Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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The Growth Enhancement in Three Arabica Coffee Clones by Frequent Watering in Seedling Stage
No full textCoffee cultivation in Indonesia generally only relies on rainfall as a source of water. Drought that occurs in the dry season inhibits growth, reduces yields, and even death of plants. Not all plants are equally resistant to drought conditions. Drought-resistant coffee clones usually develop several resistance mechanisms, including the formation of specific compounds to protect cells and tissues from damage caused by drought stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of watering interval on the seedling growth of three clones of Arabica coffee. This study used applying intervals of watering every two, four and six days as first factor and three Arabica coffee clones as second factor, namely Andungsari 2K, S 795, and Andungsari 1. The experimental design used a factorial completely randomized design where every treatment combination had three replications. This study on Arabica coffee nursery lasted for three months. Results obtained in this study demonstrated that combination of watering every four and six days on Andungsari 2K clone had the best values on several observed variables. Number of stomata, leaf thickness, fresh root weight, and root dry weight were larger for watering every six days on the Andungsari 2K clone, meanwhile leaf number, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaves were larger for watering every four days on Andungsari 2K clone. This study showed that there was an interaction between watering intervals and Arabica coffee clones on plant growth. Treatment combination of watering every six and four days on Andungsari 2K clone significantly affect number of stomata, fresh root weight, and root dry weight especially for watering every six days on Andungsari 2K clone.
 
Physicochemical and Sensory Attributes of Robusta Coffee as Influenced by Sorbitol Concentration and Roasting Time
Full text linkMany studies have reported several methods to improve the quality of Robusta coffee such as fermentation, but it takes a relatively long time. In this study, a new processing method for Robusta coffee quality enhancement was investigated. Robusta coffee cherry was immersed using sorbitol solution under different concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%), then the green bean coffee was roasted with several roasting duration (1, 3, and 5 minutes after coffee beans cracking) to determine the characteristic of coffee produced. Characteristics examined were chemical responses consisted of water content, pH, caffeine content, and anti- oxidant activity (IC50); physical responses consisted of L* color attribute; and organoleptic responses consisted of color, aroma, taste, and aftertaste. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the qualitative correlations between dependent variables. The results demonstrated that the concentration of sorbitol of 10% to 20% altered the organoleptic reaction but not the physical and chemical responses. The roasting time impacted the coffee’s water content, pH, antioxidant activity (IC50), color, flavor, and aftertaste, but not its caffeine content and aroma. The interaction between sorbitol concentration and roasting time influences the color, flavor, and aftertaste characteristics of coffee. This finding led to an improvement in the quality of Robusta coffee. Furthermore, PCA showed that IC50 value was positively correlated with pH value and was conversely correlated with water content and L*, and slightly correlated with caffeine. Sensory attributes had no correlation with variables of IC50, caffeine and pH, and L*
Economic Analysis of Cocoa Production Cropping Pattern in Nigeria, West Africa
Full text linkCocoa is the most prominent export crop in Nigeria in terms of its production and export capacities. There is dearth of literature on the profitability of the different cropping systems. This study therefore examined the profitability of the different cocoa cropping systems and the factors that affect the revenue of cocoa farmers for each of the cropping systems. The study area was Nigeria and information were collected from one hundred and eighty farmers using well-structured question- naires. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and linear regression were used for analysis in this study. The study revealed that twenty-seven farmers practised sole cocoa cropping, seventy-five farmers practised cocoa/arable cropping and seventy-eight farmers practised cocoa/tree cropping systems, respectively. The mean age of farmers in sole cocoa cropping system was 49.3 years, for cocoa/ arable cropping system the mean age was 47.8 years while for cocoa/tree cropping system the mean age of farmers was 47.2 years. For sole cocoa cropping system, the total cost (TC) was USD 7,764; the gross revenue (GR) was USD 43,774 with USD 36,009 as profit made from the cropping system. The TC for cocoa/tree cropping system in Nigeria was USD 18,003, GR was USD 124,104 and the profit was USD 106,102. Similarly for cocoa/arable cropping system, the TC was USD 16,215, GR was USD 109,849 and profit was USD 93,634. The determinants for the three cocoa cropping systems were age, gender, marital status (married), educational level (primary), cost of seedling, cost of fertilizer, cost of fungicide, cost of herbicide, labour cost for bush clearing, land preparation, weeding and planting. Cocoa/tree and cocoa/arable cropping systems were more profitable than sole cocoa cropping systems. However, cocoa/ tree cropping system was more profitable with a value of USD 106,102
Evaluating the influence of economic aid and land ownership on the reduction in coffee yield and its socioeconomic consequences: A case study of the Akuapem North Municipality, Ghana.
Full text linkCoffee is a highly valuable tropical agricultural commodity and is the second most traded commodity in the international market after oil. Despite coffee being cultivated in Ghana since the late 18th century, around the same time as cocoa was introduced, cocoa has become the more dominant crop due to coffee's low yield in Ghana. As a result, many farmers have shifted their focus from coffee farming to other crops, particularly cocoa, as it has become the country's primary source of foreign exchange. The purpose of the research was to investigate the impact of the reduction in coffee production on the livelihoods of farmers in the Akuapem North Municipality in the Eastern Region. The study aimed to identify the reasons behind the decline in coffee production as perceived by the farmers, as well as to determine their views on potential solutions to the problem. The purposeful sampling method was used to select two (2) communities, namely Apirede and Tinkong, based on the intensive production of coffee in the municipality. The snowball sampling method was used to select 50 respondents from the two communities. The results showed that most (92%) respondents were males, while the remaining 8% were females, which means a lot of males are into coffee production in the district. The majority (24%) identified inadequate financial assistance from the government and other financial sources as the major cause of the decline in coffee production. The majority (26% each) chose financial assistance from the government and access to credit as a way to improve coffee production. The majority (94%) of the respondents indicated that the decline in coffee production has affected their income. The study established that the government, NGO's, and other financial institutions such as banks or credit institutions in Akuapem North Municipality must take responsibility for granting loans or credit to farmers to address problems of finance encountered in their search to maximize the economic returns of the coffee industry. In addition, the government could also help coffee farmers acquire vast arable lands through clearly defined tenure rights and agreements for land owners and coffee farmers in the Akuapem North Municipality
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Helopeltis Species on Cocoa from Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, Indonesia
Full text linkSevere crop loss of cocoa in Indonesia has long been reported to be caused by Helopeltis. It has been noted that cocoa and Helopeltis have existed in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia, for about 100 years, and the species have developed during that time. Our study aimed for examining the Helopeltis species that attacked cocoa in this experimental station both morphologically, morphometrically, and molecularly and to compare the species with the one attacking cocoa in Java and Nusa Tenggara, preserved at the GenBank. Helopeltis was sampled from infested cocoa pods collected representatively from cocoa at the Kaliwining ES and then reared in the Crop Protection Laboratory of ICCRI. Adults of Helopeltis laboratory-reared insects were identified, 30 females 30 males were selected. Weexamined the morphology and morphometry of the samples, and their identifica tion was based on an insect identification key. Morphometry measurement of male and female body parts includes body length, antenna segments, head, eyes, collar, wing, tibia, and femur. In addition, the molecular identification of Helopeltissp. was made through DNA extraction, amplification, and sequence analysis of DNA target regions using the COI part of mitochondrial DNA. External morphological identification, supported by morphometry of the Helopeltis specimen from Kaliwning, the white bands on all femora, body length, and the ratio of the firstantennal segment to the posterior width of the pronotum suggested that the insect belongs to Helopeltis bradyi. Similarly, molecular identification using PCR amplification through specific primers from COI gene sequences confirmed that Helopeltis specimens from Kaliwining are classified as Helopeltis bradyi
Response of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seedling Growth on Various Growing Media and Organic Plant Supplements
Full text linkCocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) as a plantation crop which success is determined by healthy and quality seedlings. The use of planting media with a mixture of manure and plant organic supplements may result in healthy soil because it contains soil microorganisms that are beneficial and may support the growth of cocoa seedlings. Purpose of this study was to determine the initial growth response of cocoa seedlings on various growing media and dosages of an organic plant supplement as liquid organic fertilizer. The research was conducted in February–September 2022 in a nursery located in Kradenan, Purwoharjo, Banyuwangi Regency and in Agricultural Laboratory of University of Jember, Bondowoso Campus, Bondowoso Regency. Study was carried out in a 4 x 4 factorial using a randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was planting media which consisted of four levels of treatment, namely soil + chicken manure, soil + goat manure, soil + cow manure, and soil + rabbit manure. The second factor was dose of organic plant supplement which consisted of 4 levels, namely the control treatment of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mL polybag-1. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and follow-up tests using Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level. Variables observed included seedling height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, number of roots, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedlings. The results showed that there was an interaction effect on all parameters except seedling height, number of leaves, and number of roots. The conclusion of the study showed that there was an effect of interaction treatment with the best treatment combination planting media using cow manure and organic plant supplement dose of 50 mL polybag-1
Sensory Profile on Robusta Coffee by Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA)
Full text linkCoffee flavor strongly influences consumers preference. Geographical location is one factor influencing the flavor of Robusta coffee. Descriptive sensory using RATA was used to differentiate the sensory profiles of several Robusta coffees. Sensomic approach by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) success- fully differentiated Robusta coffee from Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia. It showed that Robusta from different growing locations has specific sensory characteristics. Robusta coffee from Gunung Malang, Tanggul, and Pakis was characterized by sweet and acid aromas, while coffee from Kemiri was characterized by sweet and sour taste, brown color, bitter aroma, and rough mouthfeel. Meanwhile Sidomulyo I and Sidomulyo II coffees, which were grown near each other and at similar altitudes, have similar characteristics, although the process was different. Both coffees have bitter aftertastes and bodies, burnt aromas, astringent flavors, and high levels of bitterness. In contrast, Robusta Rowosari, Tugusari, and Badean were characterized by low sweetness, sourness, bitter aroma, and rough mouthfeel
Identification of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) genetic uniformity through RAPD molecular markers.
Full text linkTheobroma cacao L. has been propagated through either generative or vegetative techniques. One of the vegetative methods of propagating cocoa is somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis has been employed by the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for producing cocoa seedlings. Plant breeding activities are hampered by the significant level of plant heterogeneity among their progeny. Mislabelling of genetic impurities can be an issue. Molecular markers can be used to detect genetic variation at an early stage. The most common marker is the RAPD molecular marker. The study aims to determine the polymorphic RAPD primers in the analysis of genetic uniformity between mother plants and the seedlings derived from somatic embryogenesis (SE). The analyzed samples consisted of twelve individuals: six mother plants and six seedlings derived from SE. The results revealed that the percentage of polymorphic bands was 100% with band sizes ranging from 295-2785 bp for primer GY169 while for primer GY107 percentage of polymorphic bands was 80% with band sizes ranging from 345-1678 bp. Primer GY169 and primer GY107 can be amplified and used for cocoa similarity and heterogeneity
Genetic diversity of ex-situ conserved Arabica cofee (Coffea arabica L.) accessions in Ethiopia as revealed by simple sequence repeats markers
No full textSo far, there has been limited use of molecular markers in arabica coffee breeding program in Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to explore the effectiveness of simple sequence repeats markers (SSRs) in detecting polymor- phism and to assess the extent of genetic diversity and relationships among ex-situconserved Arabica coffee accessions. Sixty-two forest coffee accessions planted in the experimental plot of the Ethiopian coffee breeding program were evaluated using 14 SSR markers. These markers amplified a total of 100 alleles, varying from four to ten alleles per locus, with an average of 7.2 across all loci. The rate of polymorphism ranged from 75 to 100, with a mean value of 96.4 across the accessions. The polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.26 to 0.92, with a mean value of 0.70. The genetic similarity coefficient values between 72% possible pair-wise combinations ranged from 0.18 to 0.50, with overall mean value of 0.44.The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on Jaccard’s genetic similarity grouped the accessions into five main clusters and two singletons at <0.47 similarity coefficient value. These results indicate the effectiveness of the SSR markers in detecting polymorphism and the presence of a high level of genetic diversity and distant relatedness among the studied coffee accessions. The observed diversity could be exploited in the future coffee breeding program to develop heterotic hybrid coffee varieties through crossing of divergent parental lines. The highly informative SSRs markers can be also used in genetic analysis of Arabica coffee germplasm conserved in the field gene bank at Jimma Agricultural Research Center (JARC) to establish core collections for effective conservation, management and utilization purpose
Attitude and Perception towards Coffee Consumption Effects: Insights from College Students in Mumbai
Full text linkCoffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. It is highly consumed among many parts of India. Various studies concentrate on the effects of consuming coffee and consumer’s behavior in purchasing products related to coffee. Less studies focus on their effect among college students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the coffee consumption habits and the perception of its effect among college students in Mumbai. The study was performed using convenient sampling method with a sample size of 234 students studying in different colleges from Mumbai. This study collected information about the characteristics of the students participated, coffee intake habits and the perception of its effect on consuming coffee. The majority of the students in this study consume coffee. Using factor analysis, the major factors affecting the consumption of coffee on daily basis was identified. The consumption of coffee was more during their important academic activities such as project work or examination days. Due to the burden of exams, students consume coffee to increase their study hours and academic performance