Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Condition of Soil Fertility and Sensory Profile of Smallholder Robusta Coffee in Jember District
Get PDFJember district is one of the centers for smallholder plantation of the Robusta coffee in East Java. However, there are still limited reports about environmental conditions, particularly soil fertility of existing smallholder plantations and its effect on coffee flavor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soil fertility on flavor of coffee in existing smallholder Robusta coffee plantations in Jember district. This research was carried out by survey method in several area of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in Jember. Evaluation of sensory profile was carried out using cup test organoleptic method based on Standard cupping method of the Specialty Coffee Association of America. Research locations as subdistricts were chosen by purposive sampling method, namely Panti, Silo, Rambipuji, Sukorambi, and Tanggul subdistricts. Results of this study showed that soil of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in research locations possessed low organic carbon content in Sukorambi subdistrict and medium concentration in other locations. Nitrogen content was low in all locations, potassium in Sumber Baru subdistrict was high whereas other locations were medium. Phosphorus availability was high in all locations. Calcium and magnesium were medium in Panti, Sukorambi, Sumber Baru, and Silo subdistricts. Soil acidity was low in all locations. Results of the sensory analysis of smallholder’s Robusta coffee was from divided into three groups. First, categorized as fine Robusta coffee was smallholder’s Robusta coffee samples obtained from Silo and Sukorambi subdistricts. Second, good quality Robusta coffee was from smallholder Robusta coffee samples from Panti and Sumber Baru subdistricts. Third, medium quality Robusta coffee was from smallholder’s Robusta coffee from Tanggul subdistrict. Total scores of coffee testing from samples of Panti, Sukorambi, Sumber Baru, Tanggul, and Silo subdistrict were 79.8, 82.0, 79.9, 76.0, and 82.5, respectivel
Determination of Selection Index of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Yield Traits Using Regression Methods
Get PDFThe increasing chocolate consumption has not been followed by growing production of dry cocoa beans. In order to support the increase in cocoa production, planting materials with high yield are needed. The objective of this research was to determine the components of cocoa traits affecting weight of dry cocoa beans, and set a selection index for superior cocoa trees. The experiment material were four cocoa hybrid populations of which their family ancestry were unknown, and were planted on Samigaluh Plantation, Yogyakarta, and Segayung Plantation, Central Java. Observations and data collection were conducted on four plant populations. The observations were undertaken for three years, by observing plant traits, including pod length, pod diameter, husk thickness, cavity diameter, pod fresh weight, cocoa bean/pod fresh weight, husk fresh weight, dry weight of cocoa beans/pod, number of cocoa beans/pod, dry weight per cocoa bean. The collected data were analyzed using path and regression analysis methods. The results showed that pod diameter (X4), fresh pod weight (X5), number of cocoa beans/pod (X8), and dry weight/cocoa bean (X9) were used to form a selection index resulting the equation I = 0.0792 X4 + 0.1330 X5 + 0.0106 X8 + 0.1349 X9 furthermore will be used in the selection of cocoa trees. Ten cocoa plants from seeds having the highest general selection index were D 034, D 003, D 015, A 054, D 004, D 033, D 041, A 157, D 036, and D 025 will be selected for further evaluation
Comparison of Competitiveness for Crop Estate Commodities in ASEAN and European Markets: Constant Market Share Approach
Get PDFMarket transition to free trade agreement encourages Indonesia to improveforeign trade performance through stabilization of market position in the internationalmarket. The aims of this research were to analyze the competitivenessof coffee, cocoa, palm oil and rubber products in the international market, andto analyze Indonesia’s export dynamic in ASEAN and European markets. Thisresearch was conducted by analyzing secondary data particularly export datafrom 2010 to 2015. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Constant MarketShare (CMS) approaches were used to analyze export competitiveness of Indonesianproducts in the world market. The results showed that Indonesian agriculturalproducts (coffee, cocoa, palm oil and rubber) had a comparative advantage overthe average rate of world (RCA > 1), except natural rubber products. Meanwhile,CMS analysis indicated that dynamic of Indonesian export was more affectedby export growth and product composition effects, than that of market distribution and competitiveness effects. It revealed that Indonesia responded less to market demand in terms of quality, import growth of export destination countries and market intelligence related to competitor market positioning
Red Kidney Bean Powder Substituted Milk in Cinnamon Herbal Coffee: Consumer Perception, Sensory Properties and Nutrition Content
Get PDFConsumer perspective of consuming coffee product has begun to shift not only for solely “pleasure†purpose, but also to consider its beneficial aspects. Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a good source of fiber, protein and micronutrients to enhance the quality of beverages. This research was aimed to evaluate the effort to substitute milk with red bean powder in cinnamon herbal coffee and to study the enhancement of its nutrition content as well as the consumer perception and sensory properties. Red kidney bean powder was used to substitute milk powder and was blended with pre-mixed cinnamon coffee approximately 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% to obtain ready to drink mixtures. The coffee and control were then subjected to consumer perception to 25 panelists and sensory analysis by three trained-panelists and were also analyzed for its relation with nutrition content. The result showed that the substitution of milk with red kidney bean powder up to 8% could still be accepted by untrained panelist and its addition up to 20% still acceptable by trained-panelists. Addition of red bean powder could improve protein content up to 89.3% and 133.0% of soluble fiber content compared to the coffee that used full milk powder. This result showed that red kidney bean powder could be used to substitute milk powder in coffee beverages since it significantly improved the nutrition value and resulted in good sensory properties
Study on Activity of Cocoa Ethanolic Extract against Shigella dysenteriae
Get PDFShigella dysenteriae is a gastrointestinal pathogen which shows resistance to antibiotics. A study has been conducted to investigate alternative antibacterial agents, due to the emerging resistance of S. dysenteriae to ciprofloxacin and other antibiotic classes. In this study, antibacterial properties of cocoa ethanolic extract (CEE) and its impact on growth and morphology of S. dysenteriae were evaluated. The effect of CEE on bacterial growth was assayed by using agar-well diffusion method and by observing morphological changes of bacterial cells through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, CEE was also applied orally to mice infected with S. dysenteriae. The intestinal fluids was cultured in selective medium to evaluate growth of S. dysenteriae colonies. This study demonstrated that CEE at concentrations of 15.6 mg/mL inhibited S. dysenteriae growth, and at concentrations of 500 mg/mL and 1,000 mg/mL exhibited equal activity to 6.5 ïg/mL of ciprofloxacin. SEM showed that S. dysenteriae cells had formed filaments, indicating that CEE caused cellular stress to S. dysenteriae. In in vivo assay, CEE showed suppression of S. dysenteriae colony in the mice intestine. This research suggests that CEE could potentially be used as antibacterial agent againsts S. dysenteriae
Analysis of Genotype by Environment Interaction on Cocoa Hybrids (Theobroma cacao L.) Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot
Get PDFPhenomenon of genotype by environment interaction was able to influence the stability performance of cocoa resistance to Phytophthora pod rot (PPR). This research had an objective to evaluate the effect of genotype by environment interaction on resistance of cocoa hybrids to PPR. The tested hybrids were F1 crosses between selected clones of TSH 858, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, NIC 7, ICS 13, KEE 2 and KW 165. There were 14 tested hybrids and an open pollinated hybrid of ICS 60 x Sca 12 was used as control in multilocation trials at four different agroclimatic locations, namely Jatirono Estate ((highland-wet climate), Kalitelepak Estate (lowland-wet climate), Kaliwining Experimental Station (low land-dry climate) and Sumber Asin Experimental Station (highland-dry climate). Trials were established in the randomized complete block design with four replications. Resistance to PPR were evaluated based on the percentage of infected pod for the years during wet climate of 2010 in Jatirono, Kalitelepak and Kaliwining followed in dry climate of 2011–2015 in Kaliwining and Sumber Asin. Variance of data were analyzed for detecting the effect of genotype by environment interaction (GxE) then visualized with a graph of genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction (a graph of GGE) biplot. There was consistently no interaction effect between hybrid and location to PPR incidence which was affected by single factor of hybrid, year, location and interaction between year and location. The effect of year indicated yearly change of weather was more important to PPR incidence than location difference. A graph of GGE biplot indicated a stable performance of the tested hybrids among locations
Optimization study of ultrasound-assisted polyphenol extraction from cocoa powder and utilization of its grounds using papain solution.
Get PDFCocoa powder is one of the main products of the cocoa grinding process which is frequently used in confectionery industries. Today, the utilization of cocoa powder has been derivatized not only it can be used as food ingredient, but also expanding in its utilization in pharmaceutical. The utilization of cocoa powder mainly due to its advantageous and healthy polyphenol content which should be extracted from cocoa powder. Generally, this process will result in significant amounts of underutilized cocoa powder grounds. This research was carried out to evaluate the utilization of ultrasound-assisted extraction method to extract antioxidative compound from cocoa powder and to study the possibility of utilizing its grounds for its antioxidative compound by the use of papain solution system. The extraction study was carried out using different concentration of ethanol ranged from 53.79, 60, 75, 90 and 96.21% for 23.39, 30, 45, 60 and 66.21 min extraction time. The evaluation was carried out using the analysis of total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Further, freshly prepared papain was used in different concentration ranged from 2, 4 and 6% to incubate the cocoa grounds for 2, 3, and 4 hours. The obtained cocoa hydrolysate solution was then analyzed for its protein content and its antioxidant activity. The optimization study of the process was carried out using response surface methodology. This study shows that the use of 60% ethanol for 30 min extraction was optimum to extract the phenolic compound from cocoa powder. On the other hand, the use of papain revealed that the underutilized cocoa grounds could be potentially used as the source of protein and antioxidant
Impacts of export tax of cocoa beans on Indonesian economy.
Get PDFIn recent years, there is a significant decline of cocoa beans in terms of exports value and share after 2010. Several studies claimed that this downward trend was caused by the introduction of an export tax on cocoa beans in 2010. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the impacts of decreasing cocoa beans exports to the Indonesian economy. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate the impacts of the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans to the economy as well as unemployment. Methodology of this study utilised the Input-Output Table. In particular, this study calculated the impacts of export tax on cocoa beans to the changes of output, primary inputs, and unemployment in several scenarios. The main result of this study was that at extreme scenario, where the cocoa beans sector’s export was eliminated, the impacts on the whole economy and unemployment were insignificant. Moreover, this study found that the impacts on value added such as decreasing of profit were relatively higher than decreasing ra te on the output and others value added such as salary and wages and indirect taxes. On the other hand, this study argued that even though the introduction of export tax effectively reduced raw cocoa beans exports, there was an increasing on the exports’ value on the down stream industries
Factors Affecting Micro and Small-Scale Industries Income: A Case Study on Coffee Processing Industry
Get PDFDevelopment the competitive industries primarily small firms ought to be realized for improving economic growth of a community. Small industries have an important role especially on income equity improvement in rural areas. The objective of this study was to assess industry players motivation for developing their business in coffee processing and also to analyze factors which influence business income focused on micro and small-scale coffee industries in Bondowoso District. Survey method was used in this study for collecting primary and secondary data. A number of respondents were 25 coffee industry players who be determined by judgement sampling method. Data were analyzed by descriptive and statistic method. Multiple linear regression was used in the suspected factors that affect small industries income. The results indicated that the main motivation of industry players in initiating and developing coffee business was financial incentive. Consecutively, indicators that may explain industry player’s motivation were expectation, motive and incentive. Micro and small-scale industries income was affected by raw material, marketing reach, technology and business experience. Meanwhile, micro and small-scale industries income was not affected by labor cost and source of capital
Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Content in Flush as Selection Markers on Fine Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Get PDFLevel of anthocyanin content in flush is different between fine flavor cocoa and bulk cocoa. This study was aimed to determine the potential of anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush as one of the selection indicator for fine flavor cocoa. Flush sampling was carried out at Cocoa Germplasm Collections in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, while anthocyanin and chlorophyll analysis was conducted at Laboratory of Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Ma Chung University, Malang.The research utilized a completely randomized design consisted of four genotypes of fine flavor cocoa, namely DR 2, ICCRI 02, DRC 16, PNT 16 and five genotypes of bulk cocoa, namely Sulawesi 1, MCC 01, MCC 02, KW 617 and PA 191.Each treatment was repeated three times. Anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush was measured. Anthocyanin analysis was done by destructive methods, while flush color was observed based on Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues Data analysis used orthogonal contrast, multivariate and simple correlation. The results showed that there were differences in flush color on fine flavor cocoa and that of bulk cocoa. The flush of the fine flavor cocoa had a tendency towards yellow and that of bulk cocoa had a tendency toward red with different levels of variation among genotypes. The analysis results of chlorophyll content in flush showed that chlorophyll content of fine flavor cocoa was higher than bulk cocoa with a range of 2376-3692 µmol/L for fine flavor cocoa and 1567-2628 µmol/L for bulk cocoa. On the contrary, anthocyanin content in fine flavor cocoa was lower than bulk cocoa with a range of 3.82-5.72 µmol/L for fine flavor cocoa and 6.01-11.88 µmol/L for bulk cocoa. The analysis results of orthogonal contrasts showed that chlorophyll content value was more stable than anthocyanin. There was negative relationship between anthocyanin and chlorophyll in flush with the regression Y = -221,1X + 3935 with a value of correlation r = -0.50. The anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush had a potential to be used as selection markers for fine flavor cocoa hybri