Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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The Schematic Market Linkages in an Exchange Economy
Get PDFP(論文)The actual price in any market and the quantity actually bought and sold are determined by the interaction of supply (the behavior of sellers) and demand (the behavior of buyers). It is easily understood that whoever sells a good buys money and that whoever buys that good sells money. That is to say, the supply of a good means the demand for many and the demand for a good means the supply of money. Thus a good market cannot be separated from the money market and vice versa. Similarly, in an economy with two goods, supply of good 1 means the demand for good 2 and supply of good 2 means the demand for good 1. In this paper such market linkages in an exchange economy with or without money are schematically explained within the basic framework of supply and demand.departmental bulletin pape
Medical Care for Dying People with Terminal Illness : Awareness of Palliative Care among Medical Students and Parents of Medical Students According to the Results of Medical Lectures in which Persons Receive Disconcerting Facts concerning Terminally Ill Patients
Get PDFP(論文)In order to investigate the level of awareness of palliative care among medical students and parents of medical students, we gave a series of lectures where the party was informed of disconcerting facts in the form of role-plays conducted by medical students. As a result, we have realized that medical students during their undergraduate studies need to learn more systematically about palliative care. Although we found that all the first-year students knew the term 'palliative care, ' the results indicated that most of the senior medical students did not have adequate knowledge of palliative care. More than 80 percent of the medical students and their parents responded that they would like to be informed of disconcerting facts in the event they them-selves developed a serious disease. Their wishes concerning palliative care were classified mainly into the following three elements : (1) physical pain alleviation; (2) options for the type of medical treatment, including the place where they would spend their terminal stages; (3) mental care services. The parents expected that their son or daughter would become a physician with a deeper understanding of palliative care. However, the medical students still had minimal awareness of the importance of mental care at terminal stages and very little knowledge regarding the method of informing patients about serious diagnoses. We have concluded that the pursuit of more efficient and organized methods of notifying terminal patients about any disconcerting facts related to their cases is an effective element of deepening the understanding of palliative care.departmental bulletin pape
Offering for the Dead in Mesopotamia
Get PDFIn Ancient Mesopotamia, people believed that human beings continue to live as ghosts in the netherworld after death. The life of the ghosts, however, depended on food and drink which their living family periodically offered them at their tombs. The periodical offering for the dead was called kispu in Akkadian. The word is attested in the documents, the royal inscriptions and the literary texts from the second and the first millennium B.C. The word kispu refers also to the offering which is entombed with the body. One part of this offering is the ration for the dead during the journey to the netherworld; the other is a gift to the gods of the netherworld.
The people of Ancient Mesopotamia were conscious of the continuity between the worlds of the living and the dead. For example, a phrase in a document from the second millennium B.C. reads: “You give me bread as long as I live, and you shall offer kispu when I have died.” It was the greatest misery for them if their ghosts did not get food and drink in the netherworld.
The basic Akkadian dictionaries translate kispu into “Totenopfer” or “funerary offering.” Tsukimoto (1985) translates it, however, into the rare German word “Totenpflege” (“caring for the dead”) and shisha-kuy?（死者供養）in Japanese. The connotation of kispu is closer to that of shisha-kuy? than to that of the conventional translations in either German or English.departmental bulletin pape
Significance of Religious Education in Secondary Education and Difficulties in Teacher Training : Making Reference to S.Macedo's Thesis
Get PDFP(論文)Toyo Eiwa University has newly launched its teacher training curriculum that enables students to obtain a teacher certificate in high school civics education. This thesis studies how the Toyo Eiwa University school motto can be reflected in the curriculum with civics education being the only subject in Japan's public education that deals with religion. Discussions on religion in public education based on S.Macedo's thesis that reevaluates the significance of the US Supreme Court decision in the case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder in 1976 will be studied to argue that education about religious denominations should be included in religion education to protect the freedom of religion and to develop high school students' tolerance towards religion in the multicultural school environment of Japan. This thesis emphasizes that Toyo Eiwa University students' learning of Christian doctrine, which is closely related to the university's school motto, is essential in the teacher training curriculum of Toyo Eiwa University.departmental bulletin pape
An Annotated Inventory of Plants Found on the Campus of Toyo Eiwa University (Yokohama) : Plants Used in Children's Play or Games
Get PDFP(論文)In this paper, the result of an inventory of plants (which are used in children's play) found on campus of Toyo Eiwa University is presented and how these plants are used is described. Each description includes the Japanese plant name, Latin name, name of children's play or game where it is used, the name of the part(s) of the plant used in that particular game or play, and the literary source of this plant's use in this way. Among the plants on the Toyo Eiwa University campus, 206 different species were found and these can be used in 588 types of children's play or games. These plants therefore are useful in promoting learning through nature and the enrichment of life. A plan for utilizing this information to develop learning programs for students and people of the surrounding communities is also described.departmental bulletin pape
On the Representation of “Life and Death” in Morandi’s Still Lifes
Get PDFThis paper examines the representation of life and death in the still lifes by Giorgio Morandi (1890-1964), an Italian painter. The still life is a painting representative of inanimate things such as flowers, fruit, dead animals or birds, human artifacts and inorganic things. But the objects in themselves had once included something vital. Morandi draws and paints pictures of various daily-used bottles, vases and bowls, namely artifacts or non-vital things with elaborate efforts in his arrangement of objects, whereas in fact he depicts the existence of artifacts. Through his molding process, we are able to find life in the fractal dimensions of Morandi’s still lifes, instead of naturally-implied non-existence, nothingness or “death”.departmental bulletin pape
Why must we be prudent in research using human embryos? : differing views of human dignity
Get PDFIn rationalizing the approval of scientific research on human embryos, comparisons to abortion are often brought up. In discussing the bioethical question concerning “life’s beginning,” we note that, since 1960 in both Europe and America, the debate surrounding the morality of abortion has been carried on with battle-like intensity. And the accumulated debate points have determined the general scheme of the public understanding of the issue. In short, the focus of that debate centers on whether or not embryos and fetuses a human life forms (life as individuated human beings) worthy of the highest level of respect.
In Japan, the debate over this issue has not been very lively and, in fact, there the issue is not taken to be one with any definite significance. One reason for this is that among those supporting abortion rights in Japan there is also concern for the things being emphasized by the community of persons with disabilities. On the one hand, within anti-abortion groups in Japan, there are some who have not developed powerful oppositional movements such as those of religious organizations like the Catholic Church.
Although the commandment that “one must not kill humans without just cause” is acknowledged in Buddhism, Shinto, and Confucianism as well as in Japanese folk culture, rhetoric explaining the foundation for this belief differs greatly from that found in the western Christian cultural sphere. In this way, a religious culture different from western Christian thought exists in Japan, and when the notion of “dignity of human life” is used in Japan, it reflects a religious culture with different nuances than those evoked in the West. With view to the difference of religious culture between the West and Japan, the author proposes to use the concept of “the dignity of coexisting 128 life” in considering the reasons that we must refrain from the use of human embryos. This was an attempt to liberate the values and spirituality that accompany the idea of “dignity of human life” from the notion of respect for the human as an individual.
Presently, the fact that differences in value systems and spirituality in relation to “human dignity” have a large influence on bioethical considerations is causing apprehension. Because cultures are different, great differences in the judgment of individual problems arise, and the number of such problems that must be solved is considerable. If so, it could be said that we are coming to a point where we must seek out some understanding based on a standard shared by all of us in the human race. The value systems and notions of spirituality based in particular religious cultures confront one another and are based in diversity. We must work hard to advance the dialogue between different cultures in order to reach agreements on various issues of bioethics.departmental bulletin pape
