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Moritella viscosa early infection and transcriptional responses of intraperitoneal vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon
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Comparative basal transcriptome profiles of the olfactory rosette and gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) unveil shared and distinct immunological features
Get PDFThe molecular repertoire of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the olfactory rosette in most teleost fish is unknown. Here we present the basal transcriptome of the olfactory rosette of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). To investigate its mucosal immune features, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis with the gills, one of the most studied organs possessing MALT. Pathway enrichment revealed that cytokine-cytokine interaction and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways were at the core of the shared similarity between the two organs. The immunological features of the two organs were further characterised by the overrepresentation of several immune-related pathways, particularly important for pathogen recognition. The immunological differences between the two organs were underlined with the differential regulation of markers for interleukins, extracellular matrix, antimicrobial peptides, and complement. The basal transcriptome of Atlantic salmon olfactory rosette is a valuable molecular toolbox that will advance our understanding of nasal immunity in teleost fish.publishedVersio
The effect of quota portfolio composition on optimal harvest strategy and profitability in a multi-species fishery
Get PDFThe benefits of individual vessel quota (IVQ) management in terms of improved harvest strategy and profitability are well recognized, but there is less focus on how different components of a quota portfolio can influence decisions underlying the effort allocation and profit-maximizing behaviour of fishers. Variations in the components of the quota portfolio may create economic incentives that alter the optimal harvest strategy and profitability. Thus, we study the potential impact of different components of quota portfolio on the intra-annual harvest strategy and profitability in two segments of the Norwegian bottom trawl fleet. By developing a vessel-based spatio-temporal bioeconomic framework, we demonstrate and compare adopted harvest strategies and accrued profits for small and large trawl vessels under three scenarios regarding restrictive quotas in codfish fishery. Our analysis confirms that alternations in the components of the quota portfolio influence the spatio-temporal dynamics of the fishing effort for small and large trawl vessels in different ways, probably due to the differences in vessel-specific characteristics. We also demonstrate that the differences in profit between small and large vessels in part depend on the overall size of the quota portfolio. The economies of scale in the trawl industry are being eroded as the shares of higher-priced species in the quota portfolio decreases. The benefits of economies of scale cannot be reaped as trawlers respond to the reduction in profit by redirecting effort from offshore areas of the Arctic to nearshore waters or staying ashore. Likewise, having small quotas of high-priced species reduces the effectiveness of the IVQ system in meeting management objectives, and could in some cases undermine sustainability outcomes. Our results also demonstrate that both the intensity with which fishers react to the fluctuations in market price levels and fishers’ perceptions of location attractiveness are influenced by the components of the quota portfolio.publishedVersio
Cold-blooded vertebrates evolved organized germinal center-like structures
Get PDFGerminal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their ectothermic ancestors can mount potent secondary antibody responses upon infection or immunization, despite the apparent lack of SLMs in these cold-blooded vertebrates. How and where adaptive immune responses are induced in ectothermic species in the absence of GCs or analogous SLMs remain poorly understood. Here, we infected a teleost fish (trout) with the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) and identified the formation of large aggregates of highly proliferating IgM+ B cells and CD4+ T cells, contiguous to splenic melanomacrophage centers (MMCs). Most of these MMC-associated lymphoid aggregates (M-LAs) contained numerous antigen (Ag)–specific B cells. Analysis of the IgM heavy chain CDR3 repertoire of microdissected splenic M-LAs and non–M-LA areas revealed that the most frequent B cell clones induced after Ich infection were highly shared only within the M-LAs of infected animals. These M-LAs represented highly polyclonal SLMs in which Ag-specific B cell clonal expansion occurred. M-LA–associated B cells expressed high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and underwent significant apoptosis, and somatic hypermutation of Igμ genes occurred prevalently in these cells. Our findings demonstrate that ectotherms evolved organized SLMs with GC-like roles. Moreover, our results also point to primordially conserved mechanisms by which M-LAs and mammalian polyclonal GCs develop and function.publishedVersio
Expert evaluation of co-created snack ideas by children in two settings: Creative focus group and online platform.
Get PDFConsumer co-creation has gained popularity in innovation processes aiming to bring consumers closer to producers and service providers. In the light of current societal issues related to food behavior (obesity, non-communicable diseases), co-creation presents a way to reach consumer groups, in particular those who are traditionally not convinced by healthiness alone, such as children. However, it remains debated if consumers, especially children, can generate innovative ideas by co-creation, and which would be the best procedure for that (online platforms vs more established procedures such as focus groups). This study aimed at evaluating Norwegian children's ideas for healthy snacks generated in a focus group and an online setting by industry experts. Professionals from the Norwegian food industry working with new product development (n = 18) evaluated the idea concepts via an online questionnaire. They first selected the five ideas they found most promising (multiple choice question based on the picture of the original concept illustration by children and a concept description). For the five ideas selected they rated the concepts according to novelty, value, feasibility and specificity on a 7-point Likert scale. Twenty out of 30 proposed ideas were chosen by at least one expert. The ten most frequently chosen ideas consisted of four focus groups and six online platform concepts, the top five having been generated online. The evaluation of the top five ideas from each setting indicated good feasibility (potential for implementation, rating 5.0) and value (potential to enable children's healthy eating, rating 4.8), intermediate specificity (degree of detail in concept explanation, rating 4.5) and a relatively low novelty (3.3). There were no significant differences between the online platform and the focus group settings. However, the test power is too low to draw final conclusions. Results suggest that children can ideate feasible and valuable snack concepts and that online platforms could present an alternative to focus groups for first ideation steps allowing to generate many ideas efficiently.publishedVersio
The impact of parasitic sea lice on harvest quantities and sizes of farmed salmon
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Long-Term Influence of PCB- and PBDE-Spiked Microplastic Spheres Fed through Rotifers to Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Larvae
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