Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Study on Relationship Between Age and Coffee Preference: Application to Specialty Coffee Association Brewing Control Chart
Get PDFThe Specialty Coffee Association Brewing Control chart has been used for the past 50 years, and is intended to assist the coffee brewer by stating the brew ratio and TDS (total dissolved solids) value needed to brew an “ideal†cup of coffee. Since coffee is a common and popular beverage that is consumed among populations ranging from children to elders, the objective of this study was to find out whether taste preferences in coffee vary based on age and whether these preferences match the current brewing control chart standard. Data collected in this study was based on a taste test with 32 total participants selected randomly. Of these participants, 10 fell into the 10-19 years old age range, 5 in the 20-29 range, 4 in the 30-39 range, 7 in the 40-49 range, and 6 in the 50-59 range. Based on the data from these respondents, no obvious trend between age range and coffee preference was observed; but, this is subject to change with larger sample sizes.Overall taste preferences, however, do generally fit the current standard ideal range on the coffee brewing control chart
Morphological Variations of Robusta Coffee As a Response to Different Altitude in Lampung
Get PDFThe coffee growth is considered to depend, partly, on the environmental condition at which they develop to accomplish both vegetative and generative stages. An exploratory survey in Lampung aimed at investigating the morphological characteristics of 13 Robusta coffee accessions growing on different altitudes.Local superior coffee clones were selected from eight farms, and subjected to identifications. Three key issues were concerned for both quantitatively, i.e. plant components of leaves, branches, and fruits, and qualitatively such as leaves and fruit characteristics, i.e. colour and shape. The analysis shows a similarity of about 60% of total qualitative variable identified among different accessions. The remaining characters are suggested to be more varying such as flush colour, leaf surface, ripe fruit colour, and stipule shape. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis showed a higher level of similarity for fruit characters, i.e. fruit length, -width, and -thickness, and to a slightly lower level for leaf characteristics, i.e. leaf length and -width, and number of productive branches. It was revealed that some variables, i.e. fruit weight; leaf and seed; and canopy characteristics, explaining the morphological variation of coffee throughout the accessions. Furthermore, cluster analysis may indicated a possible similarity of coffee morphologies either from area with different or the same environmental conditions. A high heterogeneity related to environmental conditions, genotypic variations, plant nutritional status, and agronomic practices, which unable to confirm in the present study, may limit the specific conclusions
Changes of leaf anatomical profile of cocoa clones seedlings in response to drought.
Get PDFCocoa is a plant that is very sensitive to drought during its growth and development phase, which causes changes up to the anatomical and morphologicallevel. This research is aimed to examine the changes on several leaf anatomical characteristics of three cocoa clones under the drought stress. This research was conducted in a greenhouse of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia in January – December 2017. The research was designedusing randomized complete block design with two factors including clones and watering time interval, with three replications. The clone factor comprised of ICS 60,KW 641, and Sulawesi 1. The result showed that the clones of Sulawesi 1 and KW 641 cocoa had a higher mesophyll thickness, lower stomatal density, narrowerstomatal opening, thicker abaxial and adaxial epidermis, and higher relative water content compared to ICS 60 clone. The 8-day watering interval caused a decreasein mesophyll thickness, leaf thickness, increase in stomatal density, stomatal closure, decrease in abaxial epidermis thickness, and decrease in water status within the plant tissue. The thicker the leaf mesophyll tissue, the higher the leaf water content was. This showed that the water status within a plant leaf tissue determined bythe leaf mesophyll thickness
Leaf Mineral Composition of Coffee Infected by a Hemileia vastatrix Fungus in Bondowoso, East Java
Get PDFLeaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix fungus may become an important issue on highland coffee (Coffea arabica) especially related to the progressive increase in terms of global temperature. A research aimed at evaluating the mineral composition of some rusted coffee leaves from a single clone S 795 was carried out in Andungsari Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. A single block experiment was situated at 1451 m asl. The intensity of rust spot in the leaves were identified, and estimated to correspond with the score of 5 to 7 out of 10. The difference in the nutrient status between normal and rusted leaves were statistically evaluated by comparing the mean values using unpaired t-test. The leaf analysis shows an optimal range for potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si). Silicon distribution exhibits a high vari- ability with coefficient of variation (CV) around 30%, while K is slightly lower with CV less than 10%. Principal component analysis shows that Ca, Mg and K may have explained the most variation in the original variables as defined by PC1 (54.76%), PC2 (23.22%), and PC3 (14.01%). The rusted leaves are associated with Ca and Si while normal leaves are associated with K. A considerable high of K may explain for the depression of Ca in normal leaves which is, however, associated with an antagonism between these two minerals. The ratio of has a negative correlation with Ca, and may show a potential as an indicator for leaf mineral evaluation in the context of Hemileia vastatrix fungus infected coffee
Raw Secondary Metabolites Application of Two Trichoderma harzianum Isolates towards Vascular Streak Dieback on Cocoa Seedlings
Get PDFVascular streak dieback is an important disease on cocoa that recently is still difficult to control. This research aimed to study the raw secondary metabo- lites application effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum T10 and T213, or their combination to vascular streak dieback and its effect on growth and on phenolic compound of cocoa seedlings. Randomized block design was used with nine replicates. The treatments were control, secondary metabolites of T. harzianumT10 and T213, their combination and fungicide with active ingredient of phosphic acid. Variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, plant height, number of leaves, wieght of fresh and dry plants, weight of fresh and dry roots, roots length, and phenolic compound. Result of the research showed that the raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum T10 could suppress the disease inten- sity and delay the incubation period as 62.17 and 24.97%, respectively. The raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum T213 and T10 combination could increase plant height 36.21%, number of leaves 19.07%, fresh weight of plant 20.6%, dry weight of plant 17.5%, fresh weight roots 27%, dry weight of root 34.36%, and roots length 21.30%. All raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum were able to increase phenolic compounds (saponins, tannins, and glycosides) qualitatively of cocoa seedlings
Influence of Geographic Region on Fatty Acid and Physical Properties of Indonesian Cocoa Butter from Smallholder Estate
Get PDFCocoa butter is the most essensial component in chocolate formulation and represent the biggest characteristic of this product. Indonesia is the third cocoa producers with cocoa producing area spread out in different geographic region and may affect in cocoa butter profiles. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the fatty acid characteristic and physical properties of cocoa butter from smallholder estate relate to geographic region and climate. This experiment was conducted using unfermented cocoa bean from smallholder estate in eight provinces of Indonesian most growing areas. Fatty acid composition evaluated through the different region and physical properties evaluated in melting profiles and solid fat content. The result explain the fatty acid characteristic of Indonesian cocoa butter consist of palmitic acid (C16:0) 26.28–29.20%, stearic acid (C18:0) 32,14–37.29% and oleic acid (C18:1) 32,14–37,29%. Growing temperature signifi- cantly affects the increase of palmitic acid composition contribute to cocoa butter hardness. Cocoa butter completely melt in temperature of 36.65–39.20OC and solid fat content ranged 7.288–16.82% in 33OC and ranged 0.02–0.29% in 38OC. This Indonesian cocoa butter comply to the classification of hard cocoa butter
Analysis of Specialty Coffee Business Performances: Focus on Management of Farmer Organizations in Indonesia
Get PDFIndonesian specialty coffee farmer organization is established by Government of Indonesia (GoI) for managing coffee production, processing, and marketing in farmer group level. Through farm-level industrialization program, the GoI supported coffee farmer organizations in several specialty coffee producing regions for increasing farmers’ livelihoods. These farmer organizations are encouraged to produce higher quality of coffee in term of specialty coffee and link directly with buyers. Therefore, the farmer groups would obtain the profits that can be shared to the members of farmer organizations. This research aims firstly to understand the performances, challenges and risk management of specialty coffee business on farmer organizations level across Indonesia, and secoundly to understand the profits gained by specialty coffee farmer organizations. The research has been conducted in several specialty coffee producing regions, including Bali, East Java, Flores and South Sulawesi. The case study and ethnography were carried out by collecting data through direct observation and in depth interviews. Number of respondents were 27 producer organizations which were selected by judgement sampling method. The data were analyzed by using descriptive method and profit analysis. The research results show that alternative model of value chain interventions (VCIs) is required for improving the profits of specialty coffee business on farmer organizations level and farmers’ livelihoods. Maximization the VCIs to increase the benefits for farmers, the VCIs should be conducted by incorporating both off-farm and on-farm aspects
Diversity of Arthropods and Parasitic Nematodes Population in Intercropping Patterns of Robusta Coffee
Get PDFShade plants affect the microclimates around the plants which directly affect the population of arthropods, especially insects. Therefore, this research was needed to analyze the diversity and role composition of insects in Robusta coffee plantations based on different intensity of shade plants. Samplings of insects and parasitic nematodes were conducted in intercropping patterns of Robusta coffee namely mixed intercropping patterns, coffee-pepper intercropping patterns and coffee-banana intercropping patterns. In each intercropping pattern of Robusta coffee, samplings were conducted as much as ten plants using random sampling. Data analysis was done by calculating the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') and evenness index (E). The results showed that diversity index in all Robusta coffee intercropping patterns were < 3, indicating that the diversity of insects in all intercropping patterns was relatively. Insect diversity in coffee-pepper inter- cropping pattern is found higher than the one in either mixed intercropping pattern or coffee-banana intercropping patterns. Out of those intercropping patterns, insects from Formicidae family of Hymenoptera order was found to be the most dominant insects. The composition of insects in all of those three intercropping patterns has been mainly dominated by insects from the family of Formicidae and Hymenoptera order since they are natural enemy insects. Pratylenchus coffeaehas been confirmed as the most dominant nematode species in the three Robusta coffee intercropping pattern. P. coffeae had the highest population average of 3279 in coffee-pepper intercropping pattern
Assessment of Service Quality Using Weighted SERVPERF Approach: A Case Study on the Coffee Cupping Training at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute
Get PDFService quality is an important aspect that has a direct impact on company. In addition, it is to be one of the consumer’s judgement in purchasing a product or service. Tight business competition and high consumers’ interest in training services encourage companies to enhance their service quality. The aims of this research are (1) to assess the service quality of coffee cupping training using weighted SERVPERF; (2) to analyze consumers’ response to the service quality provided by management; and (3) to analyze the effect of service quality on word of mouth in which customer satisfaction as a moderator variable. This research was conducted in Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Survey method was applied to collect primary data by using questionnaire. Judgement sampling was used to select 102 respondents. The data were analyzed by descrip- tive method and statistical analysis. Moderator regression analysis was applied to predict the effect of service quality on word of mouth in which customer satis- faction as a moderating variable. The research found that the perceived service quality of coffee cupping training was 3.736 which categorized in relatively good on providing services. There were 3 attributes of service quality that must be immediately improved, among others (i) conformity of materials, visual practices and information provided by instructors to consumers’ needs; (ii) understand- able and up to date training materials; and (iii) duration of the training is matching with the consumers’ demand. The result of moderator regression analysis showed that interaction between service quality and customer satisfaction was not signifi- cant to word of mouth. Thus, customer satisfaction could not act to moderate in providing a better understanding of relationship between service quality and word of mouth than each variable on the model. There are expected external factors beyond the existing models that influences on word of mouth
Genetic components estimation of F1 population of cocoa (Theobromacacao L.) in drought stress condition.
Get PDFDrought stress is a major constraint in cocoa production. The use of drought tolerant clone is the most efficient tool to overcome drought problem in cocoa production. North Carolina II (NCII) mating-design was used to identify parental and progeny performance in drought stress. The crossing consisted of three female parent clones namely KW 516, Sulawesi 3, and TSH 858, while male parent clones were ICCRI 09 and Scavina 6 then produced 6 combinations crosses. Genotypes used were 11 genotypes consisted of 5 parent clones and 6 cross genotypes. Drought treatment was applied to cocoa seedlings at 6 weeks after sowing with 25% and 100% available water content. The plants were maintained without water for five days to modulate the drought intensity. Variables observed were stem diameter, root length, root volume, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio characters at 16 weeks after sowing. Based on the estimated general combining ability (GCA) value, TSH 858 was the best female parent, while Scavina 6 was the best male parent. Based on the estimated specific combining ability (SCA) value Sulawesi 3 x ICCRI 09 and TSH 858 x Scavina 6 were the best crosses. Based on the estimation of its genetic components, characters of drought tolerance stress were affected by additive genes. The dominant gene only affected the root fresh weight and root/shoot ratio. Based on SSI values, TSH 858 and Sulawesi 3 clones were drought-resistant clones, ICCRI 09 was moderate clone, and KW 516 and Scavina 6 were susceptible. Some of the findings were in contrast with earlier study