Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Diversity and Abundance of Natural Enemies of Helopeltis antonii in Cocoa Plantation Related with Plant Pattern and Insecticide Application
Get PDFNatural enemy is an important factor in management of cacao pests. One way to increase its diversity and abundance is through agroecosystem management techniques that support. The study was conducted for one year from February 2014 to February 2015 in Banjarsari Plantation and a cocoa farm of Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, which applied different cropping patterns and use of insecticides. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of cropping pattern and use of insecticide on diversity and abundance of predators, parasitoids, abundance and intensity of Helopeltis antonii attack. Observation of pests and natural enemies was done visually, using sweep net, yellow pan traps, malaise trap and pifall trap. Intensity of the attack used Pedigo & Buntin equations. Diversity index used Shannon Diversity Index (H’) and Simpson’s dominance index (C). Differences in predator abundance, parasitoid, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and rainfall used Wilcoxon test. Results of this study showed that monoculture and intensive use of synthetic insecticides caused lower diversity and abundance of predators and parasitoids, while the abundance and intensity of H. antonii attacks were higher compared with polyculture without insecticide. Banjarsari cocoa plantation that applied monoculture and intensive use of synthetic insecticides, had lower diversity and abundance predators and parasitoids compared with cocoa plantation in Kaliwining that applied polyculture planting without using insecticide. Dominant predators in Banjarsari and in Kaliwining cocoa plantations were Dolichoderus thoracicus and Araneus diadematus, while dominant parasitoid in Banjarsari and in Kaliwining cocoa plantations was Araneus diadematus
El Nino Effect on Coffee Growth and Productivity on Several Agroforestry Systems in Gumitir Mountain Coffee Farms, East Java, Indonesia
Get PDFClimate change and global warming have become major issues in the last 10 years and affect many sectors including coffee plantations. Global warming causes El Nino to occur more frequently and potentialy reduced agricultural production between 5–20%. In coffee plantations, an effort to minimize the impact of climate change is the use of agroforestry cropping pattern. One of the Robusta coffee producing areas grown using agroforestry system in East Java is at Gumitir mountain area. Coffee plants used as samples were 10–12 years old of Tugusari 6 coffee plantations managed by Sidomulyo farmer group. The environmental design used completely randomized block design with three replicates for each treatment which consisted of +0.5 ha. The results of this study indicated that coffee grown under forest produced the lowest irradiation and keep daytime tem-peratures 26.33oC with humidity 85% during this El Nino period. On plant growth parameters showed that the lower intensity of irradiation produced coffee plants with morphological characters of longer segments, larger leaves and higher chlo-rophyll content. Plant growth showed no significant difference except in coffee agroforestry system with pine which produced the smallest stem diameter and fewer productive branches. It was suspected due to the presence of allelopati compounds released by the litter of pine leaves. Coffee grown under natural forest produced highest nodes per branch, cherries per node, and number of cherries per tree than other systems. Productivity of robusta coffee in Gumitir mountain area during El Nino showed that the highest productivity in forest 1497 kg ha –1 and 1355 kg ha –1 on coffee grown under Leucaena, due to its ability to maintain moisture. Agroforestry system in coffee is able to maintain environmental conditions in this case in terms of irradiation, temperature and moisture during El Nino which caused stability of plant growth and coffee productivity during El Nino
Stomatal, Proline, and Leaf Water Status Characters of Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L.) on Prolonged Dry Season
Get PDFENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) occurring in 2015 in Indonesia caused drought stress and the decrease in the percentage of production and even death of plants. One effective and relatively inexpensive way of reducing damage and economic losses due to drought is the availibility of tolerant cocoa. The objective of this research was to obtain tolerant clones based on morpho-physiological characters under drought stress. The experiment was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) during dry season (El Nino period with 5 consecutive dry months, from May to October 2015). Stomata, proline, leaf water status was measured at the peak of dry season on tested cocoa clones. The cocoa clones that predicted tolerant against to drought stress were KW 641, KW 514, KW 535, KW 619, and KW 516, whereas the cocoa clones that predicted susceptible under drought stress were KW 609, KW 614, KW 635, KW 606, and KW 651. The treatment clones had higher values of RWC, leaf proline content, narrower width and length of stomata openings, but smaller value of WSD compared to susceptible clones. Meanwhile, the character of leaf thickness might not significanly different to the character of drought tolerance
Value-added Product on Coffee Marketing in Pasuruan District
Get PDFDevelopment of household coffee industry can be used as a strategy to redistribute farmers’ household income. Through production process, farmer can create value-added by producing high value commercialized products. The objective of this research were to assess coffee price dynamics in Pasuruan district; and to analyze the value-added of coffee products produced by farmers. This research was carried out in Pasuruan district including Prigen, Tutur, Purwodadi, Purwosari, and Puspo sub-districts. Respondents were selected by using snowball sampling method as much as 16 farmers. Data used in this research preferred primary data with secondary data as a supporting data. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, inductive analysis, and Hayami method. The results showed that the average of farmer’s share in Robusta coffee sales had exceeded 80% of the international market and Lampung spot market. meanwhile, the average of farmer’s share in Arabica coffee sales was more than 40% of the international market and Medan spot market. Higher value-added could be created by conducting downstream processing as one of product diversification activities. Robustaand Arabica coffee which had been marketed as roasted coffee and ground coffee would provide a higher value-added than that of primary products (cherries, dried cherries, green bean). Based on these cases, farmers could gain the highest value-added by marketing ground coffee products
Analysis of Secondary Metabolites as Potential Phytoalexins, Their Secretion Sites and Proposed Resistance Markers to Vascular Streak Dieback in Theobroma cacao L.
Get PDFStudy on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD
Dynamic of Arabica Coffee Marketing Organization in Ngada District:Progress upon Implementing of Geographical Indication
Get PDFFarmer organization has important role on coffee agribusiness development. Organization was positioned as a driving force on farmer economic activities, especially in strengthening partnership networks. Realizing the importance of organization, the aim of this research was to identify the coffee market structure in the scheme of Geographical Indication; to analyze the dynamic of coffee marketing organization at farmers level; and to analyze added value of wet parchment bean sales at the farmers organization. This research was conducted in Ngada District which includes Bajawa, Golewa and West Golewa Sub-district. Respondents in this study were 100 farmers which determined by using simple random samplingmethod. The primary data was based on questionnaire and secondary data was from journals, articles, and internal reports. Data were analyzed with descriptivequalitativeapproach and Hayami method. The results showed that coffee market structure in Ngada District lead to imperfect competition market (monopsonyoligopsony). The dynamic of farmers organization worked in progress which shown through ease access to market information and networking. Vertically organizational relationship between farmers and other market cooperatives has been established. Added value at UPHs/cooperative in the coffee supply chain was 15,35% of output valu
Heterosis Analysis of Leaf Stomatal Characteristics on F 1 Population of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Related to Vascular-Streak Dieback Resistance
Get PDFBreeding for cocoa resistance to VSD is the main goal in breeding program in Indonesia. Research for selection criteria on cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) resistance to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) has being carried out by exploring leaf stomatal characteristics corresponding to VSD damages. This research had objectives to select best crosses by observing the estimated value of heterosis and heterobeltiosis on F1 hybrid populations based on leaf stomata characteristics related to VSD resistance. Trial was established at Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) in a VSD endemic area. Treatments consisted of 5 F1 hybrid populations generated by biparental crosses of TSH 858(S) x Sulawesi 1 (R), TSH 858 (S) x KEE 2 (R), TSH 858 (S) x Sulawesi 3 (R), Sca 6 (R) x KW 264 (S) and KW 617 (R) x KW 264 (S). Each cross consisted of 100-300 genotypes planted in high planting density of 0.5 m x 0.5 m. Theresistance was evaluated by scoring the plant damage in the scale of 0-3 at three years after planting. Stomata characteristics were assessed microscopically based on the variables of density, length, width and diameter of stomata and width of opening stomata. Analysis of correlation indicated that most of stomatal charac-teristicssignificantly correlated to VSD damage but the width of opening stomata performedthe highest coefficient of correlation (r = 0.49) and contributed to VSD damage (0.45). Meanwhile, path analysis indicated higher value of the char-acteristics performed less resistance of the tested hybrids, KW 617 x KW 264 showed lower value of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the characteristics which of the best crosses for generating VSD-resistant genotype
Technical and Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Arabica Coffee Farming in Panti Sub-district, Jember
Get PDFMany factors must be considered in coffee production processes. Use of factors of production must also be efficient in order to produce maximum production.This research was conducted in Panti Sub-district, Jember, as one of larger coffee producer in Jember. This location was also one area in Jember cultivated with Arabica coffee since 2012. Therefore, this study aimed to determine production factors in Arabica coffee smallholders; particularly technical and economic efficiency of Arabica coffee smallholders. Research method including interview and secondary data collection was carried out in three farmer groups in Panti Sub-district. Samples included 36 farmers from Surya Tani, Sejahtera Bersama and Taman Putri farmer groups. Analytical methods used were Cobb Douglass as a function of Stochastic Frontier to see the technical efficiency of farming and analysis of economic the selected efficiency with pricing approach. Technical efficiency in Arabica coffee farming in the selected locations were considered efficient in the level of 71.4% with aminimum of technical efficiency of 24.9% and a maximum efficiency of 93.4%. Economic efficiency showed that factors of labor and use of organic fertilizers were not efficient, thus there should be a reduction in use of labor and organic fertilizers. The factors indicated also that use of inorganic fertilizers was not efficient, with economic efficiency value (NPM/Px) of 1.579. The conditions indicate that there is a need to use of inorganic fertilizers to be an economically efficient manner
Financial Feasibility Study of Arabica Coffee: A Case Study in Poetete Village, Ermera District, Timor Leste
Get PDFCoffee is not only the main export product in Timor Leste, but also a source of income for farmer household. The importance of coffee for Timor Leste community should be developed through market oriented farm management on coffee farming. The aim of this research was to analyze financial feasibility of Arabica coffee farming at farmer level; analyze sensitivity of coffee farming toward change in coffee productivity and price; and analyze correlation between productivity with socio-economic characteristics of farmers. This research was carried out at Poetete Village, Ermera Sub-district, Ermera District, Timor Leste. Primary and secondary data were collected in this research. Respondents were selected by stratified random sampling method. Financial feasibility study on coffee farming were analyzed by using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) dan Net Benefit Cost Ratio (NBCR). Rank Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between productivity with variable of production factors and socioeconomic characteristics of farmers. The results showed that Arabica coffee farming was financially feasible to be develop with NPV of USD 205,291,130; IRR of 17.449%; and Net B/C ratio of 2.911 at discount factor 10%. Arabica coffee farming at Poetete Village was classified less responsive toward productivity increasing at 10% and price decreasing at 10% with NPV of USD 37,367,151; IRR of 25.95%; and Net B/ C ratio of 3.862 at discount factor 1%. The correlation between productivity with land ownership (0.965), experience of farmers (0.613), age of farmers (0.663), farmers education level (0.748) and household size (0.791) were categorized as strong to very strong
Embryo Germination Development of Coffea arabica L.at Various Media Composition, Subcultures Stages and Embryo Size
Get PDFMost reliable and efficient protocol for Coffea arabica L. of Sigararutang variety plant regeneration was established using embryoid as an early explant from the induction of embryogenic callus phase. A completely randomized designs with 5 replications was designed to accomplish 20 protocols of embryo germina-tion methods with different steps of subculture, size of embryo and germination medium. The embryogenic calluses from the flush leave explant were induced embryoid on a half-strength MS medium fortified with a half-strength combina-tion vitamin of 1.8 mg/L nicotinic acid, 10.1 mg/L thiamin HCl and 3.1 mg/L pyri-doxine, 50 mg/L myo inositol, 33 mg/L L.cistein, 1 mg/L Kinetin, 0.1 mg/L NAA, 20 gr/L sucrose, 2.4 gr/L gelrite and pH 5.5.The result showed that Protocol 17 was the most effective, with 59,2% of rooted cotyledons, 4.04 cm of length of roots, 1.68 cm of length of hypocotyl, 20.8% of opened cotyledons and 100% of cotyledonary embryo at the end of 8 weeks which used the B medium, large embryos and twice phase of subculture from liquid medium to solid medium. The Protocol 17 is stable protocol from low to high value. Protocol 8 is the steady protocol from high to low value. Protocols 17 and 8 are the highest and lowest ranking, respectively, for each parameter. Protocol 17 is the most suitable for the germination embryo somatic