Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Callus formation of Coffea canephora induced with 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and tomato extract supplements
Full text linkRobusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is Indonesia's essential leading trade commodity. Robusta coffee is preferred for its bitter taste. However, robusta coffee productivity decreased due to bad agriculture practice. Tissue culture is an alternative to cultivation with various advantages. The plant growth regulators (PGRs) influence tissue culture’s success. Due to its stability, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid has become a common synthetic PGRs. PGRs can be obtained from natural ingredients, such as tomatoes. This study aimed to analyze the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and tomato extract addition and its appropriate concentration for callus induction of robusta coffee in vitro. This research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University. This study used a Complete Randomized Design with two factors. The first factor was the concentration of tomato extract (0%; 7.5%; 10%; and 12.5%). Meanwhile, the second factor was the concentration of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0 ppm; 1 ppm; 2 ppm; and 3 ppm). Observation parameters include the percentage of callus formation, callus growing time, callus fresh weight, callus color, and callus texture. The quantitative data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney Test to compare the effect of each treatment. The results showed that among other treatment combinations, treatment with the addition of 2 ppm 2,4-D and 10% tomato extract (T2D2) and treatment with the addition of 3 ppm 2,4-D and 10% tomato extract (T2D3) had the best effect in inducing the callus of robusta coffee
Cocoa agroforestry systems and yield dynamics within the Offinso Municipality of Ghana.
Full text linkCocoa production remains an important player in Ghana’s economy. Over the years, there has been a shift from the traditional cocoa agroforestry system to full-sun cocoa production. Due to extreme exposure to high temperatures, sunlight and drought, the photosynthetic mechanism of cocoa is altered, reducing yield.Cocoa agroforestry provides economic, social, and ecological benefits and plays subsistence functions such food and fuelwood. The study was carried out to assess cocoa agroforestry systems based on shade and its effect on yield in the Offinso Municipality of Ghana. The study aimed to identify the types of cocoa agroforestry systems based on shade, determine the factors affecting cocoa agroforestry systems and assess the impact of shade regime on cocoa yield in the municipality. Purposively cocoa farmers were randomly and were adminis-tered with questionnaires. The study revealed that farmers in the Offinso Municipality practice all types of cocoa agroforestry systems (full sun, low shade, medium shade, and heavy shade). The cultivation of cocoa under medium shade (15–18 trees ha-1) proved to be beneficial and essential for the long-term production ofcocoa. The medium-shade cocoa recorded a higher average yield of 1576 kg ha-1. Six common shade trees identified include Terminalia superba (ofram), Ricinodendron heudelotii (wawa) and Chlorophora excelsa (odum). Some challenges faced as a result of practicing the cocoa agroforestry system were pest infestationand diseases such as that of the black pod. Cocoa agroforestry still holds the key to sustainable future outputs in cocoa production as it drives the realization of SDG goal 13 (climate action). There is therefore the need to educate farmers on managing their farms with trees for optimum ecological and economic benefits. 
Establishment of an efficient primary callus induction for embryogenic potential of Coffea arabica
Full text linkCoffea arabica L. is a species of coffee that contribute for more than seventy percent of world coffee production. Various attempts have been made to obtain large quantities of planting material through propagation in vitro somatic embryogenesis technology. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on callus induction (indirect somatic embryogenesis) in AS2K clone of Arabica coffee. Mother plants of Arabica coffee were established in coffee experimental field of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute at Andung Sari, Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia (-7Ëš55'' ' S, 113Ëš41'' ' E) at an altitude of 1380,1 m dpl. Leaf explants were cultured on a half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentration (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/L) of 2,4-D and (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/L) thidiazuron in combination with 1.0 mg/L BAP. All the experiments were organized in completely random design (CDR) and repeated three times, each using minimum seven replicates (a total of 21 explants per treatment). The morphologycal and histological analysis of the different types of callus were observed. The percentage of callus formation was recorded every two weeks until eight weeks. The highest percentage of callus formation (almost 60%) was in medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D dan 1 mg/L BAP. Morphological and histological studies prove that the callus has a friable and embryogenic texture and begins to develop various stages of somatic embryo formation, starting with the globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary phases
Architecture of Cocoa Genotypes in Colombia as Affected by Bud Type, Grafting Technique, and Pruning
Full text linkOrganization of plant aerial parts and root distribution, environmental conditions such as light, temperature, humidity and agronomic practices (grafting and pruning) influences the final architecture of the plant. Most of cocoa plantations in Colombia belong to the plagiotropic type that emit branches and suckers in a disorderly way, which leads to an unbalanced development, this makes it difficult to manage. To search for cocoa plants with better architecture, we evaluated the effect of the type of the bud (orthotropic and plagiotropic), the grafting techniques (approximation and patch grafting) and pruning (structural and conventional) on ICS 95 and CCN 51 clones. The monitoring was carried out at an open greenhouse and field. Plants obtained from orthotropic buds and approximation grafting had lower bifurcation angles, 42% more leaves and 50% more branches. The structural pruning had a positive influence on the architectural variables, which presenteda higher conversion (8.68%) of fresh weight of cocoa pod into dry weight of cocoa beans, meanwhile CCN 51 trees showed a higher conversion (9.76%) compared to ICS 95 (7.34%). CCN 51 had the highest bean index (1.30) and the lowest pod index (22.0). This study demonstrated that structural pruning improved bean indexand pod index. We concluded that for CCN 51 by approximation grafting technique is a good alternative for a tropical dry forest, as its production between 1995 and 2277 kg of dry cocoa beans ha-1 year-1
Absorption of Cadmium and its Effect on the Growth of Halfsib Family of Three Cocoa Clones Seedling
Full text linkThe issue of cadmium in cocoa beans has become one of the primary considerations in setting quality criteria in chocolate-consuming countries. Using rootstock genotypes that are tolerant to cadmium uptake can provide data on the absorption of cadmium into shoots for recovery. This study examined cocoa plants’ growth and physiological response to cadmium (Cd) accumulation. The research was carried out using polybags in the Greenhouse of the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center using a half-sib family of cocoa aged 4 months after sowing. The study was designed using a completely randomized split-plot design with 3 replications. The parent plots were the half-sib families of Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and Scavina 6. The subplots were added with cadmium solution at 0 (control), 2, 4, and 8 ppm. The results showed that adding cadmium up to 8 ppm did not affect the growth and biomass of cocoa seedlings; however, it had a negative effect on plant physiological processes of the net assimilation rate and relative growth rate. Cadmium content in the tissue increased with increasing cadmium concentration in the growing medium. The accumulation of cadmium in roots was higher than that of shoots. Absorption of cadmium in the root tissue of Sulawesi 1 was higher than that of Scavina 6 and Sulawesi 2; genetic factors did not affect cadmium uptake in the shoots. There was a positive correlation between root dry weight and cadmium concentration in the tissue; the higher the dry weight of the root tissue, the higher the cadmium uptake in plants
Antioxidant Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk Powder as Affected by Slicing and Oven-Drying
Full text linkCocoa pod husk (CPH) represents an underutilized by-product of the cocoa commodity. Their utilization has been hindered by their bulkiness, high processingcost and their limited use as food ingredients. A functional and effective processing method is needed to fully optimize this commodity. This study evaluated theeffect of slicing and oven-drying treatment on the antioxidant properties of cocoa pod husk powder. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to contour-plot the drying rate, and antioxidative properties of CPH as the effect of different treatments. A central composited design consisting of three levels of drying temperature (55, 65, and 75°C) and three levels of slice thickness (1, 2, and 3 mm) was used in triplicate. The results showed that this technique could produce CPH powder with a light-brown appearance. Drying at 51-55°C with 1-3 mm thickness produced CPH powder with high antioxidative properties. A quick-drying method with a maximum temperature of 65°C and slice thickness of 0.6 mm could also produce CPH powder with high antioxidative properties. Principal component analysis showed that 65°C might be the maximum drying temperature limit to obtain CPH powder with high phenolic. Drying method used in this study enhanced the potential of CPH powder for food ingredient due to its good appearance and high phenolics characteristic
Growth and Plant Architecture of Several Introduced Coffea canephora Clones Under Different Shade Levels
Full text linkIntroducing superior plants is one of the efforts to increase coffee produc- tivity in Indonesia. Three clones from France de Torino (FRT), FRT 07, FRT 09, and FRT 65, have been introduced to Indonesia. However, their cultivation is not widely distributed yet. Analysis of the responses of FRT clones against differences in climate and cultivation is needed to determine the right cultivation system to produce maximum growth and productivity. This study examines the vegetative growth of FRT clones introduced at some levels of shade. The study employed a split-plot design with 36 experimental units. The primary factor was the levels of shade consisting: without shade, 25% of shade, 50% of shade, and 100% of shade. The three introduced FRT clones (FRT 07, FRT 09, and FRT 65) were used as the subplot. Observations were done on several growth variables. The results showed that shade treatment affected all growth parameters and plant architecture. Clones significiantly affected plant height, orthotropic internode length, number of leaves, and average leaf area. Increased levels of shade caused an increase in internode length, branch angle, and crown diameter but decrease in number of internodes and leaves. A low level of shade (25%) produced an optimal value on parameters related to the productivity of FRT coffee plants, such as the number of plagiotropic internodes and the number of leaves. Parameters related to vegetative growth, such as plant height, stem diameter, and internode length, showed optimal values in a moderate level of shade (50%). Treatment without shade and a heavy shade resulted in impaired growth of FRT coffee. There was no interaction between levels of shade and clone treatment on most of the variables related to plant morphology, which indicated that the three introduced FRT clones gave relatively similar response to shade; thus, the three clones can be managed with the same shade management
Frequency distribution and potence ratio of agronomic traits in F1 generation of intraspecific crosses of Robusta coffee.
Full text linkLeaf morphological traits and internode length significantly affect the adapt-ability and production of coffee plants, respectively. Therefore, genetic studies of these two characters can support the effectiveness of Robusta coffee breeding program for obtaining superior planting materials. This study aimed to determine the diversity and frequency distribution of F1 generation on internode length and leaf size of Robusta coffee crosses. The study involved six groups of F1 progeny and their reciprocals (F1R) resulted from a cross of three parents, namely BP 961, Q 121, and BP 409. Each cross combination was planted with 41–49 progenies singly side by side in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, Indonesia. The observed traits were internode length and leaf size. Analysis results of progeny variation distribution showed that most of the F1 and F1R progenies from intraspecific Robusta crosses had shorter branches than both parents in all combinations of crosses, even in BP 961 × BP 409 crosses. In addition, all F1 and F1R progenies had shorter internodes than both parents. More than 50% of the progeny of Q 121 × BP 409 and BP 961 × BP 409 crosses showed leaf length trait between parents. This indicates the absence of dominance of one parent in the progeny. Less than 20.9% of the progeny had a narrower leaf size than Q 121 parent. Most of the F1 and F1R crosses had a leaf width between both parents. The leaf length and leaf width traits were incomplete dominance or recessive, while the internodelength was overdominant. 
Analysis of Cocoa Clonal Seedlings Purity Through Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Barcoding and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Fingerprinting
Full text linkThe genetic purity of a plant indicates the similarity properties between seedlings in the field and the description of the plant in the database. Identifying plant purity through a morphological approach has several drawbacks, including time efficiency and environmental factors, and the diversity is limited and inconsistent. This condition encourages the development of detection methods using DNA molecular markers. Plant identification through fingerprinting or the use of molecular markers has not been widely carried out on a commercial scale, considering the investment costs for this analysis are still quite expensive. Another method used for plant identification through DNA Barcoding by comparing variations between DNA sequences. The primers used to identify barcodes on cocoa were derived from the chloroplast genome, including rbcL and matK. This research aims to see the consistency of the rbcL primer when applied to other cocoa clones, and the analysis of the polymorphic diversity of each cocoa clone using DNA fingerprinting RAPD. This method will be tested on clones of Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, ICCRI 03, and ICCRI 09, which were propagated by SE and mother plants in the field using cocoa leaf samples. The stages include DNA extraction, sequencing, and analysis of the sequencing results. The results of seedlings uniformity analysis using DNA barcoding on cocoa plants produced from in vitro propagation showed that the multiplied seeds did not show any difference in sequence with the parent plant (DR2, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and ICCRI 09). The analysis of the diversity of cocoa clones DR 2, MCC 2, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and ICCRI 09 through DNA Fingerprinting RAPD showed that the OPA 15 primer produced a more apparent polymorphic band than the other three primers (OPP 08, OPW 11, and M 29)
Sensory Profile of Cocoa Powder Using Analytical Hierarchy Process
Full text linkCocoa powder comes with various attributes in its taste affecting consumer acceptance. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach can be used to identify the effect of each attribute on the sensory profile of cocoa powder. This present study used the AHP approach to determine the degree of importance of sensory attributes on several types of cocoa powder and find the type with the best sensory profile. Cocoa powder comes from cocoa beans made through fermentation and non-fermentation process. In addition, we used non-fermented cocoa powder treated with water and incubated at 45oC for 4, 8, and 16 hours later named as incubated cocoa powder. Then, the sensory attributes of fermented cocoa powder were used as the reference in assessing the sensory profile of incubated cocoa powder, including the one going through the treatment. The sensory analysis performed by trained panelists revealed 11 attributes that made up the flavor profile of cocoa powder. Of these 11 attributes, only 4 were considered primary attributes with a high degree of importance, including chocolate (23.7%), sweet (19.9%), caramel (11.8%), and nutty (10.9%). Other attributes had a lower degree of importance, including creamy (7.4%), fruity (6.5%), green (5.4%), flowery (4.8%), astringent (4.5%), bitter (3.1%), and acid (2.2%). AHP also ranked the incubated cocoa powder based on the similarity of the flavor profile with fermented cocoa powder. Nonfermented cocoa powder without treatments fell into the lowest rank, while nonfermented cocoa powder with treatments fell into a higher category in the following order: 8 hours > 16 hours > 4 hours. To summarize, AHP can be used in decisionmaking affected by many factors. AHP has been proven effective in determining the sensory profile of cocoa powder, especially in choosing the attribute withthe highest effect. In addition, AHP helps determine the best treatment for incubated cocoa powder to produce the most similar sensory profile to fermented cocoa powder