Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Performance of Roasted Cocoa Bean Winnower For Small Holder Chocolate Producers
Get PDFCocoa bean winnowing has a function to separate cocoa nibs from shell after roasting process of dry bean. Nibs are further processed into fine cocoa liquor by refining process. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate working performance of a home-scale winnower to separate shell from nibs with minimum shell parchment content in cocoa nibs. This experiment was conducted in Postharvest Laboratory at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using roasted cocoa bean grade A according to standard of SNI 2323:2008/ Amd1:2010 with shell content of 15% originated from Forastero cocoa. Working performance of the home-scale winnower was evaluated based on shell parchment content in the output, its capacity, energy consumption and power transfer efficiency value by several air suction rates as variable. Data were analyzed using regression and variance analysis to evaluate the influence of the rate and to determine the optimum machine operation. Results of regression and variance analysis from winnowing experiment with air suction rate of 0.54 m/s; 0.63 m/s; 0.72 m/s and 0.90 m/s indicated that shell parchment content in cocoa nibs and power transfer efficiency value were affected by the rate. The optimum machine performance was obtained on 0.72 m/s of air suction rate with total winnowing capacity was 2.615 kg/hour, energy consumption of 132 Watt, power transfer efficiency value of 61.01% and shell parchment content was 1.06%. Shell parchment content in cocoa nibs was appropriate regarding to the SNI standard with maximum content of 1.75%
Use of cocoa ethanolic extract for treatment of Staphylococcal infection in rabbit-skin model
Get PDFIn  septic  condition,  the  skin  normal  flora  Staphylococcal  spp.  may  trigger local  and  sistemic  skin  infection.  In  this  study  antibacterial  activity  of  cocoa ethanolic  extract  (CEE)  against  Staphylococcus  aureus  and  Staphylococcus epidermidis infections  was  observed  in  vitro  and  in  vivo.  Ethanolic  extract  from unfermented  cocoa  beans  was  prepared  as  solution  in  the  in  vitro  testing,  while for  in  vivo  testing  the  extract  was  prepared  as  cream.  Agar  well  diffusion  assay showed  that  CEE  ranging  from  7.8  mg/mL  to  1000  mg/mL  demonstrated  inhibitory  activity  against  growth  of  either  S.  aureus  and  S.  epidermidis. Inhibitory activity  of  CEE  was  in  concentration  dependent  manner,  and  was  less  potential than either cephalexin 4 x 10 -3 mg/mL or cefotaxime 8 x 10 -3 mg/mL. Linear regression of CEE concentration plotted against inhibition zone values ha dpredicted the minimum inhibitory  concentrations  (MIC)  of  CEE  towards  S.  aureus  and  S.  epidermidis were at 341.9 mg/mL and 359.7 mg/mL, respectively. Topical application of cream containing  CEE  at  several  concentrations  (2%,  4%,  and  8%)  demonstrated  healing properties  towards  incision  wound  infected  with  S.  aureus and  S.  epidermidis cultures in rabbit-skin model. CEE cream promoted wound contraction and higher recovery  rate  than  of  base  cream  (negative  control)  but  lower  than  mupirocin 2%  cream.  In  S.  aureus and  S.  epidermidis  infected  wound  models,  CEE  cream 8%  improved  wound  recovery  to  72.7%  and  86.1%  from  original  rates  of  23.5% and 34.7% (base cream application). Catechin and procyanidis are suggested playing roles in  alleviation of wound inflammation and stimulation of extracellular matrix accumulation,  thus  accelerate  the  wound  healing  process.  This  study  proposes utilization  of  cocoa  bean  as  source  of  active  ingredient  for  skin  care  products
Cutting Wood Origin and Indole Butyric Acid Influence Success of Liberica Coffee Cuttings (Coffea Liberica W. Bull Ex. Hier)
Get PDFLiberica coffee can be grown in peatland and has a specific flavor. To anticipate high demand of Liberica coffee product, it is very important to support the availability of high quality seedlings that need effective multiplication method of superior genotypes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of indole-butyric acid (IBA) concentration and cuttings wood origin and their interaction in the success of Liberica coffee cuttings. This research was held at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, designed using randomized complete block in factorial with two factors consisted of cutting wood origin and concentration of IBA. First factor was cuttings wood origin consisted of the tip, middle, and base, while second factor consisted of the concentration of IBA i.e. 0, 1500, 3000, and 4500 ppm. The results showed that the end of the shoots aged of 4-6 months were better part of shoot for cutting material. Percentage of the grown cutting reach up to 80%, while the middle and base part of shoots had a fairly low percentage of grown cutting, less than 43%. IBA a tended to increase rooted cuttings number. Combined treatment between cuttings material origin in the middle part with the IBA concentration of 4500 ppm showed the best root growth
Application of Copper Fungicide and Row Covers to Control Phytophthora Seedling Blight Disease on Cocoa
Get PDFPhytophthora seedling blight disease is one of the important diseases in cocoa. The disease is caused by the fungus of Phytophthora palmivora belongs to class Oomycetes. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the use of row covers and copper oxide fungicide applications to control seedling blight Phytophthora. Covering treatment was to place cocoa seedlings inside bamboo frame covered by transparent plastic in order to avoid from rainfall effect. The research was conducted in the Kaliwining Experimental Station at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI). Experiments were carried out four treatments and repeated 6 times. Each treatment consists of 100 seedlings planted in polybags and placed in the nursery area with a protective paranet. The treatment consisted of (1) row covers, (2) spraying of copper oxide 0.2%, (3) a combination of row covers and copper oxide 0.2% and (4) control (no covers and spray). Observations made 7 days after treatment with an interval of 7 days for 10 weeks. The results showed that row covers able to prolong the incubation period of the disease for 14 days, while the application of row covers + copper oxide 0.2% was able to save cocoa seedlings by 96.2%
Influence of Quality Improvement Activities and Direct Selling Through Mediated Partnership Model on Supply Chain, Farm-Gate Price and Indonesian Households Specialty Coffee Farmers’ Income
Get PDFThe low farm-gate price of agricultural commodities is commonly caused by low quality and complicated value chain. Quality improvement and direct selling through Mediated Partnership Model (Motramed) are conducted to increase farm-gate price and bargaining power of smallholder farmers. In Indonesia, Motramed has been applied in several coffee producing regions, such as Flores, Kintamani and East Java. This research aimed to understand the influence of quality improvement and direct selling activities through Motramed on market chain, farm-gate price and household coffee farmers’ income in Indonesia. This research was conducted in Kintamani in 2013. This research also used farm-gate data in several specialty coffee producing regions, including Flores (Bajawa and Ruteng), Kintamani and East Java that collected during 2010 and 2011. I incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research methods to explore and analyse the data. Household farmer survey, semi-structured interview with coffee stakeholders including farmers, collectors, exporters, government officials and NGOs; and field observation were used for collecting the data. The research shows that quality improvement activity in the farm level and direct selling through Motramed ha
Physical Bean Quality of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica) Cultivated at High and Medium Altitude
No full textReducing productivity, outbreak of insects and diseases, and decreasingin physical and cup quality are major problems for Arabica coffee cultivation inmedium altitude. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of altitude onphysical quality in eight genotypes of Arabica coffee. This research was conductedat two locations i.e. Andungsari Research Station-Bondowoso (1250 m asl. ashigh altitude) and Kalibendo Estate-Banyuwangi (700 m asl. as medium altitude).Randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Collecteddata consisted of outturn, weight of 100 beans, shape bean normality, apparentswelling, bulk density before and after roasting. Combined analysis on the physicalquality traits of green bean showed genotype x altitude interactions on weight of100 beans, percentage of normal beans and percentage of empty bean. Altitudesignificantly influenced coffee outturn. Decreasing in altitude from 1.250 m asl.to 700 m asl. caused declining in the outturn as much 32.9%. BP 700A, K 29, K34, K 79, and K 99 were genotypes that stable to produce normal bean and emptybeans at high and medium altidute, while K 8, K 130, and SIG were genotypeswith high normal beans at high altitude but not stable. Genotype x altitude interactiondid not occur for physical quality of other variables of outturn, bulk densitybefore and after roasting, apparent swelling, percentage of round beans,percentage of elephant beans, and percentage of triage beans. Altitude showedsignificant effect on all of physical quality of bean variables
Formulation of Decaffeinated Instant Coffee Effervescent Tablet
Get PDFDecaffeinated coffee is an alternative for caffeine intollerant consumer as a safe and practical choice. However, since decaffeination process employ high temperature extraction, the coffee produced usually possesses inferior sensory qualities. This research was aimed to get an optimum formulation of effervescent coffee tablet that has good physical and sensory quality. In this research, effervescent coffee tablet was formulated with three different ratios of the decaffeinated instant coffee and effervescent reagent (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate), namely 1.5:1; 1:1; and 1:1.5 (w/w) weighed in 3 g per tablet serving. Sensory evaluation was carried out organoleptically in several criteria such as flavors, aromas, and colors on 40 mL, 80 mL, and 120 mL of the solution. Futher, physical quality evaluation was done by measuring its weight uniformity, hardness, friability, and run time which then calculated by statistic analytical method to decide the best formulation. Based on the result, the best formulation of effervescent coffee tablet was 1:1.5 (w/w) due to its shortest run time (4.2 minutes), good weight uniformity and hardness value, 1.16 ± 0.03 g/cm3 dan 6.7 ± 0.5 kg, respectively, while friability value was the smallest (2%) compared to other formulations. The brewing of this formulation in 40 mL water also had best sensory profiles in term of aroma, color and flavor
Application of Marketing Mix in Home Industry: Focussed on Micro and Small-Scale Coffee Industries
Get PDFDifferences  in  marketing  strategies  with  other  industries  are  needed  to maintain  business  sustainability  especially  for  facing  fierce  market  competition. This  research  was  aimed  to  identify  a  marketing  mix  implemented  in  micro  and small  scale  coffee  industries,  and  to  identify  external  factors  that  affected  business sustainability.  This  study  was  carried  out  in  Sumberwringin  Sub-district, Bondowoso  District,  East  Java.  Respondents  of  this  study  were  25  coffee  industry players  selected  by  using  judgement  sampling  method.  Primary  and  secondary data  were  collected  in  this  study.  Data  were  analyzed  with  descriptive-qualitative method  and  interactive  analysis.  The  results  showed  that  micro  and  small-scale coffee industries was still implementing conventional  marketing pattern. The marketing mix  which  applied  in  coffee  industry,  were  (a)  the  product  mix  was  not  persistent that  depended  on  consumer  demand;  (b)  selling  price  of  product  was  determined from  cost  production  and  profit  margins;  (c)  distribution  was  conducted  with active  and  passive  marketing  particularly  based  on  customer  orders;  (d)  promotion mix  was  implemented  by  direct  marketing,  personal  selling,  and  word  of  mouth. Micro-environments of the marketing affecting micro and small-scale coffee industries were: (a) customers as main target market  in form  of consumer markets and  alternative target  market  as  re-seller  markets;  (b)  high  intensity  competition  as  a  result of  large  number of  competitors  and  lack  of  product  diversification;  (c)  many  raw material suppliers, but expensive  input  production  cost; (d) there was no a marketing partnership  with  marketer  agent/other  partner,  but  it  had  strategic  partnership with  supplier  and  government;  (e)  government  policies  on  product  development and  marketing  had  been  implemented  by  facilitating  exhibition  activity,  processing equipment,  and  training
Abundance of Pollinator Insect (Forcipomyia spp .) of Cocoa Under Some Shade Trees
Get PDFCocoa production is affected by cocoa flowering and fruiting. The factor affects fruit seeting is pollinator agent such as Forcipomyia spp. Until now, information concerning population dynamics of Forcipomyia in some models of cocoa shading trees remains limited. This research was studied to observe the population dynamics of Forcipomyia spp. in some models of cocoa shading trees, namely lamtoro (Leucaena sp.), krete (Cassia surithensis) and areca nut (Areca catechu) in two main season of rainy and dry seasons. The research was conducted in Kaliwining research station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, by surveying the existing cocoa under different types of shading trees as mentioned above. The insects were observed using modified sticky trap method, whilst micro climate condition was also observed. The highest population was in January (rainy season) under Leucaena spp. shade tress and the lowest population was in October under all type of the shading trees. There was no relationship between microclimate condition under cocoa trees (temperature, RH and light intensity) and Forcipomyia spp. population (r = 0.08 and 0.04)
Ammonia Volatilization in Cocoa Farm as Affected by Sugarcane Filter Cake Supply at Different Urea and Soil Moisture Levels
Get PDFAmmonia (NH3) volatilization is a crucial mechanism in soil nitrogen (N) cycle. It accounts for main loss of N in cocoa farms when environment is suitable to promote the emission. A research to locate a link of several factors, namely, sugarcane filter cake (SFC), urea and soil moisture content to NH 3 volatilization, and to reveal cocoa N uptake and urea fertilizer efficiency was taken place both in a laboratory with the incubation technique, and in a greenhouse as a pot trial. The design was completely randomized design in factorial. The soil was Inceptisol from Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, East Java, collected from top soil of a productive cocoa farm. A closed trap system was designed to measurevolatilized NH 3 from soil and SFC mixture incubated for 14 days. For the pot experiment, cocoa clone of Scavina 6 seedlings were grown for six months withtreatments involving series level of SFC and series level of urea. Soil moisture content influenced volatilized NH3 by reducing 50% emission in where it was more obvious in higher level of urea applied. It was more than 90% in average for the increase in volatilized NH 3roduced by increasing in level of urea from 0 to 0.4 g kg -1 in overall level of combinations. An increase in urea level had resulted in increase in soil pH, and Parson correlation suggested a direct link with volatilized NH 3 We found a relationship between SFC and volatilized NH 3 and their combinations with soil moisture and urea content were able to inhibit the emission. Emission decrease up to 28% was observed from 0 to 100 g SFC kg-1. This inhibition may have contributed to the increase in N cocoa plant uptake by more than 70% compared to control and subsequent increase in N fertilizer supply efficiency up to 86% in the combination with 0.2 g urea kg-1. The absence of SFC had made a decline in urea efficiency about 20 times.Keywords: ammonia volatilization, sugarcane filter cake, urea, soil moisture, coco