairiose kasdienėse situacijose rezultatai, atspindintys dabartines realijas ir rodantys laukiamus pokyčius. Tyrimas parodė, kad gimnazistų kalbinė aplinka daugiausia yra lietuviška (namų kalba, bendravimas su draugais, viešojoje erdvėje, skaitant knygas, reiškiant jausmus, emocijas), anglų kalbos įtaka ryškesnė internetinėje erdvėje ir bendraujant socialiniuose tinkluose. Bendrinės kalbos ir tarmių sąveika rodo ribotą tarmių vartoseną kasdienėje komunikacijoje, tačiau stebėtina, kad tarmių vartojimas yra itin svarbus ryšio su savąja vieta, kalba, tradicija ženklas. Kitų kalbų vartojimas gali būti nulemtas vidinių ir išorinių aplinkybių, kai sąmoningai renkamasi kalbėti kita kalba arba kai to reikalauja aplinkybės. Šio tyrimo rezultatai brėžia dvi kalbinės elgsenos kryptis: pirmoji kryptis rodo stiprų ir glaudų tapatybinį ryšį su lietuvių kalba, kita kryptis atskleidžia jaunų žmonių atvirumą kitoms kalboms ir kultūrom
Comment gagner la micro-célébrité? Des moyens verbaux et non-verbaux présents dans la construction de l’image du streamer de jeux vidéo
Get PDFThe article, that aligns with pragmatic and multimodal studies, presents the results of observations regarding measures used by French streamers of videogames in order to be appreciated by the spectators. It seems that the construction of the image (ethos) is an essential element of videogame streamers’ speaking. Indeed, the streamers want to impress their public and even be recognized as microcelebrities, basing not only on their gaming skills. As streaming represents a type of verbal interaction, this image (ethos) depends also on building and maintaining the relationship between the streamer and his public during the show. Having analysed eight streamings, we have noticed some verbal measures (e.g.: language register, sociolect, form of address) and no verbal measures (e.g.: gestures) that contribute to form the images of: host, friend or expert.L’article, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’étude pragmatique et l’approche multimodale, présente les résultats de l’observation des procédés utilisés par des streamers français de jeux vidéo en vue d’être les mieux appréciés par les spectateurs de streaming. En effet, il paraît que le travail sur la construction de l’image (ethos) est un élément essentiel du parler de streamers de jeux vidéo qui veulent impressionner leurs publics et jouir même du statut de micro célébrité, non seulement grâce aux compétences en jeu. Comme le streaming représente un type d’interaction verbale, cet ethos dépend également de la relation nouée ou maintenue entre le streamer et le public lors de l’émission. En analysant huit streamings de jeux, diffusés sur la plateforme de jeux twitch.tv., nous avons repérés des moyens verbaux (p. ex. : le registre de langue, le sociolecte, les termes d’adresse) et non-verbaux (p. ex. les gestes) qui contribuent à former des images : d’hôte, d’ami ou d’expert
Užduotimis grindžiamo kalbos mokymo (UGKM) metodikos potencialas mokant(is) sudėtingos morfologijos svetimųjų kalbų
Get PDFThe acquisition of morphosyntactic structures represents one of the most significant challenges for second language (L2) learners, particularly in languages with complex morphological systems, such as Lithuanian. The intricacy of these systems, coupled with the abundance of morphemes, further complicates the learning process for L2 students. Although task-based language teaching (TBLT) has been recognized as an effective methodology for L2 instruction, limited research has explored its applicability to languages characterized by high morphological complexity. A prevailing assumption suggests that TBLT may be unsuitable for such languages, particularly at the beginner stages (Kogan & Bondarenko, 2022, pp. 78–79). Nonetheless, this perspective calls for further scrutiny. This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse by examining how to design effective instructional tasks across proficiency levels for teaching morphologically complex L2s while adhering to all the TBLT principles.Morfosintaksinių konstrukcijų įsisavinimas dažnai laikomas vienu sudėtingiausių iššūkių svetimosios kalbos (K2) mokiniams. Ypač šis iššūkis ryškėja mokant(is) kalbų, pasižyminčių sudėtinga morfologija, tokių kaip lietuvių kalba. Dėl sistemos sudėtingumo bei morfemų gausos, morfosintaksinių konstrukcijų įsisavinimas mokiniams tampa dar labiau komplikuotas. Nors užduotimis grindžiamo kalbos mokymo(si) (UGKM) prieiga pripažįstama perspektyvia K2 mokymo(si) metodika, tyrimų, kurie būtų leidę išsiaiškinti, kaip ši metodika galėtų pasitarnauti mokant(is) ir morfologiškai sudėtingų kalbų, vis dar yra nedaug, linkstama manyti, kad UGKM vis dėlto netinka tokioms kalboms, ypač pradiniame etape (Kogan & Bondarenko, 2022: 78-79). Tačiau toks nusistatymas kelia ir pagrįstų abejonių. Šio straipsnio tikslas – pristatyti UGKM prieigos teorinius pagrindus ir aptarti, kaip laikantis visų UGKM principų kurti skirtingų lygių užduotis, kurios veiksmingai mokytų sudėtingos morfologijos svetimųjų kalbų
Les phrases marquantes chez Annie Ernaux : de l’hyperconscience de la langue à la transfugivité linguistique dans La Honte
Get PDFSome words can hurt, and they can hurt their receiver forever. From childhood, Annie Ernaux has been marked by the hard-hitting words that have had a bitter impact on her life. Yet writing has enabled her to overcome the burden of these words, the corollary being a language permeated by linguistic hypersensitivity, that is, a highly developed sensitivity to the use of language in literary texts. This article focuses on the role of linguistic hyperconsciousness in Annie Ernaux’s La Honte (1997) as a reflection of those hurting words that have been stored up and internalized in the author’s mind.From a theoretical viewpoint, this study draws mainly on the strengths of discourse analysis, as described in J. Authier-Revuz (2019, 2005), as well as on psychoanalysis, the notion of phrase marquante being originally introduced by psychoanalyst J.-A. Miller. In the literary field, the study builds upon L. Gauvin’s work on the notion of surconscience linguistique.Il y a des paroles qui frappent le sujet qui les entend, des paroles qui blessent le destinataire à jamais. Dès son enfance, Annie Ernaux a été marquée par des paroles percutantes qui ont traversé son existence. Néanmoins, l’écriture lui a permis d’alléger le poids que ces mots ont laissé dans sa mémoire. Le corollaire en a été une langue qui relève de l’hyperconscience linguistique, c’est-à-dire une sensibilité fort développée quant à la prise de conscience de l’utilisation de la langue dans le texte littéraire. Cet article s’attache à l’hyperconscience linguistique dans La honte (1997) d’Annie Ernaux en tant que cristallisation des paroles marquantes intériorisées autrefois par l’auteure.Concernant la méthodologie, le cadre théorique employé est principalement l’analyse du discours, tel que décrit dans J. Authier-Revuz (2019, 2005). On ne pourra faire abstraction de la psychanalyse dont la notion de « phrase marquante » a été mise en place par J. A. Miller (2024). Dans le domaine littéraire, les publications de L. Gauvin sur la notion de « surconscience linguistique » ont nourri notre recherche
El presente narrativo en la novela lituana Mano vardas — Marytė, de Alvydas Šlepikas, y su traducción al castellano, Bajo la sombra de los lobos
Get PDFThis paper explores a stylistic feature of the Lithuanian novel Mano vardas - Marytė (translated into English as In the Shadow of Wolves) and its translation into Spanish (Bajo la sombra de los lobos). The use of the present tense in the Lithuanian text imbues the narrative with vitality and dynamism, engaging the reader in the events described. The interplay of the historical present tense with retrospective past tenses provides clarity to the sequence of events and serves as a dramatizing resource for the events narrated in the present. Though the present tense can also be used in Spanish in a similar way, the translator has chosen to transfer the reader to a past tense. A comparison of selected passages from the original text with their translation shows that the translated text establishes more distance from the events narrated, the time sequence becomes less distinct and the narration loses dynamism.Este trabajo aborda un rasgo estilístico de la novela lituana Mano vardas — Marytė y su versión castellana (Bajo la sombra de los lobos, trad. de Margarita Santos Cuesta). El uso del presente narrativo en el texto lituano confiere a la narración viveza y dinamismo, haciendo partícipe al lector del acontecer de los hechos narrados. Además, la combinación del tiempo presente con los pretéritos retrospectivos proporciona claridad a la secuencia temporal y destaca el dramatismo de los hechos narrados en presente. Aunque el tiempo presente español también puede emplearse en la narración, en la traducción se ha optado por tomar el pasado como tiempo de referencia. La comparación de algunos pasajes del texto original con su traducción nos permite observar las diferencias estilísticas: en el texto traducido se establece más distancia con los hechos narrados, al tiempo que se resta claridad a la sucesión temporal y dinamismo a la narración. 
Brexit: A Loaded Narrative Told Through Metaphor Scenarios and Image Schemas
Get PDFThis paper aims to analyze the discourse on Brexit produced by the pro-leave newspaper The Daily Telegraph in the run-up to the June 23, 2016, referendum, with the goal of understanding how this discourse was articulated, through metaphor scenarios and image schemas, to trigger anti-EU sentiment among its readers. The analysis was conducted across two scenarios: (a) what being part of the EU had meant up to that point, represented through three metaphorical scenarios—EU as a prison, EU as a moving vehicle, and EU as a nanny—all based on the blockage schema; and (b) what Brexit could mean instead, illustrated by the metaphors scenarios—Britain as a leader and Taking back control, both grounded in the enablement schema. Hence, the message communicated—delegitimizing the EU in the first scenario and legitimizing the desire of Great Britain to leave in the second—was further reinforced and naturalized through the coherence between metaphor scenarios and the sensory experience of image schemas
Les pragmatèmes de politesse dans le manuel du français de niveau élémentaire « Edito A1 »
Get PDFPoliteness pragmatemes, such as greetings, thanks, and apologies, are common expressions used to convey politeness in everyday communication. Although native speakers do not always pay attention to these expressions, they are unique due to their strictly limited "ritual" use. This article analyzes the politeness pragmatemes present in the Edito A1 textbook by Didier Editions (2016), intended for beginner learners of French as a foreign language. The chosen textbook integrates these expressions into various contexts, such as greetings, introductions, orders, and telephone conversations, etc. The article also describes the syntactic and morphological characteristics of politeness pragmatemes, showing that they can come from any part of speech (noun, adjective, participle, verb, adverb, interjection). Finally, the analysis shows that the inclusion of these pragmatemes in the textbook aims to familiarize learners with social interactions in French and to promote mutual respect through communication.Les pragmatèmes de politesse, tels que salutations, remerciements, excuses, sont des énoncés courants utilisés pour exprimer la politesse dans la communication de tous les jours. Bien que les locuteurs natifs ne prêtent pas toujours attention à ces expressions, elles sont uniques en raison de leur usage « rituel » strictement limité. Cet article analyse les pragmatèmes de politesse, présents dans le manuel Edito A1 des éditions Didier (2016), destiné aux apprenants débutants en français langue étrangère. Le manuel choisi intègre ces expressions dans de divers contextes, tels que les salutations, les présentations, les commandes et les conversations téléphoniques, etc. L’article décrit également les caractéristiques syntaxiques et morphologiques des pragmatèmes de politesse, montrant qu\u27ils peuvent provenir de n’importe quelle partie du discours (substantif, adjectif, participe, verbe, adverbe, interjection) Enfin, l\u27analyse effectué montre que l\u27inclusion de ces pragmatèmes dans le manuel en question vise à familiariser les apprenants avec les interactions sociales en français et à promouvoir le respect mutuel à travers la communication
Skoliniai Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne vartojimo sričių aspektu
Get PDFThis article aims to analyze the distribution of loanwords across various areas of use, based on data from the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (hereinafter, the Database). The study focuses on identifying the language of origin (or mediating language) and the earliest recorded usage of these loanwords in the source. To achieve this, all 3,905 loanwords in the Database were selected and examined based on the following criteria: area of use (53 in total), language of origin (or mediating language), and earliest recorded usage. The analysis revealed that the most frequent areas of loanword usage, according to the Database, are food (12%), medicine (health) (7%), realia of other countries (7%), society (7%), lifestyle (6%), business (5%), general usage (5%), and politics (5%). English remains the dominant donor language, accounting for 69% of the loanwords. However, examining the earliest recorded usage of loanwords in each area showed that this criterion is not particularly informative for identifying distinct trends.Šio straipsnio tikslas – remiantis Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynu (toliau – Duomenynas) ištirti skolinių pasiskirstymą pagal vartojimo sritis, siekiant atspindėti kilmės kalbą (arba tarpininkę) ir ankstyviausią šiame šaltinyje užfiksuotą vartoseną. Tikslui pasiekti iš Duomenyno išrinkti ir analizuoti visi skoliniai (iš viso 3905), taip pat tokie jų kriterijai – vartojimo sritis (iš viso 52), kilmės kalba (arba tarpininkė) ir ankstyviausia užfiksuota vartosena. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad gausiausios skolinių vartojimo sritys, remiantis Duomenynu, yra maistas (12 %), medicina (sveikata) (7 %), kitų kraštų realijos (7 %), visuomenė (7 %), gyvenimo būdas (stilius) (6 %), verslas (5 %), bendroji vartosena (5 %) ir politika (5 %). Taip pat tyrimas atskleidė, kad skolinių kalba donorė vis dar lieka anglų kalba (69 %). Ištyrus kiekvienos vartojimo srities skolinius pagal jų ankstyviausią Duomenyne užfiksuotą vartoseną paaiškėjo, kad šis kriterijus nėra labai informatyvus, kad būtų galima įžvelgti tam tikrų tendencijų
Vietnamese Teachers’ Perspectives of CLIL in Primary Schools – Promoting Lifelong Learning and Questioning over Inclusive Education and Teachers’ Intercultural Competence: A Qualitative Study
Get PDFThis article explores teachers’ perspectives of CLIL in Vietnamese context by using a semi-structured interview with six teachers coming from two private primary schools in Hanoi, Vietnam. Findings of the paper point out both positive and negative points of CLIL in primary schools. Due to the fact that CLIL embraces culture as one of its 4Cs, it can help students to relate what they learn to the reality (i.e., meaningful learning). Hence, CLIL is a practical educational approach to facilitate students’ deeper learning, which is the foundation of lifelong learning. CLIL also helps teachers to manage the tempo of the class as well as lower the anxiety of students by preparing them with enough language for the content. However, there is concern over the content to support students’ pleasure of learning a foreign language. This poses a question of choosing and exploiting the content to make an inclusive CLIL classroom, which might need to be tailored to students’ interest and strengths. In addition, content and language teachers are required to have lifelong learning ability and intercultural communicative competence to collaborate with each other and apply CLIL effectively
Les prédicats en linguistique comme outils d\u27analyse du sens des mots et des termes
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to underline the predicative character of the meaning of a lexeme and the coherence of the conceptual system underlying (ontological entity) the first meaning of a lexeme (word or term). After distinguishing between meaning and concept, then concept in knowledge engineering and concept in cognitive linguistics based on realist metaphysics, the author presents the Aristotelian predicate as that which expresses at the metalinguistic level the properties of a conceptualised entity of reality. It is characterised by different levels of expression and is linked to ontological structure. An ‘essentialist legacy’ of Aristotle\u27s predicates is realised in essentialist definitions in natural language. They are studied in lexicographic and terminological definitions. The predicates that have their predicative structures in the ontological structure of an entity are illustrated by examples of French and Polish predicates of eagles taken from lexicographical definitions and ornithological terms. They are also used to analyse precisely the metaphors of the parts of an aircraft inherited from the properties of a bird, thus demonstrating the metaphorical conceptualisations specific to each speaking community. The method of analysing the meaning of a word using an Aristotelian predicate makes it possible to separate the ontological level from the level of signifiers, and makes it operational for application to formal language.Le but de l’article est de souligner le caractère prédicatif du sens d’un lexème et de la cohérence du système conceptuel sous-jacent (entité ontologique) au premier sens d’un lexème (mot ou terme). Après avoir distingué le sens et le concept, ensuite le concept en ingénierie des connaissances et le concept en linguistique cognitive basée sur la métaphysique réaliste, l’auteur présente le prédicat aristotélicien en tant que celui qui exprime au niveau métalinguistique les propriétés d’une entité du réel conceptualisée. Il est caractérisé par différents niveaux de l’expression et il est lié à la structure ontologique. Un « héritage essentialiste » des prédicats d’Aristote est réalisé dans les définitions essentialistes en langue naturelle. Ils sont étudiés dans les définitions lexicographiques et terminologiques. Les prédicats qui ont leurs structures prédicatives dans la structure ontologique d’une entité sont illustrés par des exemples des prédications françaises et polonaises des aigles relevées des définitions lexicographiques et des termes ornithologiques. Ils sont aussi l’instrument d’analyse précise des métaphores des parties d’un avion héritées des propriétés d’un oiseau et démontrent ainsi les conceptualisations métaphoriques propres à chaque communauté parlante. La méthode d’analyse du sens d’un mot à l’aide d’un prédicat aristotélicien permet de bien séparer le niveau ontologique du niveau des signifiants, et le rend opératoire pour l’application au langage formel