Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Drought Stress Affecting Growth and Some Physiological Characters of Three Cocoa Clones at Seedling Phase
Get PDFDrought stress can have substantial negative impacts on cocoa plant growth until affect the death of plant. The present study aimed to determine theeffect of drought stress on the some physiological characters of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings. The research was carried out at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from January–December 2017. The experiment was designed by using completely randomized block design with two factors and with three replications. The first factor was clones, namely ICS 60, Sulawesi 1 and KW 641 clones. The second factor was interval of watering treatment, namely watering every 2 days (control/adequate water condition), watering every 5 days (moderate stress), and watering every 8 days (severe stress). Result of this study concluded that drought stress reduced the growth of cocoa seedlings, mainly as a result of reducing photosynthetic activities in all stressed cocoa clone seedlings. Under drought stress, KW 641 and Sulawesi 1 had higher leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and photosynthetic rate than ICS 60 clone
Changes in weather pattern affect insect composition in Madai, Sabah.
Get PDFBiodiversity can be studied at a species level such as insect group. Insects play important roles in the ecosystem which is affected by the climate factors such as rainfall pattern, humidity and temperature. Changes on this climate pattern might give direct and indirect impacts on the insect activities as the global trend of climate showed a warmer effect which has caused the glacier to melt faster withless ice coverage, the rise at the sea level and the global temperature continues to rise in the future. Glacier has lost ice coverage tremendously. The sea level also reported rise up and the temperature predicted continuously increased. This study was carried out at Cocoa Research and Development Centre (CRDC) Madai, Sabah, Malaysia. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts of weather pattern changes on the insect composition in the last 11 years. This study was carried out at three different areas using four different insect trapping methods such as pitfall trap, winkler trap, line transet trap and light trap. Result from this study showed that the insect composition has changed drastically in the last 11 years. Reduction in number of insect catched using 4 different methods has suggested that the changes in weather pattern over period of time have some effects on insect composition
Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of CRIN TC Cocoa Hybrid Technology in Oyo State, Nigeria
Get PDFCocoa production in Nigeria has been on a downward trend in recent years. Low productivity from ageing cocoa trees and low technology uptake among the farmers are some of the contributing factors. Efforts are therefore ongoing to introduce cocoa hybrid technology to enhance cocoa farmers’ productivity. This study therefore examines factors influencing adoption of CRIN TC (TC 1- 8) cocoa hybrid technology among cocoa farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Using multi-stage sampling procedure, 80 respondents were sampled for the study. A well-structured questionnaire was used to gather information from the farmers. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results revealed that most (83.8%) of the farmers were male with the mean age of 55 years. It also showed that 43.8% of the farmers completed primary education while majority (51.3%) had a household size of 6-10 persons with a mean household size of 5 persons. The study also showed that 80% of the cocoa farmers got their information regarding cocoa hybrid through research institute. It was also found that most of the farmers had high level of adoption. Meanwhile, high cost of agrochemicals was identified as a major constraint toward adoption of CRIN TC (TC 1- 8) cocoa hybrid. Meanwhile, farmers age (β=-0.007) farming experience (β=-0.004) were identified as the factors influencing farmers’ adoption of the cocoa hybrid. Governments at various levels are encouraged to subsidise the price of agrochemicals which was discovered as major constraint to adoption of CRIN TC (TC1-TC8) cocoa hybrid technology
Role of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Benzoic Acid Applications to Vascular Streak Dieback Disease Attack on Cocoa Seedlings
Get PDFCurrently, vascular streak dieback (VSD) attacks have widespread in areas ofthe center of cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) production, especially inSulawesi. Salicylic acid and benzoic acid are part of phenol compounds reportedlyacts as bioimmunoregulator in increasing of plant resistance to that pathogen. The objec-tiveof this research was to investigate effect of exogenous salicylic acid and benzoic acid applications to VSD disease attack on cocoa seedlings. The research was conducted at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute,Jember, East Java. This experiment designed using randomized completely block design with three replications. The treatments included concentrations of salicylic acid in 0.5 mMol, 1 mMol, 2 mMol; benzoic acid with concentration 0.5 mMol, 1 mMol,2 mMol; and control (water spray). Observations were based on the incidence and severity damage of disease, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, stelate trichome, chlorophyll, width and length of stomatal apperture, and number of stomata. Exogenoussalicylic acid and benzoic acid as phytohormone can reduce disease insidence and severity of VSD. In conclusion, our results indicated that exogenous salicylic acid and benzoic promoted stomatal closure in cocoa leaf by decreasing width-stomatal closure. Salicylic and benzoic acid had no effect to plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, length of stomatal apperture, number of stomata, and number of stelate trichome
Gross heating value of various shade-trees wood in coffee plantation in Costa Rica and its relation with extractives and specific gravity: : Gross heating value of various shade-trees wood in coffee plantation
Get PDFShade-trees with energy use in coffee plantations are an important alternative to increase profitability in groforestry systems. The aim of this study was to investigate gross calorific value (GCV) of 15 shade-tree species in coffee plantations in Costa Rica. The relationships between specific gravity and extractives content on GCV was evaluated. The results revealed that GCV varied from 15.9 to 21.9 MJ kg-1 for sapwood, and from 15.3 to 21.9 MJ kg-1 for heartwood. No consistency was observed regarding to relation of type of wood (sapwood orheartwood) and GCV. The highest GCV value was found in Pinus caribaea for sapwood and heartwood. However Cupressus lusitanica, presented high GCV in sapwood too. The lowest values were found in Schizolobium parahyba in sapwood and Zygia longifolia and Eucalyptus globulus in heartwood. Carbon content (C) and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and extractives in sodium hydroxide and dichloromethane were correlated with GCV in sapwood and heartwood. Meanwhile extractives in hot water were correlated in heartwood, and nitrogen content (N) and extractives in cool water were too correlated in sapwood
Characterization of Polyphenols from Various Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones During Fermentation
Get PDFCocoa bean is a rich source of polyphenols, which are the largest group secondary metabolite with natural antioxidant property. Polyphenols from cocoabeans was reported to possess health benefits. Fermentation, one step in cocoa processing is needed to improve the quality of cocoa in which the concentration of cocoa bean polyphenols might decrease significantly through oxidation and exudation. Cocoa polyphenols content among different cocoa clones mightalso vary. The aims of this study were to determine total polyphenols, total flavanoid, epicatechin, and catechin content in several cocoa clones, those wereSulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, ICCRI 03, and KW 617. Until now, characterization of polyphenols from those clones has not been reported. The effect of five daysfermentation to those parameters was also studied. The results of the study showed that fermentation and type of clones significantly affected total of polyphenols, total of flavanoids, epicatechin, and catechin content of the cocoa, there is also an interaction between fermentation and type of clones. Unfermented of Sulawesi 1 had the highest total polyphenols of 96.94±5.83 mg/g, total flavanoids of 90.92±1.89 mg/g, epicatechin of 52.50±0.46 mg/g, and catechin of 1.99±0.02 mg/g content compared to other clones. Among five days fermented cocoa beans, Sulawesi 2 showed the highest total polyphenols and total flavanoids content, while ICCRI 03 had the highest epicatechin and catechin content than other clones. Thus, in can be concluded that although fermentation is required to improve the flavor quality of cocoa, it significantly reduced the content of bioactive compounds. This effect varied amongdifferent cocoa clones
Cocoa Purchasing and the Issue of Insecurity in the Akontombra District in the Western Region of Ghana
Get PDFThe cocoa industry in Ghana is plagued with a number of challenges. Among such challenges is the issue of insecurity. This notwithstanding, there are limited scholarly findings on the nature and the underlying factors associated with these insecurity issues. This paper examined the cocoa industry in the Sefwi Akontombra District in the Western Region of Ghana and presents an analysis of the processes and procedures for cocoa purchasing in the district; the securityarrangements and mechanisms put in place during cocoa purchasing peak periods; the nature of access roads in cocoa growing areas in the district; and the influence of access roads on the insecurity of cocoa purchasing in the district. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and using a cross sectional study design, the case of OLAM Ghana Limited, a private licensed cocoa buying company operating in Sefwi Akontombra was examined. Primary data were gathered from purchasing clerks, drivers, warehouse keepers and officials of the company. Data from the District Command of the Ghana Police Service and the Department of Feeder Roads district office were solicited using interview guides. Non-participant observation and taking of photography were also employed as data capturing mechanism during the study. The study espoused content analysis in analysing the contents of the interviews and observational field notes in order to identify the main themes that emerge from the responses given by the respondents or the observation notes made. Inferences and implications were drawn then drawn from the analysis. The study found out that there was no security measure by OLAM Ghana Limited to ensure the safety of funds meant for cocoa buying, the storage and the transportation of cocoa beans in the study district. There was also no security arrangement during peak cocoa purchasing periods in the study district by key stakeholders within the cocoa sector in the district. Moreover, access road was further found out to be a major factor that accounts for some of the insecurity issues associated with cocoa purchasing activities in the Sefwi Akontombra District. The study thus recommends the development and adoption of security arrangements and mechanism by all stakeholders within the cocoa industry in the study district and the making of security issues a top priority by OLAM Ghana Limited
Study of Self-Compatibility Character Related to Seed Characteristics and Seedling Performance on Cocoa
Get PDFSelf-incompatibility is an important factor in limiting the yield of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). The research aimed to study the effect of self-compatibility on cocoa related to pod and bean characteristics and seedling performance. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Research Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember and Bogor Agriculture University in Bogor. The research used completely randomized design with three clones as treatment and each treatment repeated three times. The three clones used had a different self-compatibility characteristics; NA 32 (self-incompatible), DR 2 and Sulawesi 2 (self-compatible). Fruit set, pod characteristics, bean characteristics and seedling performance were observed. The results showed that self compatible cocoa clones had higher of fruit set per cushion (4,7-7,9 fruit set per tree) than selfincompatible (1,9 fruit set per cushion). Sulawesi 2 as a self compatible cocoa clone showed the lowest of fallen fruit set per cushion after two and four weeks. Self compatible cocoa clones (Sulawesi 2 and DR 2) had greater pod and better bean quality than self incompatible (NA 32) included pod length, pod weight, pod girth, weight of wet beans per pod, number of beans per pod, volume per wet bean, weight of dry bean and weight of nib. While number of poorly beans per pod in self incompatible showed higher than self compatible clones. Seedling performance of self compatible showed better than self incompatible for plant height and stem diameter. Visually the seedling of self compatible showed homogeny than self incompatible and variant analysis of plant height showed that self compatible were lower than self incompatible
Improvement of Small Scale Cocoa Fermentation Using Lactobacillus fermentumas Starter Culture
Get PDFLow harvest amount of cocoa smallholder has became a great constraint for farmer in order to carry out a proper postharvest practice. Low production of raw cocoa beans cause farmers are not able to ferment their cocoa beans that lead to low quality of cocoa beans produced. Addition of starter culture to improve the fermentation performance has been previously reported by some researchers. In this study, Lactobacillus fermentum(LF) inoculum was used as stater culture for small scale cocoa fermentation (15 kg). The LF culture (107 CFU/gr) was added in several concentration (1, 2.5, and 5% w/w) prior cocoa fermentation. The fermen-tation was carried out in 4 days (96 h) with once turning in 48 h. The result showed that the addition of LF in small batch of cocoa fermentation could improve the performance of fermentation and resulted in higher amount of fermented cocoa beans (70,34%, 5% LF) compared to natural fermentation and fair average quality (FAQ) beans (45% and 41%, respectively). This research result is significantly important solving the issues of fermentation concerning with minimum quantity of cocoa needed. With this approach, small batch of cocoa fermentation even could result in comparable quality to full-batch fermentation
Uterus Weight of Ovariectomized Rats Given Cocoa Powder and Extract
Get PDFEstrogen is a hormone that influences the growth of uterus. Ovariectomized rats lose their ovaries as the main source of estrogen so their uterus tends to shrink. The objective of thise study was to evaluate the potency of cocoa as an estrogen substitute, which was done through an experiment that tested the influence of cocoa products on the uterus weight of ovariectomized rats. There were five treatments and in each of the treatments, six wistar rats were given the substance for three days. Four groups of treatment consisted of ovariectomized rats given cocoa extract (875.2 ppm of polyphenols, 1 g/kg of body weight, BW), cocoa powder (369.8 ppm of polyphenols, 1 g/kg BW), olive oil (10 mL/kg BW), or estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg BW). The fifth group consisted of intact (non-ovariectomized) rats given 10 mL/kg BW of water. The finding showed that the ovariectomized rats given olive oil had lower uterus weight than that of intact rats, while the ovariectomized rats given estradiol valerate had higher uterus weight compared to the intact and olive oil groups. The ovariectomized rats given cocoa powder and extract had higher uterus weight compared to those given only olive oil; although they were not significantly different. Correlation between the body weight and uterus weight varied across treatment groups. The rats given olive oil showed significant, positive correlation, while the intact rats showed moderate, positive correlation. The rats given estradiol valerate and cocoa powder showed non-significant correlation. Since the polyphenol content in cocoa powder was at lower concentration than that in the cocoa extract, it was predicted that cocoa polyphenols are more potential in the lower concentration. This study concludes that even though consumption of cocoa powder and extract did not significantly induced uterus growth, cocoa is still considered having estrogenic activity by lowering the correlation between the body weight and uterus weight in ovariectomized rats