Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Establishment of the Law for Independence of Persons with Disabilities and the Direction of Social Welfare : Toward a Society of Inclusion
Get PDFP(論文)A user-oriented service system for persons with disabilities came into effect in April 2003. However, the number of people who utilized the system was so great that the finances of the system fell into deficit. Accordingly, the Ministry of Health and Welfare proposed its Grand Design for Health and Welfare for Persons with Disabilities. The proposal aimed to integrate the entire care service system for aged persons. The Parliament began discussing the Law for Independence of Persons with Disabilities in February 2005, and the law was adopted on October 31, 2005. The services for physically disabled persons, persons with mental health problems, and persons with intellectual disabilities were integrated. The law aimed to offer services based on respect for the user's decision. However, persons with disabilities protested against the requirement that users bear the cost of using the service. They demanded income security and so on. The Fundamental Law of Persons with Disabilities was passed on May 2004. The Law of Support for Persons with Developmental Disabilities was passed on December 2004. Education for children with developmental disabilities will be replaced by Special Needs Education. Policies for persons with disabilities are being improved. Based on this background, this paper examines policies for persons with disabilities to realize the vision of social inclusion.departmental bulletin pape
International Law Issues on the Delimitation of an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf : Conflicts on the Maritime Boundary between Japan and China in the East China Sea
Get PDFP(論文)The new international legal order of the ocean has been extensively embodied in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted at the Third U. N. Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982 and became effective in 1994. The sovereign right and jurisdiction of a coastal state in its 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf has largely expanded under UNCLOS, As a result, many disputes on the maritime boundaries have occurred all over the world among states whose coasts are opposite or adjacent to each other. The East China Sea is not an isolated case. The dispute was provisionally settled between Japan and Korea by the Japan-Korea Continental Shelf (South) Agreement of 1974 with respect to the overlapping areas of their claims in the East China Sea, but no such agreement has been concluded between Japan and China in the same sea. It is provided in UNCLOS, to which both Japan and China are the parties, that the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone or continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution (Arts.74 and 83). Since this provision does not offer any clear legal basis for settling maritime boundary disputes, one must have recourse to international customary law and judicial judgments. Two principles of international law have been advocated for the delimitation of maritime boundaries: the equidistance principle and the equitable principle. Relying upon the former, China has claimed application of the natural prolongation theory of its land territory in order to extend its continental shelf up to the Okinawa Trough near the Okinawa Islands. On the other hand, Japan, supporting the latter principle, has consistently attempted to apply the median line, every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the EEZ of each of the two States is measured. The conflict of the two States' positions has not yet been solved. The judicial opinions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as shown in many cases concerning the delimitation of maritime boundaries, seem to indicate that the theory of natural prolongation has not played a decisive role in delimiting the overlapping continental shelves, thus gradually losing its relative importance as a legal principle, and that the use of the median line has instead gained relative weight. International law is, however, in the process of development in this respect, and some tentative arrangement for a joint development of the two States may well be conducive to the peaceful and effective use of the ocean area which is extremely precious for all states facing the South China Sea. Political prudence is strongly required for the governments concerned to get over the difficulties in drawing a concrete and satisfactory line.departmental bulletin pape
Regnum, Ecclesia und Imperium : Zur Staatsauffassung des Frankischen Reichs im 9.Jahrhundert
Get PDFP(論文)In einem wichtigen Aufsatz (1982) hat Johannes Fried Einwande gegen die Interpretation des karolingischen Staates von Kategorien der Abstraktion und Institutionalisierung her erhoben. Fur ihn reduziert sich das Reich (regnum) auf Konigsherrschaft, bietet nur einen Ausschnitt aus der politischen Daseinsform. Obwohl diese Frage schon von H.-W.Goetz ausfuhrlich diskutiert worden ist, habe ich hier versucht, diese Problematik auf der Basis des heutigen Forschungsstandes nochmals zu uberprufen. Meine Ergebnisse: 1. Das von Zeitgenossen als regnum bezeichnete Gebilde umfaBte das Reichsgebiet und das hier siedelnde Volk. Das war umfangsreicher als ein nur dem Konig unmittelbar zuganglicher Herrschaftsverband. Regnum war eine wahre politische Gemeinschaft. 2. Die Thronfolge beweist den Character des Regnums als politische Gemeinschaft eindeutig. In Thronfolgefallen tritt populus oft in den Quellen als Wahler. Die karolingischen Quellen berichten, dass an der Wahl das Volk beteiligt war. In der Tat sind naturlich nur die Optimaten als reprasentive Schicht des frankischen Volkes an Thronfolgen beteiligt, diese Nachrichten zeigen aber sehr gut den Charakter des Regnums als politischer Gemeinschaft. Diesen Charakter zeigen auch die Reichsversammlungen. In seinem beruhmten Werk De ordine palatii gibt Hinkmar von Reims wichtige Informationen uber die Reichsversammlungen. Nach ihm bestand es die Gewohnheit, nicht ofter als zweimal im Jahr Reichsversammlungen abzuhalten. Sicher ist, dass auch auf diesen Versammlungen das Volk eine Rolle spielte. 3. Regnum war die jeweilige politische Ordnung, weil es in karolingischer Zeit den Brauch gab, bei der Thronfolge die Herrschaft unter die Sohne des verstorbenen Konigs aufzuteilen. 4. An keiner mir bekannten Stelle in karolingischer Zeit bedeutet ecclesia den Staat. Man darf nicht den karolingischen Staat "Kirche" nennen. Nur sinnbildlich kann man ihn als "Kirche" bezeichnen. 5. Wir konnen auch feststellen, dass in nur seltenen Stellen die Zeitgenossen den Staat als imperium bezeichnen. Auch nach der Kaiserkronung Karls des GroBen (800) war der allgemeine Ausdruck fur den Staat wie bisher regnum.departmental bulletin pape
A Study of Teaching English to Children : In Pursuit of an Active and Professional Approach by Non-English Major College Students
Get PDFP(論文)The concern of this paper is to clarify a joint research project conducted in 2005 at Toyo Eiwa University, whose purpose was mainly to explore ways to instruct Toyo Eiwa students to teach English to children in a significant and effective way. In 2002, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) introduced in the nation's public elementary schools the "Period of Integrated Study," in which they could conduct English-related activities for the purpose of promoting international understanding. In the following year, the MEXT established an Action Plan to "Cultivate Japanese with English Abilities," one of whose focuses is to support and enhance English conversation activities in elementary schools. Therefore, teaching English to children, both preschoolers and schoolchildren, have been attracting much attention of teachers and educators, not to mention the parents. Such being the case, several faculty members with different academic backgrounds set up a joint research project in order to investigate into good ways for our students to contribute to meeting the needs of the society; even though they do not major in English, they can support those teachers in kindergarten and elementary school as undergraduates, and will be able to do so in the future at different stages of their life. The joint research actually aimed at serving a double purpose; for the faculty to search for a didactics of training especially Toyo Eiwa students to teach English to small children in various approaches, and for these students to receive training in teaching English to children with heightening their awareness of the meaning of international understanding. We have made full use of the research results in an elective English course, "Children and English," which was first introduced in our curriculum in 2005, by taking turns to interact with the students as instructors as well as co-learners.departmental bulletin pape
A Study of the Effectiveness of Out-of-class Activities in a JSL (Japanese as a Second Language) Pre-admission Course : Qualitative Research by Reflection on Ten Years of Educational Practice together with Narrative Data of Students
Get PDFP(論文)The JSL pre-admission course is a preparatory course for foreign university students in Japan. The educational target is acquisition of Japanese language proficiency sufficient to qualify students for entrance to university. This is an important period of study, as it can heavily influence the success or failure of a student's overseas education. The specified targets cannot be achieved in classroom hours alone: after-hours dialog among students as well as among students and teachers is necessary. The reality of this course is that nearly double the number of classroom hours are spent on out-of-class activities and communication, especially during peak times when students are guided through the process of choosing appropriate universities to apply to and actually taking the entrance examinations. This study attempts to clarify the role of out-of-class activities in the JSL pre-admission course. As for research methods, I drew upon alternative perspectives on educational research based on socio-cultural, social-constructionist, feminist and other approaches, and applied the following two qualitative approaches. First, I examined the transformational process, over the ten-year period between 1994 and 2003, within the JSL pre-admission course in which I was personally engaged and also my experiences pertaining to the role of out-of-class activities in the course. Secondly, I interviewed students who had participated in the course in the past and explored the effectiveness of out-of-class activities based on their responses. In conclusion, this study revealed that out-of-class activities function as a vital bridge to the social context of real life, and, moreover, that these activities occur in the context of "intimate everyday life," which includes the domain of "self." By shifting the focus away from classroom activities, which tend to give priority to acquisition of knowledge and skills, this study clarified the significant role of out-of-class activities in contributing not only to attaining specified educational outcomes but also to the development of a student's identity. This study of out-of-class social activities developed through interrelationships among students and teachers in the course offers new perspectives on educational practice.departmental bulletin pape
Roman Views of Life and Death
Get PDFThe Romans had to provide for their own burial places. Rich Romans spent huge amount of money to build their monumental tombs. But many poor Romans left no memorial. Their corpses were thrown unceremoniously into collective pits (puticuli) outside the city. So in order to make sure to have their burial places, they became members of cooperative burial clubs (collegia), or they depended on wealthy patrons, who provided collective burial chambers (columbaria) for them.
Later as the population of the city of Rome grew, the price of land around the city soared. And the way of burial gradually changed from cremation to interment. Consequently the shortage of place for burial became serious problem. For that reason, burial places were located underground.departmental bulletin pape
Research on Changes Produced by Caring Interviews Conducted in the Case of One Person Who is Angry Because of Suffering that Fears Death
Get PDFP(論文)This thesis considers the change effected by a caring interview conducted in one case for the purpose of caring. Caring interviews were conducted 44 times in total during a period of two and a half years at an interval of once every two weeks. A man who suffered from the confirmation obsessive-compulsive neurosis for 30 years got cardiac infarction three years ago. Therefore, his cardiac function was reduced to 60%. He was angry because of his feelings that feared death. As for him, anger was gradually calmed down in the caring interview, and the symptoms of the obsessive-compulsive neurosis lightened. He found the meaning of being alive within the range of possibilities permitted by a cardiac function of 60%. His world changed. His individual personality changed. His relation to his family changed. It might be said that the point that he reached was "Grow and actualize himself", as stated by M. Mayeroff. in his caring theory.departmental bulletin pape
The Nanking Massacre : Findings of Fact and the History of the Dispute
Get PDFP(論文)This thesis summarizes fact-finding studies and the history of disputes concerning the Nanking Massacre that broke out in 1937. The center of the dispute today concerns the scale of damage (the number of those killed) in the massacre, but there is more to it than that. The author made a thorough investigation into the truth of the atrocity by tracing its cause back to the Second Shanghai Incident and focusing attention upon the Nanking occupation and post-conquest activities by the Japanese Army. The author estimates the number of people slain to be approximately 40,000 at the maximum, and discusses the essence of and questions raised by the subject matter by taking account of the history of relevant disputes to date.departmental bulletin pape
Can Faith Be Taught?
Get PDFP(論文)At a Christian church and a Christian school there is the task of teaching faith as an important aim of education. In this essay I have tried to clarify the meaning of what faith is and what teaching the faith is, while as the same time demonstrating that faith and personality are related in personal formation of persons at both institutions. I have argued that if there is a faith community at both institutions, the task of teaching faith is possible. Moreover, as an act of the personality as a whole, faith can integrate the total personality with the dimensions of cognition , affection and behavior. Therefore, teaching faith is a very important task.departmental bulletin pape
Acceptance of Death and Grief in the Epic of Gilgamesh : The Cases of Enkidu and Gilgamesh
Get PDFThe Epic of Gilgamesh, the oldest mythological composition, was written about four thousands years ago. Of its various themes, this paper focuses on the acceptance of death and grief in the cases of Enkidu and Gilgamesh.
Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and his friend Enkidu make an adventure to a cedar forest and slay Humbaba, the guardian of the forest. They also kill the “Bull of Heaven” which Anu, the god of heaven, had sent against them. For these acts of hubris, the gods sentence Enkidu to death. After he is placated by the sun god Shamash and consoled by Gilgamesh, he can accept his painful destiny. Gilgamesh, mourning bitterly for Enkidu and in fear of death, sets out on a long journey to Ut-napishtim who had obtained eternal life. He refuses all advice to break his mourning. Ut-napishtim tells him not to sleep for seven days. However, he falls asleep immediately afterwards. When he wakes up, he realizes that it is impossible to obtain eternal life. At last he finishes his mourning and bathes, dresses in clean garments, and returns to Uruk.
Gilgamesh does not fail an initiation, as is often argued. I believe the epic presents examples of accepting death and completing grief.departmental bulletin pape