Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas
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Kriminalinės justicijos recepcijos Lietuvos visuomenėje ypatumai
No full text It is suggested that the reader consider an earlier publication by the same authors with a similar theme: “Perceptions of criminal justice in society” (Dobryninas, A., Dobrynina, M., Česnienė, I., Giedraitis, V., Merkevičius, R. “On Perceptions of Criminal Justice in Society.” Sociologija: Mintis ir veiksmas. 2012. Issue 2. pg. 222–238). This article empirically illustrates how criminal justice principles are used to understand different social groups’ perspectives, what are the similarities and differences between these groups, how the intergroup communications about criminal justice issues form, and so on. The authors analyzed and summarized qualitative data (focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with Lithuanian criminal justice experts, politicians, journalists, community leaders) and quantitative data (using a Lithuanian representative survey of the population and Lithuanian mass media content analy­sis), which was collected during 2012–2014. The first chapter is devoted to the social normative perceptions of criminal justice, the second – the economic and political aspects which influenced the understanding of criminal justice in society, and the third chapter – examines the influence of mass media on the Lithuanian Criminal Justice system’s public image. It is concluded that a consensus on the implementation of the prin­ciples of criminal justice among different groups is possible only in part. While the needs are the same as the criminal justice system, decisions must be impartial, objective, humane, equal for all, but how to achieve such a consensus of opinions is very divided. The study participants indicated a variety of reasons that impede the achievement of a mutual understanding: financial constraints, lack of inter-institutional cooperation, party or individual interests take precedence over the interests of society, the role of the media and so on. It is also proposed to improve the current situation in the organization and promotion of communication and alignment of interest between different social groups that have to be done in cooperation with the mass media and other governmental and nongovernmental institutions.
Key words: criminal justice; professional, political and public discourses, mass media.Santrauka. Siūlomas skaitytojui straipsnis yra tų pačių autorių publikacijos „Apie kriminalinės justicijos suvokimą visuomenėje“ (Dobryninas, A., Dobrynina, M., Česnienė, I., Giedraitis, V., Merkevičius, R. “On Perceptions of Criminal Justice in Society”, Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas, 2012/2, p. 222–38) tęsinys. Straipsnyje empiriškai iliustruojama, kaip baudžiamojo teisingumo principai suprantami skirtinguose socialinėse episteminėse grupėse, kokie yra panašumai ir skirtumai tarp šių grupių, kaip vyksta tarpgrupinė komunikacija kriminalinės justicijos klausimais. Analizuojami ir apibendrinami 2012–2014 metais Lietuvoje atliktų kokybinių (tai fokusuotos grupinės diskusijos ir pusiau struktūruoti interviu su Lietuvos kriminalinės justicijos ekspertais, politikais, žurnalistais, visuomenės lyderiais) ir kiekybinių (Lietuvos gyventojų reprezentatyvi apklausa ir Lietuvos masinių medijų turinio analizė) tyrimų rezultatai. Pirmame skyriuje nagrinėjami socialinės normatyvinės kriminalinės justicijos suvokimo ypatumai, antrame – analizuojami poliniai ekonominiai kriminalinės justicijos žinojimo aspektai, trečiame – nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką daro Lietuvos masinės informavimo priemonės kriminalinės justicijos įvaizdžiui visuomenėje. Daromos išvados, kad sutarimas dėl kriminalinės justicijos principų įgyvendinimo tarp įvairių visuomenės grupių įmanomas tik iš dalies. Nors visų poreikiai yra tie patys, t. y. kriminalinės justicijos sistemoje priimami sprendimai turi būti nešališki, objektyvūs, humaniški, lygūs visiems, tačiau nuomonės, kaip tokio sutarimo pasiekti, labai išsiskiria. Tyrimo dalyviai įvardija įvairias priežastis, kurios apsunkina tarpusavio susikalbėjimą: finansinius apribojimus, tarpinstitucinio bendradarbiavimo stoką, partinių ar individualių interesų viršenybę priešpriešiais visuomenės interesų, medijų vaidmenį ir pan. Taip pat siūloma gerinti esamą situaciją organizuojant ir skatinant komunikacinius ryšius bei interesų derinimą tarp įvairių socialinių grupių, panaudojant tiek masinių medijų, tiek kitų socialinių institucinių resursų galimybes.
ABSTRACT
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECEPTION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN LITHUANIAN SOCIETYAbstract. It is suggested that the reader consider an earlier publication by the same authors with a similar theme: “Perceptions of criminal justice in society” (Dobryninas, A., Dobrynina, M., Česnienė, I., Giedraitis, V., Merkevičius, R. “On Perceptions of Criminal Justice in Society.” Sociologija: Mintis ir veiksmas. 2012. Issue 2. pg. 222–238). This article empirically illustrates how criminal justice principles are used to understand different social groups’ perspectives, what are the similarities and differences between these groups, how the intergroup communications about criminal justice issues form, and so on. The authors analyzed and summarized qualitative data (focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with Lithuanian criminal justice experts, politicians, journalists, community leaders) and quantitative data (using a Lithuanian representative survey of the population and Lithuanian mass media content analysis), which was collected during 2012–2014. The first chapter is devoted to the social normative perceptions of criminal justice, the second – the economic and political aspects which influenced the understanding of criminal justice in society, and the third chapter – examines the influence of mass media on the Lithuanian Criminal Justice system’s public image. It is concluded that a consensus on the implementation of the principles of criminal justice among different groups is possible only in part. While the needs are the same as the criminal justice system, decisions must be impartial, objective, humane, equal for all, but how to achieve such a consensus of opinions is very divided. The study participants indicated a variety of reasons that impede the achievement of a mutual understanding: financial constraints, lack of inter-institutional cooperation, party or individual interests take precedence over the interests of society, the role of the media and so on. It is also proposed to improve the current situation in the organization and promotion of communication and alignment of interest between different social groups that have to be done in cooperation with the mass media and other governmental and nongovernmental institutions.
Key words: criminal justice; professional, political and public discourses, mass media.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kriminalinė justicija; profesinis, politinis ir viešas diskursai; masinės medijos
Sovietmečio atmintis šiuolaikinėje Lietuvoje: ambivalentiškumas ar nostalgija?
Get PDFThe collective memories of Soviet era of Lithuanian adult population are analysed in the article. The analysis is based on the data of representative sociological survey, conducted by company „Baltijos tyrimai“ in 2012. The analysis reveals the ambivalence of the memories of Soviet era prevailing in popular memory: people express positive attitudes towards many aspects the Soviet era everyday life and simultaneously evaluate negatively political aspects of the Soviet regime. The Soviet era everyday is presented in people‘s memories as „apolitical“ and separated from political domain. The connections between attitudes towards Soviet past and contemporary contexts (attitudes towards the outcomes of democratization and indicators of social and economical position) reveal, that the memories of Soviet era are structured by generations in a great degree; there are also slight relations between positive (and nostalgic) memories of Soviet past and the social contexts of marginalization as well as feelings of marginalization. The slight relations of the memories of Soviet era to the contemporary social contexts and attitudes towards outcomes of democratization indicate, that positive memories of Soviet past are only partly nostalgic and are influenced by many other, among them individual, factors.Santrauka. Straipsnyje, remiantis kiekybinio sociologinio tyrimo duomenimis, analizuojamos sovietinio laikotarpio interpretacijos Lietuvos gyventojų kolektyvinėje atmintyje. Analizuojant gyventojų atmintyje vyraujančių požiūrių į sovietmetį spektrą, siekiama parodyti šių požiūrių ambivalentiškumą: atskirdami ir neigiamai vertindami politinius buvusios sovietinės sistemos aspektus, žmonės tuo pat metu teigiamai prisimena ir vertina kai kuriuos sovietmečio kasdienybės reiškinius, traktuodami juos kaip „nepolitinius“. Požiūrių į sovietmetį ryšiai su dabarties kontekstais – demokratizacijos rezultatų vertinimais ir socialiniais-demografiniais kontekstais – atskleidžia, kad požiūrius į sovietmetį dideliu laipsniu lemia žmonių amžius, taip pat teigiami (tarp jų ir nostalgiški) požiūriai į sovietmetį iš dalies susiję su socialiniais-ekonominiais ir subjektyviais marginalizacijos kontekstais. Ryšių su socialiniais dabarties kontekstais ir požiūriais į dabartį silpnumas rodo, kad sovietmečio atmintis yra tik dalinai nostalgiška ir galimai yra susijusi su daugeliu konkrečių, tarp jų individualių kontekstų.Pagrindinės sąvokos: sovietmetis, kolektyvinė atmintis, nostalgija.Key words: Soviet era, collective memory, nostalgia.ABSTRACT
THE MEMORIES OF SOVIET ERA IN CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIA: AMBIVALENCE OR NOSTALGIA?The collective memories of Soviet era of Lithuanian adult population are analysed in the article. The analysis is based on the data of representative sociological survey, conducted by company „Baltijos tyrimai“ in 2012. The analysis reveals the ambivalence of the memories of Soviet era prevailing in popular memory: people express positive attitudes towards many aspects the Soviet era everyday life and simultaneously evaluate negatively political aspects of the Soviet regime. The Soviet era everyday is presented in people‘s memories as „apolitical“ and separated from political domain. The connections between attitudes towards Soviet past and contemporary contexts (attitudes towards the outcomes of democratization and indicators of social and economical position) reveal, that the memories of Soviet era are structured by generations in a great degree; there are also slight relations between positive (and nostalgic) memories of Soviet past and the social contexts of marginalization as well as feelings of marginalization. The slight relations of the memories of Soviet era to the contemporary social contexts and attitudes towards outcomes of democratization indicate, that positive memories of Soviet past are only partly nostalgic and are influenced by many other, among them individual, factors.Pastaba. Straipsnis parengtas vykdant Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą projektą „Demokratizacijos procesų Lietuvoje reprezentacijos individualioje sąmonėje“, sutartis Nr. SIN-03/201
Lyginamoji moralinio veiksmo analizė Vytauto Kavolio ir Émile’io Durkheimo sociologijos teorijose
Get PDFThe article analyses the moral action to reveal the elements of tension and interaction between the individual and the society by comparing theories of Vytautas Kavolis and of Emile Durkheim. Social action and moral action are different analytical categories. The problem arises when it is necessary to establish links between these concepts. The article is based on the position that moral action and social action has a relation as part and a whole, has a different study objects, but obeys the same study method. According to Durkheim‘ s definitions of social fact and of moral fact, social fact is a broader category that includes the moral facts. It is shown that the facts includes social phenomena feathuring the expediency of performed actions of individuals. Therefore, social action is interpreted by adapting the definition of a social fact, as appropriate, moral action is interpreted by definition of moral fact. The aim is to identify the characteristics, conditions, and factors of moral action. Theories of moral action of Durkheim and of Kavolis are analyzed. French sociologist distinguishes social power to encourage an individual to behave in one way or another. Durkheim indicates that the social power works in society as in individuals by using an association method. Kavolis emphasizes the inner imperative which is a basis for moral action, arising from the conscious individual, performed after internalisation of moral principle itself. However, the individual and society have different goals. An individual seeks to realize the freedom as creative potential. The society requires the individual to obey historically formed norms and rules of conduct. On the other hand, the individual performing a moral action is always influenced by the social environment and his actions always have social impact.Santrauka. Socialinis veiksmas ir moralinis veiksmas yra skirtingos analitinės kategorijos. Problema iškyla tuomet, kai reikia nustatyti šių sąvokų ryšius. Straipsnyje remiamasi pozicija, kad moralinis veiks­mas ir socialinis veiksmas santykiauja kaip dalis ir visuma, turi skirtingus tyrimo objektus, tačiau paklūs­ta tam pačiam tyrimo metodui. Remiantis Durkheimo socialinio fakto ir moralinio fakto apibrėžimais, teigtina, kad socialinis faktas yra platesnė kategorija, apimanti ir moralinius faktus. Socialinis veiksmas aiškinamas pritaikant socialinio fakto apibrėžimą, atitinkamai, moralinis veiksmas – moralinio fakto api­brėžimą. Socialiniam veiksmui būdingas individų atliekamų veiksmų tikslingumas. Moralinis veiksmas neįgyja tikslo siekimo savybės. Siekiant nustatyti moralinio veiksmo savybes, sąlygas, veiksnius, pasitelkia­mos moralinį veiksmą analizuojančios Émile’io Durkheimo ir Vytauto Kavolio teorijos. Prancūzų sociolo­gas išskiria socialinę galią, skatinančią individą elgtis vienu ar kitu būdu. Durkheimas asociacijos metodu parodo, kad socialinė galia veikia visuomenėje kaip ir individe. Kavolis pabrėžia moraliniam veiksmui pagrindą suteikiantį vidinį imperatyvą, kylantį iš sąmoningo individo, atliekamą internalizavus moralės principą savyje. Durkheimas akcentuoja holistinės metodologijos aspektą (visuomenė įgalina individą), Kavolis – individualistinės metodologijos aspektą (iš individo kylantį imperatyvą). Mokslininkų teorijose atskleidžiama, kad individas ir visuomenė siekia skirtingų tikslų. Individas siekia realizuoti laisvę kaip kūrybinį potencialą. Visuomenė įpareigoja individą paklusti istoriškai susiformavusioms elgesio taisyklėms bei normoms. Kita vertus, individas, atlikdamas moralinį veiksmą, visuomet yra veikiamas socialinės aplinkos ir jo veiksmai visuomet turi socialinį poveikį. Taigi straipsnyje moralinis veiksmas analizuo­jamas siekiant atskleisti įtampos ir sąveikos elementus tarp individo ir visuomenės lyginant Kavolio ir Durkheimo teorijas.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Vytautas Kavolis, Émile’is Durkheimas, socialinis veiksmas, moralinis veiks­mas, elgesio taisyklės bei normos, moralės principo internalizavimas.
Key Words: Vytautas Kavolis, Émile Durkheim, social action, moral action, rules of conduct, norms, internalisation of moral principle.
ABSTRACT
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MORAL ACTION IN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF VYTAUTAS KAVOLIS AND ÉMILE DURKHEIM
The article analyses the moral action to reveal the elements of tension and interaction between the in­dividual and the society by comparing theories of Vytautas Kavolis and of Emile Durkheim. Social action and moral action are different analytical categories. The problem arises when it is necessary to establish links between these concepts. The article is based on the position that moral action and social action has a relation as part and a whole, has a different study objects, but obeys the same study method. According to Dur­kheim‘s definitions of social fact and of moral fact, social fact is a broader category that includes the moral facts. It is shown that the facts includes social phenomena feathuring the expediency of performed actions of individuals. Therefore, social action is interpreted by adapting the definition of a social fact, as appropriate, moral action is interpreted by definition of moral fact. The aim is to identify the characteristics, conditions, and factors of moral action. Theories of moral action of Durkheim and of Kavolis are analyzed. French so­ciologist distinguishes social power to encourage an individual to behave in one way or another. Durkheim indicates that the social power works in society as in individuals by using an association method. Kavolis emphasizes the inner imperative which is a basis for moral action, arising from the conscious individual, performed after internalisation of moral principle itself. However, the individual and society have different goals. An individual seeks to realize the freedom as creative potential. The society requires the individual to obey historically formed norms and rules of conduct. On the other hand, the individual performing a moral action is always influenced by the social environment and his actions always have social impact
Šiądienos kritinės teorijos klausimu
Get PDFThe task of this article is to renew the discussion about the theoretical structure which includes both analytical and normative elements. The main theoretical problem analyzed in the article is the identifi­cation of analytical and normative elements in the structure of critical social theory and the analysis of the relationship between these elements in contemporary practice theories. The article seeks to answer the ques­tion why the concept of critique in contemporary practice theories is changed by the concept of reflexivity. The article aims to emphasize the implications of this „innocent“ terminological change for contemporary critical social theories, distinguished from early Critical Theory of Frankfurt School.Santrauka. Šio straipsnio paskirtis – atnaujinti diskusiją dėl teorinės struktūros sandaros, kurią suda­ro ir analitiniai, ir normatyviniai elementai. Pagrindinis uždavinys – analitiškumo ir normatyviškumo komponentų kintančioje kritinės socialinės teorijos sandaroje identifikavimas ir metodologinių požiūrių į šių komponentų tarpusavio santykį šiuolaikinėse praktikos teorijose analizė. Siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, kodėl kritikos sąvoka šiuolaikinėse praktikos teorijose keičiama reflektyvumo sąvoka. Straipsnyje, remiantis kritinių teoretikų nuorodomis ir jas interpretuojant, analizuojamos „nekalto“ (Wittgensteino Filosofinių tyrinėjimų 308 fragmente aptariama prasme) terminologinio pakeitimo euristinės implikacijos šių dienų kritinėms socialinėms teorijoms, kurios skiriamos nuo ankstyvosios Frankfurto kritinės teorijos.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kritika, reflektyvumas, kritinė teorija, kritinė socialinė teorija, praktikos teo­rija.
Key words: critique, reflexivity, critical theory, critical social theory, practice theory.
ABSTRACT
ON THE QUESTION OF CRITICAL THEORY TODAY
The task of this article is to renew the discussion about the theoretical structure which includes both analytical and normative elements. The main theoretical problem analyzed in the article is the identifi­cation of analytical and normative elements in the structure of critical social theory and the analysis of the relationship between these elements in contemporary practice theories. The article seeks to answer the ques­tion why the concept of critique in contemporary practice theories is changed by the concept of reflexivity. The article aims to emphasize the implications of this „innocent“ terminological change for contemporary critical social theories, distinguished from early Critical Theory of Frankfurt School
Žmogaus teisės Lietuvoje: Lietuvos gyventojų lygybės ir diskriminacijos suvokimas Europos kontekste
Get PDFAny concept of democracy emphasizes the equality of all citizens in their right to participate in public life. Nowadays, Human rights are an indicator of implementation of the principle of equality in public life. The state recognizing Human rights disclaims inequality and in that case violation of equal Human rights and opportunities, i.e. discrimination is illicit. Detection of public perception of equality and discrimination and opportunities to restore the violated rights as well gives possibility to discuss the process of democracy in a state. In the article the presented research deals with a legal and institutional context of Human rights protection in Lithuania, a state of art in the national Human rights research from sociological point of a view and the resent quantitative comparative data of EU‘s „Eurobarometer“.Santrauka. Lygybė – vienas esminių demokratijos principų. Atskleidus tam tikros šalies gyventojų lygybės suvokimą galima svarstyti ir demokratizacijos raidą šalyje. Straipsnyje, remiantis tarptautinių kiekybinių tyrimų duomenimis, nagrinėjamas dabartinis Lietuvos gyventojų lygybės ir jos pažeidimo – diskriminacijos – suvokimas bei pažeistų teisių atkūrimo galimybės. Teigiama, kad lygybės ir diskriminacijos suvokimui turi įtakos valstybinės lygybės politikos tęstinumas ir jos aktualinimas žiniasklaidoje, pasitikėjimas institucijų galimybėmis daryti įtaką individualiems ketinimams atkurti pažeistas teises.Reikšminiai žodžiai: žmogaus teisės, lygybė, diskriminacija, moterys, institucijos.Key words: human rights, equality, discrimination, women, institutions.ABSTRACT
Human Rights in Lithuania: the Perception of Equality and Discrimination among Lithuanians in European contextAny concept of democracy emphasizes the equality of all citizens in their right to participate in public life. Nowadays, Human rights are an indicator of implementation of the principle of equality in public life. The state recognizing Human rights disclaims inequality and in that case violation of equal Human rights and opportunities, i.e. discrimination is illicit. Detection of public perception of equality and discrimination and opportunities to restore the violated rights as well gives possibility to discuss the process of democracy in a state. In the article the presented research deals with a legal and institutional context of Human rights protection in Lithuania, a state of art in the national Human rights research from sociological point of a view and the resent quantitative comparative data of EU‘s „Eurobarometer“.
Pastaba. Straipsnis parengtas pagal Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą projektą Demokratizacijos procesų Lietuvoje reprezentacijos individualioje sąmonėje. Projekto numeris LMT SIN-03-2012. 
Bendruomenių iniciatyvos būsto ir aplinkosaugos problemų srityje: Vilniaus miesto atvejis
No full textThis paper reviews activities of community organizations in the post-Soviet city of Vilnius. The particular attention is paid to the reasons for mobilization of the local communities; the leadership and motivation; the reasons for non-participation; and the communication with the local authorities. The findings of this paper show that mobilizations are not taking place on the massive scale. However, they are being institutionalized and have achieved noteworthy results. Communities mobilize against illegal or unwanted constructions close to their vicinity or to defend green zones in the city. The successful movement is centered around a charismatic leader who devotes his/her time and non-material and material resources to attain results. The explanations for non-participation can be found in difficult economical conditions of the majority of the population; low level of civil society; increasing individualization and income inequalities. The findings of this paper also demonstrate that the political and institutional structure is fairly unfavorable for local activists. The community organizations are not supported by the local governmental structures in a substantial way. On the contrary, they are faced, in most of the cases, with the authority’s alienation and confrontation.
Keywords: community organizations, Vilnius, urban movements, post-Soviet city, urban policy, Lithuania.Santrauka. Straipsnis analizuoja bendruomeninių organizacijų veiklą posovietiniame Vilniuje. Siekiama ištirti: priežastis, kodėl kuriasi Vilniaus bendruomeninės organizacijos; bendruomenės lyderių motyvaciją; priežastis, kodėl piliečiai vangiai dalyvauja bendruomeninių organizacijų veikloje; bendruomeninių organizacijų bendradarbiavimo su vietos valdžia problemas. Nors bendruomenių organizacijų veikla Vilniaus mieste yra fragmentiška, kai kurios jų pasiekė reikšmingų rezultatų. Bendruomeninės organizacijos sėkmingai mobilizuojasi kovai su nelegaliomis statybomis jų kaimynystėje, taip pat siekdamos išsaugoti žaliąsias Vilniaus zonas. Sėkmingi bendruomeniniai judėjimai turi charizmatinių lyderių, kurie skiria ne tik savo laisvalaikį, bet ir piniginius resursus bendruomeninės organizacijos veiklai užtikrinti. Ekonominiai sunkumai, žemas pilietinės visuomenės lygis, didėjanti individualizacija ir pajamų nelygybė Lietuvoje trukdo bendruomenių veiklai plėtotis. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad politinė ir institucinė struktūra yra nepalanki pilietinėms iniciatyvoms. Vietos valdžia neremia pilietiškų bendruomeninių organizacijų (tų, kurios susikūrė piliečių iniciatyva, o ne buvo įkurtos savivaldybės pastangomis). Bendruomeninės organizacijos dažnai susiduria su vietos valdžios abejingumu arba patiria konfrontaciją su vietos valdžia.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: bendruomeninės organizacijos; Vilnius, socialiniai judėjimai; posovietinis miestas; miesto politika; Lietuva.
Keywords: community organizations, Vilnius, urban movements, post-Soviet city, urban policy, Lithuania.ABSTRACT
Community Mobilizations Around Housing and Local Environment: Insights into the Case of VilniusThis paper reviews activities of community organizations in the post-Soviet city of Vilnius. The particular attention is paid to the reasons for mobilization of the local communities; the leadership and motivation; the reasons for non-participation; and the communication with the local authorities. The findings of this paper show that mobilizations are not taking place on the massive scale. However, they are being institutionalized and have achieved noteworthy results. Communities mobilize against illegal or unwanted constructions close to their vicinity or to defend green zones in the city. The successful movement is centered around a charismatic leader who devotes his/her time and non-material and material resources to attain results. The explanations for non-participation can be found in difficult economical conditions of the majority of the population; low level of civil society; increasing individualization and income inequalities. The findings of this paper also demonstrate that the political and institutional structure is fairly unfavorable for local activists. The community organizations are not supported by the local governmental structures in a substantial way. On the contrary, they are faced, in most of the cases, with the authority’s alienation and confrontation
Augustinas Voldemaras: intelektualinės biografijos eskizas ir kai kurie tarpdisciplininės orientacijos pavyzdžiai
Get PDFThe article takes a look at one of the most controversial personalities of inter-war Lithuania. Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942) was educated in classical philology, had a keen interest in universal history and the history of Lithuania and an additional concern in philosophical and sociological issues. A consistent search for integrated and synthetic knowledge, openness to philosophical questions and his disposition to polylogi­cal cooperation of disciplines are some of the principal moments in his intellectual biography. Therefore, the present study attempts to highlight certain contexts of Voldemaras’ intellectual biography, witnessing the tightly intertwining interdisciplinarity, aspirations of some type.While a student, Voldemaras found himself in the environment where the problems of ancient history were addressed at the European level and where attempts were made to bring the research on the classical era carried out in pre-revolutionary Russia closer to Germany, being the leader in this sphere.The openness to interdisciplinary search, postulates of integrated and synthetic knowledge that mani­fested over a long-term, not to mention his philosophical quests and attempts in the field of history, brought Voldemaras closer to the prominent European philosophical movement Centre International de Synthèse founded by Henri Berr, linked by special ties with the formation of one of the most outstanding 20th century schools of history The Annales School. Voldemaras belonged to the History Section of Henri Berr’s Centre International de Synthèse, thus finding a niche among the distinguished representatives of social sciences and the humanities of that time. There is no wonder that in this respect, Voldemaras established himself in Lithuanian historiography as one of the pioneer figures attempting to overcome the disciplinary isolation of sciences, their one-sided empiricism or the lack of a broader approach towards history.The attention paid by Voldemaras to the philosophical issues of identification of history as a science, deliberate attribution of an important role to theory in social sciences and the humanities, the highlight of interdisciplinary initiatives in these sciences are what add the aspect of appeal to his intellectual biography. Voldemaras himself becomes one of the most interesting Lithuanian intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century.Santrauka. Viena kontroversiškiausių tarpukario Lietuvos asmenybių ir šiandien lieka Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942). Stipriai įvairuoja ne tik jo politinės, tačiau ir akademinės veiklos vertinimai. A. Voldemaras turėjo klasikinės filologijos išsilavinimą, domėjosi visuotine ir Lietuvos istorija, buvo ne­abejingas filosofiniams ir sociologiniams klausimams. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išryškinti tuos A. Voldemaro intelektualinės biografijos kontekstus, kuriuose itin stipriai persipina tam tikros tarpdisciplininės aspi­racijos. Straipsnyje žvelgiama į ankstyvą A. Voldemaro susidomėjimą istorijos teorijos ir metodologijos problematika, į A. Voldemaro intelektualinius impulsus Peterburgo ir Permės laikotarpiais (1900–1917), į akademinius mokytojus, kuriuos vienas pirmųjų lietuvių Peterburgo universiteto docentų vėliau ne kartą pagarbiai prisimindavo. III deš. A. Voldemaras įsitraukė į vienu iš naujosios istorijos (nouvelle histoire) tėvų vadinamo Henri Berro nuo 1925 m. inicijuotą Tarptautinį sintezės centrą (Centre International de Synthèse), kuris tuometinėje Europoje tapo vienu ryškiausių tarpdisciplininių studijų centrų. Nors ir nėra pakankamai duomenų, leidžiančių pagrįstai svarstyti apie šio įsitraukimo mastą, viena aišku, kad Volde­maras priklausė Tarptautinio sintezės centro Istorinės sintezės sekcijos narių grupei, taip bent formaliai įsiterpdamas tarp ryškių to meto Europos istorikų, sociologų ir filosofų. Tai įgalina ir provokuoja įsigilinti į tuos A. Voldemaro biografijos momentus, kuriuose ryškėja jo intelektualinė pozicija, laiduojanti ar numa­tanti artimesnius ryšius tarp humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Voldemaras, intelektualinė biografija, istorijos teorija, tarpisciplinariškumas, integruotas žinojimas, Tarptautinis sintezės centras.
Key words: Voldemaras, intellectual biography, theory of history, interdisciplinarity, integrated knowledge, Centre International de Synthèse.
ABSTRACT
AUGUSTINAS VOLDEMARAS: A SKETCH OF INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHYAND CERTAIN EXAMPLES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ORIENTATION
The article takes a look at one of the most controversial personalities of inter-war Lithuania. Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942) was educated in classical philology, had a keen interest in universal history and the history of Lithuania and an additional concern in philosophical and sociological issues. A consistent search for integrated and synthetic knowledge, openness to philosophical questions and his disposition to polylogi­cal cooperation of disciplines are some of the principal moments in his intellectual biography. Therefore, the present study attempts to highlight certain contexts of Voldemaras’ intellectual biography, witnessing the tightly intertwining interdisciplinarity, aspirations of some type.While a student, Voldemaras found himself in the environment where the problems of ancient history were addressed at the European level and where attempts were made to bring the research on the classical era carried out in pre-revolutionary Russia closer to Germany, being the leader in this sphere.The openness to interdisciplinary search, postulates of integrated and synthetic knowledge that mani­fested over a long-term, not to mention his philosophical quests and attempts in the field of history, brought Voldemaras closer to the prominent European philosophical movement Centre International de Synthèse founded by Henri Berr, linked by special ties with the formation of one of the most outstanding 20th century schools of history The Annales School. Voldemaras belonged to the History Section of Henri Berr’s Centre International de Synthèse, thus finding a niche among the distinguished representatives of social sciences and the humanities of that time. There is no wonder that in this respect, Voldemaras established himself in Lithuanian historiography as one of the pioneer figures attempting to overcome the disciplinary isolation of sciences, their one-sided empiricism or the lack of a broader approach towards history. The attention paid by Voldemaras to the philosophical issues of identification of history as a science, deliberate attribution of an important role to theory in social sciences and the humanities, the highlight of interdisciplinary initiatives in these sciences are what add the aspect of appeal to his intellectual biography. Voldemaras himself becomes one of the most interesting Lithuanian intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century
Sociologinės įžvalgos sociologijos didaktikai
Get PDFThe article aims to analyse the relationship between sociology and didactics of sociology. This relation­ship is analysed from different perspectives. Firstly didactics of sociology is analysed from the viewpoint of so-called didactics of social sciences and civic education. Secondly the article analyses the development of the interrelation between theory of education and sociology of education and searches the ideas for the con­ceptualization of didactics of sociology in this development. Three forms of the interrelation between theory of education and sociology of education are distinguished. Educational sociology emerged as normative and applied discipline that has assisted educational theory to articulate the educational aims and the means of their implementation. The sociology of education that emphasized the scientific and empirical rather than normative character was an alternative for the educational sociology and has revealed different aspects of education that were ignored by educational sociologists. The phenomena of the hidden curricula and its role in social and cultural reproduction were among them. The third form of interrelation is associated with the movement of public sociology. The proponents of public sociology put forward the questions of social func­tion of sociology and the significance of sociological literacy for democratic society. The concept of public sociology stimulates the discussions about didactics of sociology. Thirdly the article searches the ideas for the interpretation of the relationship between sociology and didactics of sociology in the development of the liaisons between history and didactics of history. The concept of historical consciousness and understanding of historical culture solve the contradiction between academic history and didactics of history.Santrauka. Straipsnyje taikomas socioanalizės metodas, kai, pasitelkus sociologiją, yra analizuojama sociologijos didaktika ir sociologijos perspektyvos bendrojo lavinimo sistemoje. Bendrojo lavinimo sistemoje vadinamuosiuose socialiniuose moksluose, kaip kartais apjungiamos įvairios socialinių mokslų disciplinos, nei sociologija, nei sociologijos didaktika neįsitvirtino. Straipsnyje analizuojama ir bendresnė sociologijos didaktikos formavimosi tema. Sociologijos didaktikos raida, kurioje galima skirti tris etapus, analizuojama remiantis ugdymo teorijos ir sociologijos santykių požiūriu. Pirmas etapas susijęs su ugdymo sociologijos kaip normatyvinės ir taikomojo pobūdžio disciplinos, subordinuotos ugdymo teorijai ir didaktikai, įsitvir­tinimu. Antras etapas susijęs su švietimo sociologijos kaip savarankiškos disciplinos susiformavimu. Šiame etape švietimo sociologija, atsisakiusi taikomojo pobūdžio funkcijų, atitolo nuo ugdymo problematikos ir pasuko akademinės autonomijos bei empirinės švietimo procesų analizės keliu. Trečias etapas prasidėjo, kai švietimo sociologija, ypač jos kritinė atšaka buvo pradėta integruoti į mokytojų rengimo programas. Straipsnyje analizuojamas vienos švietimo sociologijos temos, paslėptos ugdymo programos, kurią visiškai ignoravo ugdymo sociologija, integravimo į mokytojų rengimą pavyzdys. Šis žingsnis yra interpretuoja­mas, kaip organinės viešosios sociologijos atvejis. Viešosios sociologijos aktualizuotos sociologinio raštin­gumo, kuris susijęs su piliečių kompetencijomis, idėjos primena Gyvosios istorijos programą, todėl idėjų sociologijos didaktikai aptarti žvalgomasi ir akademinės istorijos bei istorijos didaktikos santykių raidoje.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: sociologijos didaktika, socialinių mokslų didaktika, ugdymo sociologija, švieti­mo sociologija.
Key words: didactics of social sciences, didactics of sociology, educational sociology, sociology of edu­cation.
ABSTRACT
SOCIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS FOR THE DIDACTICS OF SOCIOLOGY
The article aims to analyse the relationship between sociology and didactics of sociology. This relation­ship is analysed from different perspectives. Firstly didactics of sociology is analysed from the viewpoint of so-called didactics of social sciences and civic education. Secondly the article analyses the development of the interrelation between theory of education and sociology of education and searches the ideas for the con­ceptualization of didactics of sociology in this development. Three forms of the interrelation between theory of education and sociology of education are distinguished. Educational sociology emerged as normative and applied discipline that has assisted educational theory to articulate the educational aims and the means of their implementation. The sociology of education that emphasized the scientific and empirical rather than normative character was an alternative for the educational sociology and has revealed different aspects of education that were ignored by educational sociologists. The phenomena of the hidden curricula and its role in social and cultural reproduction were among them. The third form of interrelation is associated with the movement of public sociology. The proponents of public sociology put forward the questions of social func­tion of sociology and the significance of sociological literacy for democratic society. The concept of public sociology stimulates the discussions about didactics of sociology. Thirdly the article searches the ideas for the interpretation of the relationship between sociology and didactics of sociology in the development of the liaisons between history and didactics of history. The concept of historical consciousness and understanding of historical culture solve the contradiction between academic history and didactics of history
Ko galima tikėtis iš socialinės teorijos postmetafizikos amžiuje?
No full textThere are many complaints nowadays about social theory. On the one hand, theory is considered to be too abstract. The thrust of this approach, accordingly, is to develop a grand scheme that details how society or some component operates. Others argue, on the other hand, that theory is not abstract enough. These critics contend that theory is too particularistic and deals with simply how persons respond to themselves and others. Hence the focus is on interaction within very restricted confines. Each viewpoint merely begins from a different source. By invoking an actual debate that occurred in sociology, the thrust of this paper is to illustrate why the question of abstraction haunts theory. Additionally, an important issue that must be clarified is whether theory has any role without the ability to make generalized or increasingly abstract claims about social life.
Keywords: social theory, the question of abstraction, Post-metaphysical Era.Santrauka. Šiandieną socialinė teorija laikoma problemiška sritimi. Kai kurių kritikų požiūriu, teorija yra labai abstrakti. Abstrakčios teorijos paskirtis – išplėtoti koncepcinę sistemą, kuria remiantis būtų galima sukonkretinti, kaip funkcionuoja visuomenė ir sudedamosios jos dalys. Kitų kritikų požiūriu, teorija – nepakankamai abstrakti, orientuota pernelyg partikuliaristiškai ir nagrinėja tik tai, kaip konkretūs asmenys atsako sau patiems bei kitiems. Šios teorijos akiratyje – sąveika labai apribotuose kontekstuose. Abu šie požiūriai remiasi skirtingomis prielaidomis. Šiame straipsnyje, orientuojantis į dabartines diskusijas sociologijoje, siekiama išnagrinėti, kodėl abstrakcijos klausimas socialinei teorijai yra svarbus. Taip pat analizuojama, ar ir kaip teorija išplėtoja gebėjimus formuluoti apibendrintus ir abstrakčius teiginius apie socialinę tikrovę.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: socialinė teorija, abstrakcijos klausimas, postmetafizinė era.
Keywords: social theory, the question of abstraction, Post-metaphysical Era.ABSTRACT
WHAT CAN BE EXPECTED FROM SOCIAL THEORY IN THE ERA OF POST-METAPHYSICS? There are many complaints nowadays about social theory. On the one hand, theory is considered to be too abstract. The thrust of this approach, accordingly, is to develop a grand scheme that details how society or some component operates. Others argue, on the other hand, that theory is not abstract enough. These critics contend that theory is too particularistic and deals with simply how persons respond to themselves and others. Hence the focus is on interaction within very restricted confines. Each viewpoint merely begins from a different source. By invoking an actual debate that occurred in sociology, the thrust of this paper is to illustrate why the question of abstraction haunts theory. Additionally, an important issue that must be clarified is whether theory has any role without the ability to make generalized or increasingly abstract claims about social life
Racionalumo problema sociologijoje (II)
Get PDFThe second part of the article aims to articulate and explicate the parallels between post-empiricist scientific philosophy and post-analytical sociology, and between the conception of naturalistic epistemology in philosophy and the conception of pragmatic rationality in sociology. The article argues that the methodological problem of rationality in sociology is the part of the larger epistemological relationship between philosophy and science. Normative relationship between the norms of rationality and the criteria of scientific objectivity is analyzed in two main perspectives of contemporary sociology – analytical and post-analytical.Santrauka. Antroje straipsnio dalyje konkretinamos ir analizuojamos paralelės 1) tarp postempiristinės mokslo filosofijos ir postanalitinės sociologijos, 2) tarp epistemologijos sampratos natūralizavimo filosofijoje ir racionalumo sampratos pragmatizavimo sociologijoje. Teigiama, kad metodologinė racionalumo problema sociologijoje yra siauresnė epistemologinio santykio tarp filosofijos ir mokslo dalis. Analizuojant filosofinės nuostatos natūralizavimo šiuolaikinėje sociologijoje tendencijas skiriamos dvi – analitinė ir postanalitinė – pozicijos. Nagrinėjama normatyvinė santykio tarp racionalumo normų ir mokslinių objektyvumo kriterijų problema abiejose pozicijose.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: racionalumas, normatyvumas, natūralizmas, a priori problema, reliatyvizmas.
Key words: rationality, normativity, naturalism, the problem of the a priori, relativism.
ABSTRACT
THE PROBLEM OF RATIONALITY IN SOCIOLOGY (II)
The second part of the article aims to articulate and explicate the parallels between post-empiricist scientific philosophy and post-analytical sociology, and between the conception of naturalistic epistemology in philosophy and the conception of pragmatic rationality in sociology. The article argues that the methodological problem of rationality in sociology is the part of the larger epistemological relationship between philosophy and science. Normative relationship between the norms of rationality and the criteria of scientific objectivity is analyzed in two main perspectives of contemporary sociology – analytical and post-analytical