Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Rootstock, scion, and microbiome contributions to cadmium mitigation in five Indonesian cocoa cultivars.
Full text linkReducing levels of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in cacao beans has become an important priority for cacao production in Indonesia. Current mitigation strategies revolve around breeding and the use of soil ameliorants, and in the future, the soil microbiome may also have the potential to reduce Cd bioavailability and uptake by cacao trees. However, there remains a need for locally specific recommendations for low-Cd-accumulating cacao cultivars and knowledge of native beneficial bacteria and fungi. In a greenhouse study using field soil supplemented with Cd, five cacao clones (MCC02, M01, S1, S2, and ICCRI 9) were grafted in a fully factorial design to the same hybrid half sibling rootstocks, plant uptake was measured before and after the addition of cadmium nitrate, and rhizosphere microbial communities were characterized. Rootstock, scion, and graft combinations all significantly affected plant Cd levels, but the ranking of clones differed between low and high Cd soils. Twenty-six bacterial taxa and one fungal taxon were associated with Cd uptake. These results highlight the continued importance of breeding as a cadmium mitigation strategy and support the potential for the soil microbiome to contribute to reducing cadmium uptake in cacao
Various roasting characteristics against alteration of antioxidant activity, amino acids content, and flavor of Java Ijen-Raung coffee beans
Full text linkThe coffee roasting keys are temperature and time. Coffee beans have many chemical and physical reactions while the roasting is running. These reactions are characterized by a pattern in the drying and development phases during coffee roasting. This study discussed how roasting affected the characteristics of coffee beans, particularly antioxidant activity and amino acids, and also tried to define the roasting process by describing each roasting phase. The study discussed these characteristics of Java Ijen arabica coffee, which has speciality coffee criteria. The roasting process can increase amino acids and antioxidant activity inside the coffee beans, but the excessive heat and longer duration of roasting can burn the amino acids. Based on this study, the highest antioxidant Activity was found in beans that had been roasted with a total roasting time under 13 minutes, started with charge temperature of 148oC, and released at 190.5oC. The beans that had been roasted with a total duration under 13 minutes, started with charge temperature of 149oC, and released at 184.8oC is the best roasting degree with the highest score on the cup test
Variability of factors influencing coffee export performance in Indonesia.
Full text linkAbstract
Empirical evidence is lacking on the nexus between coffee commodity output and commodity price volatility of developing countries especially during pandemic era. The most visible impact from an economic perspective is the change of price expectation on people's basic needs which are in line with the decline of economic growth in Indonesia. This has significant implications, particularly considering the important role of coffee in supporting the country's economy. The aim of this study is to examine the factors that influence the performance of coffee exports in Indonesia. The novelty of this study lay on the used national dataset within the range of 20 years (2000-2020) and including the pandemic effect on coffee sector performance. We examines the relationship between variables and coffee exports in Indonesia using unit root tests, cointegration analysis, and an Error Correction Model (ECM). The results show that coffee exports, total area, coffee production, coffee price, gross national income, and coffee imports have significant influences on coffee exports. The variables of total area and coffee production impact coffee exports negatively in the long term, while coffee price, gross national income, and coffee imports have mixed effects. In the short term, total area and coffee production significantly affect coffee exports, while coffee prices and gross national income show no significant impact. Coffee imports have a significant negative influence on coffee exports in the short term. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of the coffee industry in Indonesia
Sensory and physicochemical attributes of chocolate soft candy with different gelling agents.
Full text linkIndonesia is one of the cocoa-producing countries. One of the modifications of processed cocoa is chocolate soft candy. This study aimed to determine the effect of the type of gelling agent on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of chocolate soft candy. This study used a completely randomized design with one factor using several gelling agents, namely gelatin, carrageenan, and konjac, with the control being soft candy without adding the gelling agent. The analyses included texture, moisture content, ash content, reducing sugar levels, and sensory evaluation. The results showed that adding several types of gelling agents significantly affected the soft candy produced. The highest moisture content of soft candy was the treatment with 12.26% gelatin. The minor ash content added gelatin of 0.71%, and the highest reducing sugar levels added carrageenan of 10.21%. The highest value of taste and texture parameters is obtained by adding konjac soft candy
Assessing the demand and current status of agricultural mechanization in major coffee-production areas of Ethiopia
Full text linkEthiopia, the primary coffee producer in Africa and the fifth in the world is facing challenges in agricultural mechanization. The research aims to assess the status, constraints, preferences, and demand of mechanization in Ethiopia, focusing on strategies to improve smallholder access to capital-intensive inputs and bridgethe gap between mechanization and farmers’ needs. A household survey and focus group discussions were conducted on 136 random samples using a multistage procedure, with semi-structured questionnaires used to interview 81 households of small-scale and 19 households of large-scale coffee farmers. The studyfound that preferences for each operation during coffee production are based on difficulties in work drudgery, with 42.45% believing that the first energy-consuming operation is hole digging for coffee plantation and cultivation. Coffee harvesting is a highly time-sensitive operation for 49.4% of smallholder farmers, with handtools being the main implement dominantly used for weeding. Poor harvesting practices reduce the quality of coffee during processing, and some unions have two or more wet mills using old machinery. The main challenges for low mechanization in Ethiopia include difficult topography, fragmented land, a lack of manpower,lack of awareness of technology, weak linkages of coffee mechanization channels, high technology costs, a shortage of running budgets, and a weak support system of cooperatives and unions. Experts suggest that capacity building on extension systems is the best way to facilitate the extension system of coffee mechanization technology. Assessments of technology manufacturers, machine assemblers, maintenance service providers, and importers were conducted in Harar, Hawassa, Jimma, Bonga, and Addis Ababa cities. Challenges include a lack of enabling laws and incentives to facilitate business start-ups. Importation of small-scale enginedriven equipment is an additional means to meet demand in some cooperativesand may provide farmers with an alternative source of cheaper machinery. Ethiopian academics and higher education institutions are essential players in exploring mechanization options, and public and private sectors, including cooperatives and farmer organizations, need to have a clear understanding of their respectiveresponsibilities and areas for collaboration. 
Application of Coconut Shell Biochar and Rhizobacteria Consortium to Increase Cocoa Production (Theobroma cacao L.)
No full textThe decline in Indonesia’s cocoa production as a result of soil fertility degra dation causes fertilization to become one of effective effects. Because of that, it is possible to restore soil fertility potential by using soil fertility enhancer biochar combined with rhizobacteria consortium to create suitable conditions for plant.This research was aimed to study and investigate coconut shell biochar interacts with rhizobacteria in increasing cocoa production. This research was conducted at Kodeoha, North Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi from September 2022 until March 2023. A split plot design with three replications each consisted of two experimental units was used as an experimental design. Biochar dosage as the main plot consisted of four levels, namely 0 ton ha-1 (control), 2.5 ton ha-1, 5 ton ha-1, and 7.5 ton ha-1 and rhizobacteria concentration as the sub plots consisted offour levels, namely 0 mL L-1, 50 mL L-1, 100 mL L-1, and 150 mL L-1. Results of this research showed a significant interaction between biochar 5 tons ha-1 and rhizobacteria 100 mL L-1 which provide best result for chlorophyll a (336 μmol m-2), chlorophyll b (150 μmol m-2), and total chlorophyll (484 μmol m-2). The interaction between biochar 5 tons ha-1 and rhizobacteria 150 mL L-1 showed the best results for number of harvested pods per tree (10.00 pods), bean weight per tree (606 g trees-1), stomata opening area (31 μm2). The interaction between biochar 7.5 tons ha-1 and rhizobacteria 150 mL L-1 showed the best results on the weight of 100 dry beans at water content 8% (159.03 g
Structure and labor use pattern among cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria
Full text linkHuman labour is about the only main source of labour available to smallholder farmers in Nigeria. Smallholder farmers contribute over 85% of domestic agricultural output in Nigeria, hence, human labour accounts for the domestic food supply in Nigeria. Therefore, the need to continue supplying food for the ever-growing Nigerian population anchors on human labour productivity. In Nigerian agriculture, hired labour is predominantly used. Human labour plays a very significant role in agricultural development, especially in developing countries where technological development is still very low. In view of the importance of labour in agricultural production, this study was designed to investigate the structure and use pattern of farm labour in the study area. The study was carried out in Ondo state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 160 farmers. After sorting for missing data, 144 cocoa farmers’ data were used for analysis in this study. Seventy-five percent of the total
respondents were above 50 years of age and about 25.01% of the total respondents were 50 years and below. The majority (79.17%) of the farmers were men. Also, 75.07% of the respondents had a formal level of education. In the study contract type of labour is majorly used for most activities in cocoa farming while cooperative labour was seldom used. Activities such as land clearing (75.0%), planting (83.32%), weeding (95.83%), application of chemicals (91.67%), removal of mistletoes (87.50%), harvesting of cocoa pods (87.50%), conveyance of cocoa pods to the pod breaking point (95.83%), breaking of cocoa pods (100%) and conveyance of cocoa beans to the point of fermentation (88.33%) were majorly carried out by contract labour. Male labour was mostly utilized for all the activities as indicated by most farmers. Female labour was sparingly utilized for some activities such as land clearing (8.33%), planting (0%), application of chemicals (8.33%), spraying of chemicals (4.17%), removal of mistletoes (0%) and harvesting of cocoa pods (12.5%). The study recommended that funds should be made available to farmers to engage in contract labour and also there should be the need to use equipment and machinery to reduce drudgery
Stability analysis of fat and polyphenol content of five cocoa clones grown in different environment in Indonesia.
Full text linkFat and polyphenols are functional compounds in cocoa beans that determine product quality and are highly influenced by environmental factors. Informationregarding the stability of the character of the polyphenol and fat content of the cocoa plant is still limited, therefore it needs further study. This study aimed todetermine the stability of fat and polyphenol content in several cocoa clones at three different growing locations. The study used a nested design with a randomized block design with field design consisting of five cocoa clones, three different growing locations and each combnation treatment was repeated three times. The cocoa clones used were ICCRI 09, MCC 02, Sulawesi 1, KW 516, and KW 562, planted in three different growing locations namely, Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, East Java; Sekampung Udik, East Lampung, Lampung; and Harapan Jaya, Pesawaran, Lampung. The combined analysis of variance indicated that there was a genetic interaction with the environment for the character of fat and polyphenol content. Based on the stability analysis, it is known that all cocoa clones fall into the stable category according to the concept of static stability. Furthermore, based on addtive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, the clones that can be recommended for Jember, East Lampung and Pesawaran locations for the character of fat content are clone KW 516, while for the characters of high and stable polyphenol levels at the three locations are clones MCC 02, KW 516, and KW 562. In addition, the most recommended clone based on fat content at Jember was the MCC 02 clone, KW 562 at East Lampung, and KW 516 clone at Pesawaran. The existence of the phenomenon of genetic interaction and the growing environment for the characters of fat and polyphenols in cocoa plants provides important information, especially in considering the development of cocoa for specific purposes, namely parameters of fat and polyphenols
Growth of Two Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Planting Materials on Three Growing Media Composition
Full text linkSeed growth and uniformity are keys in producing high quality and yield of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Plant growth is influenced by internal factors (genetics)and external factors, including planting media. This study aimed to determine the effect of cocoa planting material types and planting media of cocoa seedlings.The research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia, using a split-plot group randomized design. The main plot was the planting media consisting of topsoil, topsoil and rice husk, and topsoil and manure. The subplots consisted of two types of cocoa planting material: hybrid seeds ICCRI 08H and half-sib Sulawesi 1. Each treatment was replicated three times. The results showed that the media influenced on seedling growth uniformity, plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves. Genetic factors affect plant height and stem diameter. The interaction of media and the type of planting material affect the stem diameter and number of leaves. Cocoa seedling growth with the best plant height and stem diameter was shown in topsoil and manure media, while the response to the number of lleaves showed differences between ages and planting media used. ICCRI 08H hybrid cocoa planting material showed the highest plant height and stem diameter compared to Sulawesi 1 half-si
Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Three Arabica Coffee Varieties at Four Seed Soaking Water Temperatures
Full text linkIt takes three weeks to analyze the germination percentage of Arabica coffee seeds germinated using paper and a three-day water-soaking method. This 3- week period is considered too long for seed distribution to remote areas. Thus, we need to modify this germination test needs to be modified to have a shorter test time. Temperature treatment is one method to break the seed dormancy period for faster germination. This study aimed to obtain a faster and more precise method of germination test on Arabica coffee seeds. This study employed a 3 x 4 factorial complete randomized block design with three replications in which Arabica coffee varieties of Gayo-1, Kartika-1, and Sigararutang as the first factor and the temperature of the soaking water of the seeds (25 0C, 50 0C, 75 0C, and 90 0C) as the second factor. The research was conducted at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), for four months. Findings showed that the interaction between treatments was only found in seed germination percentage. Soaking in room temperature water (control) for three days was better than using water at 50 0C, 75 0C, and 90 0C on the germination percentage, sprout length, and vigor index. Observations of Arabica seed germination could be shortened to 14 days compared to the standard 21-day observation. During the seedling phase, the shoot growth and root growth of the Arabica coffee seeds soaked in water at 50 0C showed no significant difference from the control. Soaking at 75 0C and 90 0C damaged the embryo and resulted in rotten seeds. Different varieties led to different germination percentages, sprout lengths, and fresh weight of seedling shoots. The method of soaking at 50 0C for 30 minutes could be used as an alternative in germination test of Arabica coffee seeds because it showed small negative effect on germinated seed and seedling quality but it shorten thetesting time for three days