Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Effect of Price Determinants on World Cocoa Prices for Over the Last Three Decades: Error Correction Model (ECM) Approach
Get PDFHigh volatility cocoa price movement is consequenced by imbalancing between power demand and power supply in commodity market. World economy expectation and market liberalization would lead to instability on cocoa prices in the international commerce. Dynamic prices moving erratically influence the benefit of market players, particularly producers. The aim of this research is (1) to estimate the empirical cocoa prices model for responding market dynamics and (2) analyze short-term and long-term effect of price determinants variables on cocoa prices. This research was carried out by analyzing annualdata from 1980 to 2011, based on secondary data. Error correction mechanism (ECM) approach was used to estimate the econometric model of cocoa price.The estimation results indicated that cocoa price was significantly affected by exchange rate IDR-USD, world gross domestic product, world inflation, worldcocoa production, world cocoa consumption, world cocoa stock and Robusta prices at varied significance level from 1 - 10%. All of these variables have a long run equilibrium relationship. In long run effect, world gross domestic product, world cocoa consumption and world cocoa stock were elastic (E >1), while other variables were inelastic (E <1). Variables that affecting cocoa pricesin short run equilibrium were exchange rate IDR-USD, world gross domestic product, world inflation, world cocoa consumption and world cocoa stock. The analysis results showed that world gross domestic product, world cocoa consumption and world cocoa stock were elastic (E >1) to cocoa prices in short-term. Whereas, the response of cocoa prices was inelastic to change of exchange rate IDR-USD and world inflation.Key words: Price determinants, cocoa, Error Correction Model, demand, supply, stoc
Identification of a Disease on Cocoa Caused by Fusariumin Sulawesi
Get PDFA disease presumed to be caused by Fusarium was observed in cocoa open fields with few or without shade trees. Within the population of cocoa trees in the field, some trees had died, some had yellowing leaves and dieback, and the others were apparently healthy. In order to demonstrate Fusarium species as the causal pathogen and to obtain information concerning the incidence of the disease, its distribution and its impact on sustainability of cocoa, isolation of the pathogen, inoculation of cocoa seedlings with isolates and a survey of disease has been conducted. Fusarium was isolated from roots and branches, and inoculated onto cocoa seedlings (one month old) via soil. Symptoms appeared within 3-4 weeks after infection. These symptoms consisted of yellowing of leaves beginning from the bottom until the leaves falldown, and browning internal of vascular tissue. Darkened vascular traces in the petiole characteristic of vascularstreak dieback infection were absent. The occurrence of Fusarium in the field was characterized by the absence of obvious signs of fungal infestation on root of infected trees, yellowing of leaves on twigs, dieback, and tree mortality in severe infestations. Disease incidence could reach 77% and in this situation it was difficult for trees recover from heavy infections or to be regenerated in the farm. The study proves that Fusarium is a pathogen causing dieback and the disease is called as Fusarium vascular dieback (FVD). Its development is apparently enhanced by dry conditions in the field. Key words: Fusarium sp., vascular disease, dieback, FVD, Theobroma cacao L
Effectiveness of Bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensisFormulation Against Cocoa Pod Borer in Field Condition
Get PDFField trial of Bt insecticide formulation with a code of formulation-A +1WP against cocoa pod borer (CPB) (Conopomorpha cramerella) has been conducted at the heavily infested cocoa area in Holo village, Amahai sub district, Central Maluku regency. Formulation-B 2.5 WP as a commercial Bt insecticide which has been distributed widely in the market was used as a comparison Bt insecticide. The results of the trial revealed that compared with untreated treatment, Bt insecticide formulation-A +1WP significantly reduced infestation of CPB, CPB population, and yield losses of dry cocoa bean caused by CPB. At the same concentration (2.5 g/L), the effectiveness of formulation-A +1WP was not significantly different with formulation-B 2.5WP. In the case of production increase, at the same concentration (2.5 g/L) formulation-A +1WP caused higher yield than formulation-B 2.5WP, i.e. 39.9% compared with 35.1%, respectively. Both Bt insecticide formulations tried did not caused phytotoxic against cocoa plant. It is recommended that controling of CPB should use concentration of 2.5 g/L Bt insecticide formulation/L of water, and should be applied at around early morning until 09.00 AM and / or at the afternoon after 15.00 PM. Spraying targets should be cocoa pods at the length of less than 8.0 cm which is not laid eggs of CPB yet. Key words: Cocoa, cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, control, effectiveness, microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensi
Growth Inhibition of Cocoa Pod Rot Fungus Phytophthora palmivora byPseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis bacteria
Get PDFBlack pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivorafungus is one of the important diseases on cocoa crop. Pod rot is the most important disease because it may cause loss of cocoa pod. Until now, the fungal pathogen of cocoa black pod disease is still a crucial problem and there is no fungicide that is really effective against the disease. One alternative to control the cocoa black pod disease is by using biological agents as biofungicide, including utilizing Pseudomonas fluorescenceand Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The research was done by isolation of P. palmivora from infected pods of Kaliwining Experimental Station to obtain pure cultures of fungus and by multiplication of P. fluorescence and B. subtilis. Antagonist test was performed by inoculating P. palmivora into a petri dish in a distance of 3 cm from the edge. P. fluorescenceand B. Subtilis were inoculated into petridishes in three days after the fungal treatment. Control was inoculated with isolate of P. palmivora only. Fungal growth was measured everyday by measuring radius of fungal colonies first time 24 hours after inoculation. Growth of Phytophthora palmivora in the two treatmens were used to calculate the percentage of inhibition. The results of this study indicated that P. fluorescence and B. subtiliswere able to inhibit fungal growth of P. palmivora. Both bacterial antagonists had the same effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of P. palmivora fungus based on the percentage of inhibition and effectiveness criteria. Based on the results of translucent zones indicated that B. subtiliswas more powerfull in inhibiting growth of P. Palmivora compared to P. fluorescence. Key words: Black pod disease of cocoa, biological control, Phytophthora palmivora, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtili
Identification of Potential Plants Producing Tannin-protein Complex for ï¡a-amylase as Botanical Pesticide
No full textResearch on the development of botanical pesticides should be developed through new methods, such as by inhibiting the activity of digestive enzymes by secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to identify some of potential plants as a source of tannin-protein complexes to inhibitthe activity of ï¡- amylase. The study of identification of potential plants producing the active ingredient tannin-protein complex was divided into three stages, 1) identification of potential plants producing tannin, 2) isolation of tannin-protein complexes, and 3) in vitro test of tannin-protein complexes effect of the ï¡-amylase activity. Some of the observed plants were sidaguri leaf (Sida rhombifolia), melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon), gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium),lamtoro leaf (Leucaena leucocephala) , betel nut (Areca catechu) , and crude gambier (Uncaria gambir) a s a source of tannins and melinjo seed was used asprotein source. Betel nut and melinjo seed were the best source of tannin-protein complex, tannin content 1.77 mg TAE/mL with antioxidant activity of 90%,the ability to inhibit the activity of ï¡-amylase by 95% with IC 50 values of 10 mg/mL.Key words: Tannin, protein, ï¡-amylase, botanical pesticides,Areca catechu, Gnetum gnemon
Stability in Flowering, Flushing, and Fruiting Characters of 21 Potential Cacao Clones in ICCRI Collection
Get PDFFlowering character and flowering intensity can be used to estimate productivity and it is important for supporting breeding activity especially for pollination program. This research was aimed to study the stability of character of flushing, flowering and fruiting on different cocoa clones (genetic). The research was done at Kaliwining Research Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember. There were 21 clones; KW 422, KW 426, KW 427, KW 425, KW 523, KW 062, KW 084, KW 094, KW 162, KW 163, KW 165, KW 219, KW 235, KW 236, KW 265, KW 005, KW 292, KW 570, KW 514, KW 516, and KW 617. Flowering intencity, fruiting, and flushing were observed. The result of the study showed that KW 084 was the most stable clone for fruiting. KW 235 had high pod number in April. KW 426, KW 427, KW 523, and Sulawesi 2 had high pod number in March and June. KW 219 and KW 516 had the lowest pod number. Low pod number did not occur in March until June. Flowering and flushing on all genotypes showed the stability value with IPCA value nearly zero. KW 094 showed high flowering intensity in October. High flushing intensity occurred in January and July, the lower one in April and August. Key words: Stability analysis, flushing, flowering, fruiting, cocoa clone
Morphology, Physiology, and Anatomy of Penny Fern (Drymoglossum phyloselloides)and Its Effect on Cocoa
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the anatomy, physiology and morphology of penny fern (Drimoglosum phylloseloides) and its effect on cocoa. Morphological observation of penny fern used microscope to observe the roots, stems, leaves and spores. Physiology of penny fern was observed based on number of stomata and stomatal conductance using stomata printing method, while the amount of chlorophyll based on spectrophotometric method and rate of transpiration used cobalt chloride paper. Penny fern anatomy on cross-sectional and longitudinal in roots, stems and leaves. Penny fern growth was observed based the length of tendrils once a week during rainy and dry season. While the effect of penny fern invasion was observed based on variable leaf area with gravimetric method, the cross-section of attacked cacao branch using microtom and microscope and chlorophyll content by chlorophyll meter. Results showed that penny fern is a epiphytic weed which was crassulaceae acid metabolism plants that have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide at night and carry out photosynthesis during the day with closed stomata. Penny ferns reproduce using spores. The growth rate of penny fern 2.18 cm/week during the dry season and while in rainy season 3.89 cm/week. Penny fern leaf contains 0.0212 mg/g chlorophyll. Penny fern stomata density was 18.33/mm 2 with a width of opening stomata at night 26.3 µm which caused a veryslow rate of transpiration of 0.69 mm 2 /seconds. The existence penny fern on cocoa decreased leaf area and chlorophyll content decreased crop productivity which was indicated by decreasing in number of flowers, number of small, medium fruit, and large pods. However it had no effect on the number of leaves on one side flush cocoa. Key words: Drimoglosum phylloseloides, weeds, decrease productivity, Theobroma caca
Performance of Some Arabica Coffee Local Varieties from Gayo Highland
Get PDFRecently, most of coffee farmers at Gayo highland (Aceh) are planting various of local varieties, namely Timtim Aceh, Borbor, P 88, BP 542A and Ateng Super. Those varieties have been planted to replace S line and Catimor Jaluk varieties which were damaged by leaf rust and root disease. Research on the performance of those varieties was to investigate superior characteristics of each variety and moreover as based to choose the best one as released variety for Gayo Highland. Research finding revealed that Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were well adapted to Gayo highland conditions with yielding ability 0.956 ton/ha and 0.909 ton/ha, respectively. Although the highest yield was obtained by Ateng Super variety (1.76 ton/ha green coffee), but not stable, therefore it could not be categorized as superior variety. The previous two varieties also had good cup quality (by standard assesment of Specialty Coffee Association of America), then it could contribute Gayo coffee specialty product. The resistance test for leaf rust disease in the field plantation, showed all varieties demonstrated varying in their resistance. BP 542A variety was the most resistant type, whereas Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were moderately. However all varieties become more susceptible if planted at lower altitude, less than 1,000 m asl. The resistance test to coffee berry borer and parasitic nematode showed that Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were ranked into almost resistant to resistant. Based on all result of the superior characteristics testing, Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were the best one, and it could be proposed to be released as Arabica coffee varieties that suitable at Gayo highland. Key words: Arabica coffee, Gayo highland, local varieties, variety performance, cup quality, yielding, resistant to leaf rust diseas
Assessing Genetic Diversity Cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) Collection Resistant to Cocoa Pod Borer Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Get PDFBreeding for cocoa pod borer (CPB) resistance on cocoa was initiated by selecting the resistant genotypes through cocoa farm in the endemic area. For breeding purpose the collected genotypes should be assessed for their diversity in constructing appropriate mating design. This research has objective to assess genetic diversity of the exploratory collection using DNA fingerprinting. The tested clones were 25 exploratory collections compared to the references of seven international clones from International Cocoa Genebanks, Trinidad and12 national clones. DNA of the tested clones was sequenced using 15 SSR markers at Sustainable Perennial Crop Laboratory of Beltsville Agriculture Research Center.Data of fingerprinting were analyzed using GenAlEx program to perform number of alleles, observed  heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and genetic distance. The tested clones performed high genetic diversity with the number of alleles was 98 (6.53 per locus) compared to the national clones andinternational clones were 95 (6.33 per locus) and 86 (5.73 per locus), respectively. The observed heterozygosity of the tested clones (Ho = 0.63) was higher thannational clones (Ho = 0.60) and international clones (Ho = 0.49) then supported by the expected heterozygosity (He) of the tested clones (He = 0.71) also highin equal value with international clones (He = 0.74). Cluster analysis grouped the tested clones to three main genetic groups, namely Trinitario, Forastero and unidentified group. The CPB-resistant clones of ARDACIAR 10 and KW 397 were clustered in different group that indicate a far distance of their genetic background.Key words:Genetic diversity, cocoa, CPB resistance, simple sequence repeat marker
Analysis of Cutting Growth Characteristics in Robusta Coffee(Coffea canephora Pierre.)
Get PDFDevelopment of Robusta coffee clones needs special characteristics for rootstock. This research was aimed to study the characteristics of cutting growth of Robusta coffee as influenced by genetic factor. The research was conducted at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using 269 progenies originated from reciprocal crossing populations among three parentals, namely BP 409, BP 961, and Q 121. BP 308 an easy cutting-propagated genotype was used as control. The research was arranged in three replications of randomized completely block design with 10 cuttings per replication. Each cutting was single planted in plastic polybag of 15 cm x 25 cm without any growth-regulator treatment. Cluster analysis procedure showed root growth characteristics which could be divided into three groups namely easy (85.3%, 3.82 and 6.68 cm), moderate (57.6%, 1.73 and 4.01 cm) and difficult (25.1%, 0.58 dan 1.44 cm) based on proportion of rooted cuttings, number of primary root and length of root, respectively. On the other side, growth of sprout showed good homogenous characteristic, mainly indicated by proportion of sprouted cuttings which generally achieved up to 98% in average. Study on shoot-root ratio of cuttings resulted in two groups of progenies, namely the first which tended to be dominant on sprout growth and the second which tended to balance their root and sprout growth. Based on proportion of sprouted cuttings which almost achieved up to 100% and various proportion of rooted cutting, it could be indicated that growth of cuttings was started and dominated by the growth of sprout. Key words: Coffee canephora, progeny, genetic variation, cutting, rooting, sproutin