Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Evaluation of Quantity and Hyperhydricity of Cocoa Somatic Embryo Obtained from Solid Culture, Liquid Culture, and Sequence Subculture
Get PDFResearch aimed to study the effect of solid culture, liquid culture, and sequence subculture on quantity and hyperhydricity of somatic embryo wascarried out at Laboratory of Biotechnology, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Materials used in this study were embryogenic callitransferred on somatic embryos expression both in solid and liquid media with the same media composition, namely MS medium with the addition ofAdenine (0.025 mg/L). Gelling agent used in solid media was gelrite (3 g/L). Clones used in this study was Sca 6. This research consisted of two trials, namely1) effect of medium type (solid and liquid), and 2) sequence subculture (four subcultures). This results showed that the production of somatic embryosin liquid medium was higher than in the solid medium. Regeneration of somatic embryos on solid medium culture showed the highest percentage of abnormality embryos due to hyperhydricity at the cotyledonary phase 60%. Meanwhile, the regeneration of somatic embryos in liquid culture showed the highest percentage of abnormality embryos due to  hyperhydricity at the globular and cotyledonary phase 37%. Frequent subculture increased abnormal embryos and decreased the number of somatic embryos.Key words: Cacao, hyperhydricity, somatic embryos, solid culture, liquid culture, subculture, in vitro
Cocoa Canopy Replacement to Increase Productivity and Plant Resistance to Vascular Streak Dieback
Get PDFCanopy replacement with vascular streak dieback (VSD) resistant clones is expected to reduce VSD infestation by reducing space of Oncobasidiumtheobromae infection, and to increase cocoa yield. This experiment was carried out in endemic areas of VSD in Kaliwining Experimental Station of ICCRI and Kendenglembu estate. Canopy replacement technique in Kendenglembu was done by side cleft grafting on primary branches and top grafting on plagiotropic branches of primary branches. Number of grafted shoots per plant, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 was used as treatments using Sca 6 and Sulawesi 1. The 12 treatments were arranged in randomized complate block design, each treatment replicated 6 times and 10 plants per treatment. Growth of shoot, canopy coverage and development of VSD incidence were the main variables. In Kaliwining, side cleft grafting was applied at 1.5 m above soilsurface using Sulawesi 1 and Sca 6 clones as the scion and TSH 858 and ICS 60 clones as rootstocks. VSD intensity was observed by scoring method. Cocoa yield was the main variable. The result showed that both techniques caused similar growth rate of the shoots. The rate of canopy covering by resistant clones reduced VSD infestation following Y = -0.7848X + 69.324 (R² = 0.995) equation. Three resistant shoots per tree was effective in reducing VSD infestation. Four years after grafting were bean yield by using Sulawesi 1 was 434% over control while 360% yield for Sca 6 compared to average control of ungrafted plants of ICS 60 and TSH 858. Polyphenol content of both resistant clones was higher than that on susceptible ones, however transfer mechanism of that substance to the susceptible stocks is still unknown. It is concluded that canopy replacement using productive and resistant clones is considered to be an effective method to overcome VSD problem and to improve cocoa yield. Key words:Theobroma cacao, vascular streak dieback, canopy replacement, yield
Development of Selection Criteria on Bean Weight Character of Cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) through Path Analysis Approach
Get PDFPath coefficient analysis is frequently used for development of selection criteria on various type of plants. Path analysis on this research was conducted to find the selection criteria of yield component which directly affect bean weight. In addition to the value of path analysis coefficient, genetic variation coefficient, heritability and the value of genetic progress were also studied. The study was conducted at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. The research used randomized complete block design consisting of 14 accession numbers and each consisting of three replications. Pod girth, pod length, pod weight, wet beans weight per pod, number of normal beans per pod, number of abnormal beans per pod, dry weight per normal bean, and shell content were observed. The results showed that the pod weight character had an important role in determining the dry weight of normal bean. The character had a positive genotype correlation coefficient values which was high and significantly different (r=0.46) for dry weight per normal bean, considerable direct influence (P=0.479), moderate of the genotype variation coefficient (9.6%), and high genetic progress (95.23). Character of wet bean weight per pod could also be used indirectly for the selection criteria for dry weight per normal bean based on genetic variation coefficient value (11.88%), genetic progress value (82.48), and direct effect on dry weight per normal bean had positive value (P=0.006). Key words: Selection criteria, dry weight per bean, path analysis,Theobroma cacaoL
Relationship between caffeine content and flavor with light intensity of several coffee Robusta clones
Get PDFCoffee is a refreshing beverage product and its price is determined by physical quality and flavor. An excellent coffee flavor is resulted only from qualified coffee beans, produced by well managed plantation. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of sunlight intensity entering coffee farm on flavor profiles and caffeine content of Robusta coffee. The experiment was conducted at the field experimental Kaliwining Estate of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) during 2009–2011. Treatments were Robusta coffee clones and sunlight intensity. Experimental design was split plot design with three replications. Robusta clones used were BP 409, BP 534, BP 936 and BP 939, planted in 2002. The sunligt intensity treatments were 100% (without shade tree), 50—60% (Leucaena leucocephala shade), and 20—30% (Hibiscus macrophyllus and Melia azedarach L. shades). Only red coffee cherries were harvested for flavor and caffeine analysis. Coffee cherries were washed, depulped and sundried until moisture content of less than 12%. The green coffee bean samples were roasted at medium level (Agtron Scale at 65#) for cupping test which involved five expert panelists by using ICCRI protocol. Caffeine content was determined by spectrophotometric method. The experiment result indicated that high sunlight intensity resulted in strong aroma of Robusta coffee, while good flavor coffee need medium light intensity. Cafein content had positive correlation with light intensity entering the coffee farm, whereas cafein content had no direct effect on Robusta coffee flavor.Key words: Coffea canephora, clone, sunlight intensity, flavor, caffeine.Â
Pengujian sifat unggul beberapa klon harapan kopi arabika di kebun percobaan Andungsari, Jawa Timur (Testing for superior traits of some arabica coffee promising clones at Andungsari research station, East Java)
Get PDFOne of the major diseases which limiting production in arabica coffee is the leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, B et Br. Selection and testing on thirteen promising arabica coffee clones were carried out at endemic area for leaf rust disease, Andungsari Research Station, for six fruiting times. The aims of these test were to find out superior planting material as clone with genetic resistance to leaf rust. As the beverage commodities, criterium selections for superiority clone besides resistant to leaf rust and yielding ability of more than 1,5 ton/ha also must be excellent in cup quality. Under this consideration, BP 416 A clone showed as the best high yielding ability i.e. 1,595 kg/ha and stable, besides resistant to leaf rust disease compared to the other clones tested. This clone had good cup quality, better than earlier released variety such as USDA 762 and S 795 although was not better than Andungsari 1 that were planted in the same location. The best physical bean characteristics was obtained on BP 513 A clone wich is derived from S 795 x Caturra red, having 89.2% of normal bean and 18.3% outurn characteristics. However, due to lower yielding and more susceptible to leaf rust, this clone could not be classified as superior clone
Characterization of physicalquality and flavour profile of Arabica coffee bean of Maragogype variety (Coffea arabica L. var. Maragogype Hort. Ex Froehner) and mother plant selection in East Java
Get PDFDevelopment of specialty coffee product needs to be done by producing a product that has a good flavor, unique, and different from the axisting specialty coffee products. One of the varieties of Arabica coffee that has good potential to be developed into a specialty coffee is Maragogype coffee. This paper discusses the results of selection and characterization of physical and flavor quality of Arabica coffee varieties Maragogype in East Java. Selection was done in PTPN XII at Pancur/Angkrek and Kayumas Estate. It was obtained two superior genotypes those have high productivity and good taste, they are MP3 and MP4 with of productivity of 7,985.3 and 5,985.3 g cherries/tree, respectively. Maragogipe varieties showed good physical quality, in which 99% of bean belong to the large been category, whiches the highest of 1,000 beens, and good bulk density and apparent swelling. MP3 genotype had a floral, citrus acidity, mild, and very good sweetness characteristics. MP mix had the showed same characteristics, but its intensity was not as high as MP3. MP4 has herbal and flora characteristics with bitter after taste.Key words : Coffea arabica, maragogype, specialty coffee, characterization, selection, flavor, variety
Pengaruh pemberian abu sekam padi sebagai bahan desikan pada penyimpanan benih terhadap daya tumbuh dan pertumbuhan bibit kakao (The effects of rice husk ash as desiccation material of seed storage on viability and cocoa seedling growth).
No full textRice husk ash as desiccation material can be used to maintain seed viability in storage through its ability to absorb humidity during its storage. High relative humidity caused seed moisture content to increase so the respiration rate of seed increases and uses faster food stock. Finally the viability of seed is lost. A research on use of rice husk ash as desiccation material of cocoa seed storage was conducted in Agronomy Laboratory and Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Completely Randomized Design was used in this research with treatment of rice husk ash application on cocoa seed as follows: 0 g/100 seeds (A), 5 g/100 seeds (B), 10 g/100 seeds (C), 15 g/100 seeds (D), and 20 g/100 seeds (E). This experiment used four replications. Cocoa seeds were stored in plastic bag within carton box in ambient temperature. The storage periods were 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and parameters of observation consisted of electrical conductivity of dipped water of cocoa seeds, percentage of seed germination, percentage of seed emergence, early growth parameters at one month old including seedlings height of seedling, diameter, leaf number, root length, and dry weight. The result of the experiment showed that the use of rice husk ash at 5-10 g/100 seeds could maintain electrical conductivity of dipped water at low level, percentage of seed germination at 99-100 % and percentage of seed emergence at 79-91% after two weeks storage. The use of rice husk ash at 5-10 g/100 seeds after two weeks storage affected height of cacao seedling, but did not affected stem diameters, leaf numbers, root lengths, and dry weight
Effectiveness of calcium chloride in reduction of shoot necrosis incocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in vitro propagation
Get PDFVarious efforts have been developed for the optimization of the various stages in vitro micropropagation. The maturation stage and pre-acclimatization plantlets is an important stages that must be considered to produce vigorous plants and ready to be planted in the field. The purpose of this study was to reduced shoot tip necrosis in cocoa planlets to obtaine vigorous planlets from in vitro propagation through the addition of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2). The study used two stages of embryogenic development. The first was embryo maturation stage and the second was the shoot growth development stage. The study was arranged factorially in experiment design of Completely Randomized Design consisting of two factors i.e. concentration of CaCl2 consisted of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/l and clones consisted of Sulawesi 1 and Sca 6. Each experiment was repeated three times, so the number of combination trials were 5x2x3=30 experimental units. The parameters observed included shoot growth percentage and vigorous planlets percentage. The results showed that the addition of CaCl2 at a concentration of 150 mg/l during maturition stage increased the embryos performance and percentage of shoot tip. However, it could not prevent the shoot tip necrosis. Whereas, the addition at a concentration of 50 mg/l during the shoot m growth development stage could reduced necrosis, suggested to increase the quality of in vitro planlets.Key words: Cocoa, necrosis, calcium chloride, somatic embryogenesis, embryos, planlets, in vitro
Keberhasilan sambungan pada beberapa jenis batang atas dan famili batang bawah kakao (Theobroma cocoa L.). (Grafting performance of some scion clones and root-stock family on cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.)
Get PDFDifferences in performance of grafting seedling were estimated from effect of using the root-stock and scion clones. This research aimed to study the differences of performance of some root-stock and scion clones on grafting seedling. The study used split plot design. First factor was root-stock consisted of ICS 60, Sca 6, Sca 12 and KW 165 and the second factor were 12 scions clones consisted of ICCRI 01, ICCRI 04, ICCRI 05, DR 2, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KW 516, KW 514, KW 617, KW 570, KEE 2, and KW 604. There were three replication in each treatment and each replication consisted of 15 samples. Viability, lingkage diameter, ratio of root-stock and scion, hight of shoot, number of leaves and shoot were observed. The study showed that differences of root-stock just affected viability, lingkage diameter, and high of shoot. Scion clones factor affected to all of the characters. Their interaction caused the differences of all characters except of the number of shoot. Root-stock Sca 6 showed the lowest viability and number of the shoot, however root-stock KW 165 and ICS 60 showed the best performance to all parameters. The cluster analysis was done based on growth parameters and viability on lingkage distance of 15. There were three clusters; cluster 1 (KW 570), cluster 2 (ICCRI 04, ICCRI 05, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KW 514, KW 165) and cluster 3 (ICCRI 01, DR 2, KW 516, KW 617, KW 604). Correlation analysis showed that main factor which affected the high viability root-stock diameter and diameter ratio of root-stock and scion were used
Pengaruh penambahan auxin terhadap pertunasan dan perakaran kopi arabika perbanyakan Somatic Embryogenesis (The effects of shooting and rooting of arabica coffee propagation through Embryogenesis Somatic auxin uses).
Get PDFPlantlet that has developed shoots and roots will have a high level adaptation in the field. The objective of this experiment was to improve the ability of planlet in shooting and rooting so that it is ready for acclimatization in the field. The increase ability in shooting and rooting of the planlet were conducted by adding various types of auxin in the media. The arabica coffee embryo of clone AS 2K which has entered the phase of the cotyledons was transfered into the treatment media containing half-strength of MS (Murashige & Skoog) macro and micro nutrient, vitamin B5, 30 g/L glucose, 100 ml/L coconut water, 50 mg/L AgNO3 added with the combination of IAA, IBA and NAA. The research was conducted by using completely randomized design with seven combined treatment i.e. 0.1 mg/L IBA, 0.1 mg/L NAA, 0.1 mg/L IAA; 0 , 1 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L NAA, 0.1 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L IAA, 0.1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L IAA; without auxin. There were 12 replications in every treatment and each replication consisted of five cotyledonary embryos. The parameters of observation were the root length, leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, and height of plantlets. The observations were conducted in eighth weeks after cotyledonary embryo had shoots. The results showed that in the number of leaves and height of planlet parameters, the treatment without auxin was the best result compared to planlet with auxin addition. The addition of auxin varians and their combination did not significantly influent leaf area, root length and stem diameter parameters. The medium tested was optimum for the growth of shoots and roots of AS 2K arabica coffee