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Atlantic salmon scale explants in bacteria-host interaction studies: in vitro challenge model
Full text linkCell lines and primary cultures are widely used to study host-pathogen interactions, reducing the need for challenge trials with live fish, which are costly and raise ethical concerns. We present Atlantic salmon scale explants (SE) as a promising model for bacterial challenges. Comparison with the body map (transcriptomes of seventeen cells and tissues) revealed strong immune activity in SE. SE ranked first in antiviral gene expression and second and third in antibacterial and inflammatory responses, respectively. Additionally, SE shows high expression of skin-specific genes encoding structural proteins of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Contrast to the epidermis, dermis, and whole skin highlights immune genes, including markers of acute inflammation and stress. Exposure to pathogens (Moritella viscosa and Tenacibaculum finnmarkense) and commensal bacteria consistently upregulated a suite of immune genes in a dose response manner. This panel includes chemokines, cytokines, genes involved in eicosanoid metabolism, and both humoral and cellular effectors. The prevalence of genes related to signaling and communication suggests that salmon scales function as sentinels, mobilizing immune responses upon encountering bacteria. While common immune responses were evident across all trials, scales also revealed differences between bacterial species. Combining commensal bacteria with M. viscosa enhanced responses to pathogens, and differences were observed between M. viscosa and T. finnmarkense. The effects of commensal bacteria varied in magnitude. Exposed cells showed changes in morphology and increased iNOS expression. Future development of this model will focus on time-course experiments and expanding the analytical repertoire to include pathology detection methods.publishedVersio
Three reasons why food system transformations are contested, and why food system scientists and policymakers should care
Full text linkOver the last years, consortia of researchers with mandates from high-level international policy forums have published comprehensive assessments and indicator frameworks defining human welfare needs and planetary boundaries for food systems transformations. Despite the evidence presented, scientific assessments and guidelines on food production and diets remain hotly contested. In this Perspective we discuss three reasons why this is so: goal conflicts, disciplinary framing, and power and influence. Understanding and addressing the reasons for discord and polarization are important to build common ground and mobilize the necessary collective action for food system transformations.publishedVersio
Can eco-labels tune a supply chain? The case of MSC-certified haddock from Norway
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Applying deep learning and the ecological home range concept to document the spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) in experimental tanks
Full text linkMeasuring and monitoring fish welfare in aquaculture research relies on the use of outcome- (biotic) and input-based (e.g., abiotic) welfare indicators (WIs). Incorporating behavioural auditing into this toolbox can sometimes be challenging because sourcing quantitative data is often labour intensive and it can be a time-consuming process. Digitalization of this process via the use of computer vision and artificial intelligence can help automate and streamline the procedure, help gather continuous quantitative data and help process optimisation and assist in decision-making. The tool introduced in this study (1) adapts the DeepLabCut framework, based on computer vision and machine learning, to obtain pose estimation of Atlantic salmon parr under replicated experimental conditions, (2) quantifies the spatial distribution of the fish through a toolbox of metrics inspired by the ecological concepts home range and core area, and (3) applies it to inspect behavioural variability in and around feeding. This proof of concept study demonstrates the potential of our methodology for automating the analysis of fish behaviour in relation to home range and core area, including fish detection, spatial distribution and the variations within and between tanks. The impact of feeding on these patterns is also briefly outlined, using 5 days of experimental data as a demonstrative case study. This approach can provide stakeholders with valuable information on how the fish use their rearing environment in small-scale experimental settings and can be used for the further development of technologies for measuring and monitoring the behaviour of fish in research settings in future studies.publishedVersio
Forvaltning av samlet påvirkning på natur i nord: Krav, føringer, praksis og utfordringer
Full text linkDet er mange menneskelige aktiviteter i Nord-Norge som kan påvirke tilstanden for miljø og natur i landsdelen, i tillegg til både klimaendringer og menneskelige aktiviteter utenfor landsdelen. For å beskytte og forbedre miljøet bør den samlede påvirkningen vurderes når ulike myndigheter skal treffe sine beslutninger, inkludert i ulike typer sektorforvaltning. Denne rapporten presenterer 1) en kartlegging av krav og føringer i lovverk og forvaltningsplaner om å gjøre slike vurderinger, og 2) overordnede resultater fra en spørreundersøkelse til personer i forvaltning om og hvordan slike vurderinger gjøres, og hindringer for å kunne gjøre dem. Vi identifiserer stor variasjon i sektorregelverkene sine krav om vurderinger av samlet vurdering, og varierende praksis og kunnskap om veiledere og metoder, og bruk av skjønnsmessige vurderinger.Forvaltning av samlet påvirkning på natur i nord: Krav, føringer, praksis og utfordringerpublishedVersio
Determination of collagen types and mineral contents in fish skin and collagen-containing skin-derived protein hydrolysates before and after in vitro simulated digestion
Full text linkAn in vitro digestion model was established to characterize the types of collagens in skin of cod, white fish, and salmon as well as their collagen-containing skin-derived protein hydrolysates (CSPH) before and after digestion. Moreover, the mineral content and their bioaccessibility were evaluated. Finally, the presence of heavy metals was evaluated to assess the safety of these products. The results showed that white fish protein exhibited a high digestibility, reaching up to 92%. Among the collagen products, salmon collagen had the highest digestibility (∼73%). Protein identification revealed that the emPAI of type I collagen in digested skin and CSPH was higher than that of undigested samples. In addition, raw skins had higher contents of P, K, Ca and Mg, and the mineral content of CSPH was lower than that of unprocessed skins. Among the minerals studied, Ca and Cu showed the highest bioaccessibility in raw skin cod, being 32% and 26%, respectively. The bioaccessibility of Cu in raw skin salmon was also higher (∼34%). Moreover, in CSPH, Mg, K and Cu can be easily digested and absorbed. Regarding heavy metals, As and Pb were below the respective safe limits in all raw skins and CSPH, while Hg and Cd were not detected in the fish CSPH. Fish-derived collagen has gained significant attention due to its numerous health benefits, high bioavailability, and superior sustainability compared to animal collagen. Moreover, different types of collagens offer distance roles and advantages in the body. However, there are limited reports on how collagen structure and type may change during the digestive process. This study seeks to deepen our understanding of the economic value of fish collagen, as well as the mechanisms of its absorption and digestion. By investigating processes, the research aims to provide a clearer insight into the physiological effects of fish-derived collagen, which can inform the development of tailored collagen supplementation programs based on specific health needs.publishedVersio
Towards healthy and sustainable diets in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
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Unlocking the Potential of Marine Sidestreams in the Blue Economy: Lessons Learned from the EcoeFISHent Project on Fish Collagen
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The Potential of DPSIR Framework to Develop a Holistic Picture of Arctic Industries and Livelihood—A Scoping Review
Full text linkThe Arctic and its resources are becoming a hotspot of increasing political, environmental, and social conflict. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework can be a useful tool when trying to disentangle the complex issues affecting the region and organize their fundamental components along a causal chain, thus promoting a much-needed integration between social and environmental sciences on one hand and science and policy making on the other (especially when a participatory approach is pursued). The aim of this article is to facilitate and improve future applications of the DPSIR framework in the Arctic context. This is pursued through a comprehensive literature review of the use of the DPSIR framework in the Arctic, with a focus on five of the most important economic sectors in the Arctic economy: aquaculture and fisheries, mining, forestry, tourism, and Indigenous livelihoods. In order to promote the most accurate and balanced approach to the DPSIR framework, its main criticisms and variants are also discussed. The article provides a summary of indicators used in Arctic case studies and focuses on the relevance of the framework as a tool for both local stakeholder involvement and participative policy-making processes. It also provides a general model for application of the DPSIR framework in the Arctic context and, when Arctic examples arpublishedVersio
Reducing food waste: The role of yogurt appearance and package information across consumer segments
Full text linkIn recent years, the food industry has prioritized minimizing food waste and promoting sustainability. Surface whey is a common quality defect in yogurt that can occur during storage, but it does not necessarily indicate that yogurt is unfit for consumption. This study aimed to investigate the impact of package information regarding surface whey, and yogurt appearance on consumers' willingness to consume (WTC) yogurt before and after the best-before date. First, two focus groups (n = 16) were performed to qualitatively explore consumers purchasing habits, general knowledge of quality defects in yogurts, and their behavior regarding food waste; the results were used to design a quantitative study. Norwegian consumers (n = 298) participated in an online survey. Consumers assessed their WTC, based on photos and videos of eight yogurt samples, in a conjoint test with a 3 × 2 factorial design. Results revealed that date labels and yogurt appearance significantly influence consumers' WTC yogurts, while package information had no significant effect. Consumers were segmented based on safety and quality concerns; hierarchical clustering showed two clusters. One concerned cluster, characterized by higher safety- and quality concerns, showed lower WTC yogurt past its best-before date compared to a less concerned cluster. The findings suggest that strategies to reduce food waste should prioritize encouraging companies to extend the shelf life of products and to reconsider any dates that might be overly cautious. Educating consumers about product quality beyond date labels rather than relying solely on package instructions, is also vital.publishedVersio