Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB): Sistema Eletrônico de Editoração de Revistas
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REFUTAÇÃO E EXORTAÇÃO NOS MEMORABILIA
No full textThis article aims to analyze one of the main characteristics of Socrates in Xenophon\u27s Memorabilia, the emphasis given to the role of exhortation, in comparison with refutation, in the philosopher\u27s procedure. The article seeks to articulate this characteristic with two others, the preeminence given to actions (érga), in comparison with speeches (lógoi), in the way Socrates operates, and the way Xenophon seems to understand the Socratic position regarding the mode of acquiring and maintaining virtue. To this end, at certain points the analysis of the text of the Memorabilia will be enriched with comparisons and contrasts with some of Plato\u27s dialogues. Trata-se de analisar uma das principais características de Sócrates nos Memorabilia de Xenofonte, o destaque conferido ao papel da exortação, em comparação com a refutação, no procedimento do filósofo. Procura-se articular essa característica com duas outras, a preeminência conferida às ações (érga), em comparação com os discursos (lógoi), no modo como Sócrates opera, e a maneira como Xenofonte parece entender a posição socrática a respeito do modo de aquisição e manutenção da virtude. Para isso, em alguns momentos a análise do texto dos Memorabilia será enriquecida com comparações e contrastes com alguns dos diálogos platônicos. 
EPISTEMOLOGIA DA OPINIÃO:: REINTERPRETANDO A ANALOGIA DA LINHA (REP. VI, 509d-511e) DE PLATÃO À LUZ DA NÃO VERDADE
No full textThis article reinterprets Plato’s Line Analogy (Rep. VI, 509d-511e), arguing that traditional readings overlook the absence of falsehood (ψεῦδος) and overemphasize ontological frameworks. The core distinction in the passage is between truth (ἀληθές) and non-truth (μὴ ἀληθές), where opinion (δόξα) functions as an epistemological intermediary between knowledge (ἐπιστήμη) and ignorance (ἀμαθία). Rooted in Parmenides’ tradition (frag. 2)—where ἀλήθεια and δόξα oppose without reference to falsehood—the "non-true" in the visible segment denotes ontological inauthenticity (e.g., images, copies), not propositional error. The soul (ψυχή) acts as the unifying cognitive agent: in διάνοια (discursive reason), it employs hypotheses and images to ascend toward the intelligible, while νόησις (intelligence) transcends discursivity toward the unhypothetical principle (Idea of the Good).Keywords: Plato; Line Analogy; Truth; Non-Truth; Doxa; Epistemology; Parmenides.Este artigo propõe uma reinterpretação da Analogia da Linha (Rep. VI, 509d-511e) de Platão, destacando que sua análise tradicional negligencia a ausência do conceito de falsidade (ψεῦδος) e supervaloriza leituras puramente ontológicas. Demonstra-se que a distinção central na passagem é entre verdade (ἀληθές) e não verdade (μὴ ἀληθές), vinculada à opinião (δόξα) como categoria epistemológica intermediária entre conhecimento (ἐπιστήμη) e ignorância (ἀμαθία). A pesquisa situa essa dicotomia na tradição parmenidiana (frag. 2), onde ἀλήθεια e δόξα se opõem sem menção à falsidade. No segmento visível da Analogia, o "não verdadeiro" refere-se à inautenticidade ontológica (imagens, cópias), não a juízos falsos. A alma (ψυχή) opera como agente cognitivo unificador: na διάνοια (razão discursiva), utiliza hipóteses e imagens para ascender ao inteligível, enquanto a νόησις (inteligência) transcende a discursividade rumo ao princípio não hipotético (Ideia do Bem).
Palavras-chave: Platão. Analogia da Linha. Verdade. Não-Verdade. Doxa
EROS, DESEJO E FILOSOFIA:: UMA ABORDAGEM DO DISCURSO DE SÓCRATES NO BANQUETE DE PLATÃO
No full textThe Symposium, an exemplary dialogue disseminated throughout the centuries, contains a portrait of central aspects of Platonic thought and the polyphony presented in the theater of characters who present themselves as bearers of worldviews, or worldviews that confront each other in dramaturgy and argument. In this research, which is based on a portion of my doctoral studies, I choose to present how Socrates\u27 discourse in the Symposium adopts a research model on a single theme, namely, eros, or love. It is important to consider that Socrates uses the opportunity to praise Eros to present an investigation into the nature of philosophy. This investigation is aided by the teachings of his teacher, the philosopher/priestess Diotima. The beauty of discourses is not due to the attribution of beauty to eros; on the contrary, the beauty of a discourse lies in the nature of what it is capable of achieving. Thus, Socrates seeks to develop his discourse on love based on an investigation into its nature, which makes this investigation a philosophical one. The meanings of lack and completeness are fundamental to the Socratic passage in the Symposium. It is through this component, lack, and its relationship with its opposite, that the nature of Eros is investigated. In constructing his discourse, Socrates resorts to the idea that he intends to speak truthfully, thus presenting a confrontational relationship with doxa.O Banquete, diálogo exemplarmente difundido através dos séculos, contém um retrato de aspectos centrais do pensamento platônico, e da polifonia apresentada no teatro de personagens que se apresentam como portadores de visões de mundo, ou de leituras de mundo que se colocam em confronto na dramaturgia e nos argumentos. Nesta pesquisa, que tem como base o recorte de uma parte dos meus estudos de doutorado, opto por apresentar como no Banquete o discurso de Sócrates assume um modelo de pesquisa acerca de um tema, a saber, eros ou o amor. Há que se levar em conta que Sócrates aproveita o ensejo do elogio a Eros para apresentar uma investigação sobre a natureza da filosofia. Essa investigação é auxiliada pelos ensinamentos de sua mestra, a filósofa/sacerdotisa Diotima. A beleza dos discursos não se deve à atribuição de beleza a eros, pelo contrário, a beleza de um discurso se encontra na natureza do que ele é capaz de alcançar. Assim sendo, Sócrates busca elaborar a sua fala sobre o amor a partir da constituição de uma investigação sobre a sua natureza, o que torna essa investigação uma investigação filosófica. Os sentidos de falta e completude são fundamentais para o conjunto da passagem socrática no Banquete, é a partir deste componente, a falta, e da relação com o seu oposto, que se investiga a natureza de Eros. Na construção do seu discurso, Sócrates recorre a ideia de que pretende falar com verdade, apresentando assim, uma relação de confronto com a doxa
A CRÍTICA DE HEIDEGGER AOS MÉTODOS CRÍTICO-TELEOLÓGICO, DESCRITIVO E REFLEXIVO, E RECONSTRUTIVO
No full textIn the semester following the First World War in 1919, Heidegger gave a course at the University of Freiburg entitled Die Idee der Philosophie und das Weltanschauungproblem (GA 56/57). Of the various topics covered in this course, the following stand out: (1) the problems of the relationship between philosophy and the conception of the world, (2) the critique of philosophical-scientific methodologies, (3) the problem of the presupposition of the theoretical attitude and (4) the pre-theoretical solution to the idea of philosophy as an original science. In this paper, we will look more closely at the second point and its relationship with the third and fourth points. The critique of philosophical scientific methodologies is extremely important as it is a necessary stage in the consolidation of the author\u27s hermeneutic turn.No semestre seguinte da Primeira Grande Guerra em 1919, Heidegger profere um curso na universidade de Friburgo intitulado Die Idee der Philosophie und das Weltanschauungproblem (GA 56/57). Das diversas temáticas abordadas nesse curso, destacam-se (1) os problemas da relação entre filosofia e concepção de mundo, (2) a crítica às metodologias filosóficas-científicas, (3) o problema do pressuposto da atitude teórica e (4) a solução do pré-teórico para a ideia de filosofia como ciência originária. Neste presente trabalho, iremos aprofundar o segundo ponto e sua relação com o terceiro e quarto ponto. A crítica às metodologias científicas filosóficas é de extrema relevância por ser uma etapa necessária para a consolidação da virada hermenêutica do autor
“EL SUEÑO DE LA RAZÓN PRODUCE MONSTRUOS”:: MODERNIDADE, HUMANISMO E CRÍTICA DA RAZÃO OCIDENTAL
No full textO ensaio propõe uma releitura crítica da razão moderna, a partir da ambiguidade da palavra sueño na gravura de Francisco de Goya, intitulada El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. Diferentemente da interpretação tradicional iluminista, que vê a frase como uma advertência contra a irracionalidade ou o adormecimento da razão, a leitura argumenta que o sonho da razão, entendido como projeto totalizante e civilizatório, é capaz de produzir monstruosidades ao estabelecer hierarquias entre seres humanos e justificar violências amparando-se em uma suposta racionalidade universal. À luz de perspectivas de filósofos como Descartes, Kant, Hume, Voltaire e Hegel, bem como de críticos contemporâneos como Achille Mbembe, Tessa Lacerda e Muniz Sodré, a análise discute como o Iluminismo europeu projetou uma razão ocidental hegemônica que silenciou outras formas de saber e contribuiu para diferentes opressões. O ensaio conclui que refletir criticamente sobre o legado da filosofia moderna é essencial para reconhecer tanto suas contribuições quanto suas falhas, promovendo uma abordagem filosófica que considere a diversidade de saberes, experiências e culturas, tal como Michel de Montaigne já sugeria no século XVI, ao afirmar, em seus Ensaios, que “cada ser humano carrega em si a forma integral da condição humana”
ANÁLISE DA LEVITAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA ATRAVÉS DA CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM LEVITRON ARTESANAL
No full textNeste trabalho, um levitron foi projetado e construído como uma proposta de atividade experimental para ser usada no Ensino de Física. Sua confecção foi feita a partir de materiais de baixo custo com o objetivo de apresentar aos estudantes conceitos de magnetismo de uma forma curiosa. A sua levitação consiste numa base magnética com mesmo sentido de polaridade do pião, onde a interação entre a força magnética e a força peso faz o pião levitar estavelmente sobre ela. O desafio do projeto foi fazer o levitron funcionar corretamente; para isso foi necessário entender a relação entre a estabilidade do movimento do pião, suas propriedades magnéticas e a altura necessária que o mesmo assumisse acima da base (entre 3 e 4 cm) para que isto ocorresse, o que é analisado neste trabalho. O aparato pode ser utilizado para para discutir temas como propriedades magnéticas dos materiais através de uma aplicação abordada, na prática, em sala de aula
Changes in Oral Health-Related Behaviors and Oral Health of Children in Early Childhood during Social Isolation Caused by COVID-19
Get PDFObjective: To assess changes in oral health-related behavior and oral health status in Brazilian children in early childhood perceived by their parents/caregivers during social isolation caused by COVID-19. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study with parents/caregivers of children in southeastern Brazil aged 0-5 years who responded to an online questionnaire about sociodemographic data, dietary changes, oral hygiene, and oral health status of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Of the 119 parents/caregivers, 54.60% did not observe any changes in eating habits, and 81.50% maintained their children\u27s oral hygiene. Associations were observed between the impact of the pandemic on the family income and changes in eating habits (p=0.02) and between lower family income and dental caries perceived by parents/caregivers (p=0.05). Z tests with Bonferroni correction showed that families with drastic income reduction were more likely to consume lower-cost foods (62.50%) than families with no impact or slight reduction on family income. Parents/caregivers did not identify dental caries (89.10%), toothache (92.40%), and dental trauma (92.40%) in their children. Conclusion: Parents/caregivers of children in southeastern Brazil aged 0-5 years observed behavioral changes in the dietary habits of families whose income was impacted by the pandemic, and their perception of dental caries was significantly associated with family income
The Behavior of Probable Sleep Bruxism, Anxiety and Need for Orthodontic Treatment in Adolescents
Get PDFObjective: To determine the prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment, anxiety, and probable sleep bruxism and its association in adolescents. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 294 adolescents aged between 11 and 16 years. Orthodontic treatment need was determined using the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN-DHC). Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Brazilian version of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). The probable sleep bruxism was identified based on the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) questionnaire. Descriptive data analyses were performed. Simple logistic regression models were applied between each independent variable and the outcome (anxiety score). Variables with p<0.20 in the individual (raw) analyses were studied in a multiple logistic regression model, with p≤0.05 remaining in the final model. Based on the regression models, the prevalence ratios were estimated with the respective 95% confidence intervals. Results: 68.7% of the adolescents had probable sleep bruxism, and 35.4% had a moderate or severe normative need for orthodontic treatment. Adolescents aged up to 12 years (OR=1.82; CI: 1.10-3.02), females (OR=2.67; CI: 1.64-4.34), and with a moderate or severe need for orthodontic treatment according to the IOTN-DHC (OR=1.76; CI: 1.06-2.90), are more likely to have a higher anxiety score. The prevalence of adolescents with a moderate or severe need for normative orthodontic treatment by the IOTN-DHC is 35.4% (95%CI: 29.9-40.8%), while the perceived need for treatment by the IOTN-AC is 14.0% (95%CI: 10.0-17.9%). Adolescents with a high degree of anxiety were more likely to have probable sleep bruxism (OR=3.64; CI: 1.06-12.50). Conclusion: Female adolescents up to 12 years of age and with a moderate or severe need for orthodontic treatment are more likely to have higher levels of anxiety; adolescents with a high degree of anxiety are more likely to have probable sleep bruxism
Maternal Education Level as a Risk Factor for Early Childhood Caries
Get PDFObjective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with dental caries in Brazilian preschool children aged 2 to 5 years. Material and Methods: The following independent variables were evaluated: dental caries, dental trauma, and malocclusions. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and Poisson regression (p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of dental caries in preschoolers was 55.1%. Child age, family income, maternal education, and tooth color alteration from trauma were significantly associated with dental caries (p<0.05). The final adjusted multivariate model showed a significant association between maternal education and dental caries; children of mothers with low education were 1.89 times more likely to have caries (PR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.40-2.55) (p<0.01). Children with tooth color change from trauma were more likely to have dental caries (PR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.22-2.34 (p=0.001). Conclusion: Child age, family income, maternal education, tooth discoloration and discoloration color are risk factors for the development of caries disease in children. Also, children of mothers with low educational levels have a higher chance of developing dental caries
Analysis of the Phobia of Brushing Teeth in High School Students in Palopo City, Indonesia During COVID-19
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the phobia and social anxiety of brushing their teeth among high school students in Palopo City, Indonesia, during COVID-19. Material and Methods: Social phobia was obtained with the MINI-Spin questionnaire and anxiety with the GAD-7 questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions with a Likert scale. Primary data type with logistic regression analysis. Results: The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that men are more likely to brush their teeth twice a day than women (OR=2.01; 95% CI 1.3-2.9). Subjects who reported not having social phobia were not significantly (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.6-1.4) more likely to brush their teeth twice a day than those who tended to have social phobia. Subjects who reported no significant anxiety (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-1.5) were more likely to brush their teeth twice a day than those who tended to have anxiety. Conclusion: The frequency of brushing teeth in students who do not have a relationship is more likely to brush their teeth twice a day than students who tend to have phobias and social anxiety. Regarding the relationship between brushing teeth frequency and gender criteria, there is a relationship between female students brushing their teeth twice a day more often than male students during COVID-19