Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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The Effect of Melatonin Application and Watering Frequency on the Growth of Cocoa Seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.)
Full text linkWatering is one of the keys to cocoa plant growth, where proper watering enhances plant development, while infrequent watering can lead to drought stress. Melatonin can help mitigate the negative impacts caused by drought stress. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates various physiological processes and is believed to enhance plant tolerance to stress while stimulating growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of melatonin application on the growth of cocoa seedlings under different watering frequency. The study was arranged by randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, consisting of two factors with three replications. The main plot represents watering frequency of 3 days, 6 days, and 9 days. The subplot represented melatonin concentrations of 0 ?M, 50 ?M, 100 ?M, and 150 ?M. Observational parameters included plant growth based on plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf area, as well as plant dry weight based on the dry weight of the shoot, roots, and total plant. The results showed that at the 3-day irrigation frequency, melatonin concentrations of 50-100 ?M enhanced plant growth parameters including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, as well as shoot dry weight and total plant dry weight. At the 6-day frequency, melatonin application up to 150 ?M reduced growth and had no effect on total plant dry weight, but increased root dry weight. At the 9-day irrigation frequency with application of 150 ?M melatonin improved all growth parameters and total plant dry weight. Therefore, melatonin can enhance drought tolerance and promote plant growth under limited irrigation conditions
The The Utilization of Cocoa Pod Husk-Based Compost Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrient Uptake of Coffee Plants
No full textSustainable waste management and the preservation of soil health represent critical challenges in intensive coffee and cocoa plantation. Composting offers an effective approach for sustainable waste management by enhancing soil health, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) optimize nutrient uptake (NU) efficiencyin coffee plants. This research aimed to investigate the effect of cocoa pod huskbased compost inoculated with AMF on soil chemical properties and NU in coffee plants. This research employed a completely randomized design with two factors. Factor I consisted of three compost doses: K0 (no compost), K1 (15% compost,w/w), and K2 (30% compost, w/w). Factor II comprised three levels of AMF: F0 (no AMF), F1 (15 g polybag-1 ), and F2 (30 g polybag -1 ). Compost application significantly enhanced soil nutrient levels of N, P, K, C-organic, and CEC, as well as improved the uptake of N, P, and K by coffee plants. Similarly, AMF significantly increased soil P levels and P uptake by coffee plants. The combined application of compost and AMF further contributed to an increase in soil P availability. The K1F1 treatment (15% compost and 15 g AMF polybag -1 ) was the most effective in optimizing nutrient turnover, as indicated by the highest uptake of N (33.48 g plant -1) and P (1.37 g plant -1), which contributed to enhance plant performance. According to nutrient availability classification, this treatment supplied sufficient soil N (0.36%) and soil organic C (SOC) (2.54%). However, excessive N and SOC induces antagonistic interactions, compromising the efficient uptake of P and K, while deficiencies constrain overall nutrient acquisition. 
Cocoa Farming and Illegal Mining: Farmers’ Perception on the Livelihood Impacts in the Obuasi, Juabeso, and Amansie West Districts of Ghana.
Full text linkCocoa and gold are vital contributors to Ghana’s GDP, with many cocoagrowing communities also serving as hotspots for illegal small-scale mining. This study investigated cocoa farmers’ perceptions of the impact of illegal mining on their livelihoods in three districts where both activities coexist. Data was collectedfrom 180 purposively selected cocoa farmers using questionnaires. The findings revealed that illegal mining poses significant challenges, including water pollution, land degradation, cocoa tree mortality, and reduced yields, leading to income losses for farmers. Uncovered mining pits also contribute to health risks suchas mosquito-borne diseases. Key drivers of illegal mining include unemployment, poverty, and quick financial gains from illegal mining activities. The study recommends increased environmental education by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in collaboration with the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources to raise awareness among cocoa farmers and mining communities about the adverse effects of illegal small-scale mining on cocoa production and the environment
The Surge in Indonesian Robusta Coffee Price: The Interaction of Substitute Commodity Prices and Exchange Rates on Robusta Price Behavior
Full text linkPrimary commodity price trends frequently exhibit co-movement patterns, demonstrating similar fluctuations. The surge in substitute commodity prices, such as Arabica coffee and cocoa, in both Indonesian and global markets has positively impacted the increasing price of Indonesian Robusta coffee. This study explored the factors driving the surge in Indonesian Robusta coffee price, particularly the co-movement of substitute commodity prices and exchange rates, and how these elements influence Indonesian Robusta coffee price behavior. Utilizing time series data from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2024, the research applied the ARDL-ECM approach to estimate the cointegration relationships among the variables. The results revealed that lagged Indonesian Robusta prices, world Robusta price, Indonesian Arabica price, lagged world Arabica price, London cocoa price, and the Rupiah exchange rate significantly affected Indonesian Robusta price at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance level, both in the long and short run. Furthermore, the study identified a bidirectional causality between Indonesian Robusta coffee price and three independent variables: New York, London, and cocoa indicator prices. In contrast, Arabica prices, rubber prices, and exchange rates showed no causality with the Indonesian Robusta coffee price. The analysis also indicated that price co-movement was only reflected among related commodities, while no such relationship was found for unrelated commodities. The upward trend in world Robusta price, Indonesian Arabica price, world Arabica price, and world cocoa prices can be interpreted as indicators of a flourishing agricultural primary commodity market, which may subsequently drive up Robusta coffee prices in the domestic market
The Effect of Botanical Nutrients Enriched with Trichoderma sp. on the Growth of Cocoa Seed Radicles (Theobroma cacao L.)
Full text linkCocoa (Theobroma cacao L) is a plant that is widely cultivated by the Indonesian people. Many cocoa farmers experience crop failure due to pests and diseases. One effort that can be made to reduce this problem is to create high-quality cocoa seeds that are able to survive when attacked by pests and diseases. This study aims to investigate the effect of adding nutrients in the form of biosaka and Trichoderma sp. to cocoa seed soaking water on radicle length. The biosaka treatment used three different formulas: A: control, B: formula 1 (a mixture of weeds and water shoots in a 1:1 ratio), B: formula 2 (a mixture of weeds and water shoots in a 2:1 ratio), and C: formula 3 (a mixture of weeds and water shoots in a 1:2 ratio). Each biosaka solution was mixed with Trichoderma sp. at a dilution of 10-1, and the treatment was repeated three times, with three cocoa seeds in each replicate. The results obtained indicate that the best biosaka formula for cocoa seed radicle length, spore count, and spore density of Trichoderma sp. is the biosaka with a weed and water sprout ratio of 2:1 mixed with Trichoderma sp. at a dilution of 10 L
The Eco-Efficiency Level Analysis at Various Scales of Robusta Coffee Production of Argopuro Mountain, Jember, Indonesia, Based on Life Cycle Assessment.
No full textGround coffee is one of the high value added downstream coffee products that can be developed to increase the income of coffee processors. However, there are concerns about the increasing environmental impact of the downstream process into ground coffee, so it is necessary to evaluate the impact from environmental and economic aspects. The Argopuro robusta coffee processing business in Jember Regency is trying to be developed towards downstream products to increase the income of coffee farmers. Of course the negative impact on the environment must be considered. The aim of this research are first, to determine the environmental impacts that occur in the robusta ground coffee production process; second, to determine the level of eco-efficiency of the robusta ground coffee production process; and third, knowing how to compare the environmental impact and level of eco-efficiency at various scales of ground coffee production. The method used is life cycle assessment (LCA) with a scope from caring for coffee plants to delivering coffee products to consumers. The impact measured is for every one hectare of harvest. The research sample is a Argopuro robusta coffee processing unit that produces green beans and ground coffee. The higher the scale of ground coffee production, the higher the CO2 eq emissions. However, the added value is also getting higher. Eco-efficiency calculations show that if the coffee harvest (6 tons/ha) is converted all into ground coffee, it produces emissions of 1086 Kg CO2eq and a profit of 144.1 million with an eco-efficiency index value of 97.42 and is included in the classified as affordable and sustainable. This value does not differ if the ground coffee conversion scale is 20% or 50%. This indicates that the conversion of ground coffee to maximum scale in robusta coffee processing businesses is still considered environmentally sustainable.
 
Adoption of Cocoa Rehabilitation Techniques among Cocoa Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Full text linkThe study assessed the adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques (CRTs) by cocoa producers in Ido and Oluyole Local Government Areas Oyo State, Nigeria. Respondents for the study were 97, chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique. T-test, mean statistics, and percentages were used for data analysis. The study’s findings showed the mean age of cocoa farmers to be 55 years and the mean for farming experience was 20.9 years. It further revealed, that though there was a low adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques (x ̅=1.72), there was a significant difference in the annual output of cocoa before (x ̅=211.83kg) and after (x ̅=605.24kg) adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques with a p-value= 0.021.The most used techniques were planting cocoa under trees (x ̅=3.63) and complete replacement of old cocoa farms (x ̅=2.10). It also revealed scarcity of improved cocoa varieties (x ̅=4.70) and inadequate capital (x ̅=4.62) were the major constraints to cocoa rehabilitation. It was therefore recommended that cocoa rehabilitation efforts should be intensified while ensuring adequate availability of improved cocoa varieties and capital for the acquisition of necessary inputs
Market Structure and Competition of Indonesian Cocoa Beans Exports in the Malaysian Market
Full text linkIndonesian cocoa is leading commodity that is able to export to other countries such as Malaysia. Exporting countries compete with each other for the Malaysian market, even though world demand for cocoa beans continues to increase. The study aims to identify the competitive position, elasticity, and market structure of Indonesian cocoa beans and exporting countries in the Malaysian market. The research data source is secondary from ITC Trade Map, from January 2017 to December 2023. The variables used are the value and quantity of cocoa bean exports from 8 exporting countries in Malaysia. The analytical used are Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) approach to determine level of competition and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CR) analyses to see market structure. The results of the HHI show that cocoa bean exports in the Malaysian have a high degree of market concentration, with CR4 reaching 71% and CR8 reaching 91%. The AIDS results that expenditure elasticity is negative, indicating that Indonesian cocoa beans are inferior good. The elasticity itself is negative, indicating that Indonesian cocoa beans are inelastic. Cross price elasticity, Indonesia has substitution relationship with Ecuador, Ghana, and Cameroon, and complementary relationship with Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Papua NG, and Uganda
Physical Characteristic and Sensory Profile of Lampung Robusta Coffee at Various Roasting Degree
Full text linkLampung Robusta coffee is one of the valuable commodities in Indonesia. It also has a critical role in the national and international coffee trade. Numerous studies have explored the roasting process and its impact on coffee quality, highlighting its importance in determining physical and sensory attributes. This study investigates Lampung Robusta coffee's physical and sensory changes subjected to varying roasting degrees, including City roast (Light to medium roast), Full City roast (Medium roast), and Italian roast (Dark roast). The findings show that roasting levels significantly affect moisture content, colour, bulk density, total dissolved solids (TDS), Brix, and pH, with p-values <0.05. Sensory analysis shows that each roasting degree creates different sensory profiles, especially aroma. City roast has nutty aromas, Full City roast has floral, smokey, and earthy aromas, while Italian roast has chocolate and spices aroma. These attributes differ from ideal coffee attributes with herbal, caramel, and fruity aromas. The ideal product also described has a sweet taste, medium body, acidic aftertaste, and sweet aftertaste. These results provide a valuable reference for optimizing Lampung Robusta coffee's roasting process and product development to achieve consumer-preferred characteristics
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Across Different Agroforestry Systems in Coffee-Based Land Use: A Case Study in Malang, Indonesia
Full text linkAgroforestry systems have garnered significant attention for their potential in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, particularly in coffee plantations. The different shading conditions not only diversifies production but also plays a crucial role in soil health and carbon sequestration. The study aimed to investigate the SOC stocks under various coffee-based agroforestry systems. Four different shading conditions have been examined, namely: A (unshaded), B (Leucaena leucocephala shade), C (Pinus sp. shade), and D (complex agroforestry). The results were analyzed descriptively by comparing the influence of varying shading conditions in enhancing SOC stocks. The results indicated that complex agroforestry had the highest SOC (1.33%), followed by L. leucocephala shade (1.20%), unshaded (1.02%), and Pinus sp. shade (0.96%). In the complexagroforestry system, the diversification of plant species increases soil organic matter (SOM) and root biomass, thus improve SOC. Meanwhile, the Pinus sp. shade exhibited the lowest SOC due to the lower quality of its resistant litter. The complex agroforestry also recorded the highest SOC stocks (42.7 t C ha -1), followed by unshaded (39.9 t C ha -1), L. leucocephala shade (38.3 t C ha -1), and Pinus sp. shade (30.5 t C ha-1). The SOC stocks in the unshaded system exceeded those under L. leucocephala shade due to higher bulk density resulting from the absence of complex root systems. Moreover, the complex agroforestry exhibited elevated levels of soil N, P, K, and CEC. These findings implied that complex agroforestry system represents a multifaceted approach to enhance SOC stocks and soil health in coffee plantation