Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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The Northern Territories Issue and Mutual Interchange between Russians and Japanese in the Northern Territories : A Study of a Proposed Humanitarian Solution
Get PDFP(論文)Japan and Russia are in dispute over the Northern Territories (Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai Shoto) in the Chishima Archipelago held by Russia since 1945. Although this issue will be solved by the governments of both Japan and Russia, there has also been since 1992 a system of so-called "Interchange without Passports / Visas", or unofficial diplomacy by citizens of Japan and Russia in the Northern Territories. This system has been crowned with great success, especially after the Hokkaido Tohooki Earthquake occurred in 1994. The first group to deliver necessities of life to Russians in Shikotan was not the Russian government, but the group of Japanese former residents. Since that time, the Russian residents have changed their sentiment and now say that they may be able to live a life together there. We can say that this "Interchange without Passports / Visas" has helped to improve their mental infrastructure. This thesis is not only makes use of the academic analysis of the former research, but it is also based on original interviews of former residents, diplomats, Russian residents, and Japanese teachers. Moreover, it reflects the author's own inspection, conducted through participation in the "Interchange without Passports / Visas" in 2005 and 2006.departmental bulletin pape
Epicurus’ God and Salvation in Atomism
Get PDFIn this paper, first a review of Epicurus’ atomist ontology is put forth. Then, an inconsistency between the atomist ontology and the eternal existence of the gods is examined. An explanation of how Epicurus resolved this through introducing the concept of the mediating material, eidolon, is then given. The relationship that this concept has to the nature of the gods and its subsequent effect on human beings and their salvation is examined further.
Epicurus, as an atomist, puts forth a very simple ontology. Only atoms and the void have a real existence, every other thing is a composite of them, and all the qualitative features that appear in our senses have no reality in truth. They are just a by-product in the processes of our perception Epicurus, however, claims the existence of the gods, who are indestructible and blessed. In other words, the gods are eternal and the happiest of living beings. His claim, prima facie, leads to an inconsistency. Along his ontology, no eternal thing exists except for an atom itself, and aggregated things can be deconstructed and dissipated into atoms. How could he believe then in the existence of eternally aggregated matter in the case of the gods? One possible way to avoid the destruction of a god’s body is to assume his body is made from an exceptional kind of atoms.
For their epistemological purpose, Greek atomists introduced a unique material form by which objective surface information is transported to the observer precisely. They call this mediating material form of atoms eidolon. All aggregated matter emits or radiates eidola constantly into space. These kinds of atoms are different from those atoms in ordinary matter and souls. To keep on the appearances, the atoms that are shed must be compensated for and supplied in the form of the same kind of atoms. It is this supply 206 system or material circulation that assured the maintenance of a long term existence in the form of aggregation. Furthermore, the gods are eternal because of their capacity for complete material circulation.
In addition to being eternal, the gods enjoy the happiest life of all, and because of this, they also will not intervene in the world at all. Detached and far away from the world, they live in the inter-worlds and are satisfied to be by themselves. By way of their indifference to our world, we are freed from our fear of the gods, which is one of the basic fears of human beings.
Epicureans believe that to disclose the nature of the gods and the reality of death leads us to be liberated from fear and to pass life happily in time as the gods do.departmental bulletin pape
Forms of Life and Forms of Death : A study of Western Art
Get PDFThe aim of this essay is to throw light on certain fundamental traits of life and death in the history of western art. Investigating the motives or the functions of some typical images, but not always in chronological order, we can see the thoughts and emotions in them which many of us, despite the differences of our times, places and religions, have in common.
In Chapter 1, expressions on the tomb, which especially show the attitudes of the living toward the dead are surveyed, and the characteristics behind those images are examined. Chapter 2, considering the motif of the images of a mother and a child, the expressions of a newborn life and eventually a life, will explore the forms of life. And in Chapter 3, the results of these two chapters will lead to the third line where life and death are never discontinuous. As it can be observed in the motives of trees by Leonardo da Vinci or humans in the nature by Segantini, the images taken up here show that the profound artistic expressions of life and death will never be produced from a life or a death singly. They also suggest that both life and death contribute to the expressions of a life phenomenon.
This recognition, moreover, brings another point of view about an individual life and death. That is, as implied in some images of the Myth of Prometheus on the Roman sarcophagus and of the mother and the child, as well as in the works of Leonardo and Segantini, a mortal individual life will be immortally handed down to the next generation in itself.departmental bulletin pape
Reconsideration of Grammar in English Teaching : A Research on the Grammatical Items to Test the Students' English Proficiency
Get PDFP(論文)This is a three-year research project (2004-2006) that aims to develop a diagnostic and/or evaluation test of Toyo Eiwa freshman students' English proficiency for the purpose of placement and formulating teaching goals. The interim report consists of 3 parts. The first part is an analysis of TOEIC-IP and G-TELP Level 4 results. A correlation between quality of grammatical knowledge and high scores, and a stronger correlation between grammar and reading scores than that between grammar and listening scores were found. Another analysis of the preliminary grammar tests administered during the classtime indicates that students with low scores have not learned properly how forms of the words and their grammatical functions work to make a complete sentence. In general, the students' grammatical errors can be ascribed to their insufficient understanding of parts of speech which act as main elements of the five basic sentence patterns, especially regarding their morphological distinctions. In Part II, the results of an experimental diagnostic and/or evaluation test reconfirm (1) that the level of students' English proficiency shows some distinctive aspects of interlanguage with possible future improvements, (2) that a grammar-centered paper test has some problems to overcome concerning its reliability, mainly because it is not done in the natural speech environment, (3) that it requires more improvements for a test based upon students' need analysis, and further development of a verification system for washback effects in the students' English learning motivation, and (4) that the first step to have the most fundamental English language ability is to understand the five basic sentence patterns by identifying, syntactically and morphologically, the parts of speech in a sentence. Finally, Part III is an argument that the English competence of university students should be built based on their firm acquisition of fundamental grammar, and reinforced by a deeper understanding of the English language system and culture, not to mention, English literature.departmental bulletin pape
In Pursuit of a Common Philosophy of Mankind for a More Desirable World for the21^<st> Century : World Intellectual Efforts Seen in the Late 20^<th> Century Literature of Social Sciences on Global Coexistence
Get PDFP(論文)Nowadays it may be a widely accepted idea that irresistible "neo-liberal" globalization has exerted overwhelming influences, both positive and negative, on most part of the planet for the past few decades. However, even before and after this invincible phenomenon began to take effect in the 1980's, salient intellectual efforts as well as popular movements had been and have been made since the 1970's with the purpose of making this world more agreeable and more desirable to live in for all folks on earth. The author highly evaluates this constructive worldwide trend which could be called "another globalization" currents that, he hopes, may bear fruit in the latter half of the 21st Century in the form of global coexistence. According to the author, however, these forward-looking currents have not been effective in producing guiding principles or philosophies that might prove to be shared values with all the peoples of the world, - what he considers to be the vital element of "the coexistence of human beings". In other words, the author considers that the pursuit of a common philosophy of mankind should serve as a base for the construction of a desirable world in the 21st Century. The present article is a preliminary study for the pursuit of a common philosophy of mankind, limiting the literature of social sciences on global coexistence to seven books, though mostly western, published between the 1970's and the 1990's, with the view of extracting from these selected books some common philosophical suggestion for the 21st Century.departmental bulletin pape
The Formation of Regional Identity in Japan's Modern Era : The 1909 Akita Tour
Get PDFP(論文)1909年(明治42年)夏、秋田県内の3新聞社が、東京などの新聞雑誌記者十数名を秋田県に招待した。目的は、秋田県の経済的・文化的な状況を実際に見て、読者に伝えてもらう機会を提供することであった。一行のうち新渡戸稲造、中野正剛、永田新之允など15名が約束通り体験記を記し、これは同年『知られたる秋田』として刊行された。この秋田観光記者団はいくつかの観点から興味深い。第一、全国的に傑出した記者らの旅行記が即座にアピールされた点である。第二、秋田県の近代経済・文化の発展のつぶさな観察にある。第三に最も興味深いのは、1909年の観光は、近代日本における中心(中央政権・主要都市)と地方の関係についての問題を提起するという点である。明治時代の秋田を含め東北地方として知られるようになった6県は、全国的にあまり認識も理解もされていなかった。中央政府や専門家らは東北地方の経済成長が遅いことを懸念し、いわゆる「東北問題」について論じた。東北地方内の識者は自立と繁栄をもたらす発展モデルを見出して「後進」のイメージを払拭しようと必死になった。本稿は、1909年の秋田観光とは、秋田県の指導者らが「東北問題」の根強い認識を克服するために講じた試みであったとを論ずる。彼らは「問題」ある地方の一部としての秋田に対するネガティブな認識を払拭し、豊かな自然と目覚ましい産業発展というポジティブな認識に変えようとした。世界中の経済先進国で地方の生き残りが議論されている今日、1909年の秋田観光は、地方が活力を持つことは当然でも簡単でもなく、地方の内外における多大な努力の成果であったことを語っている。departmental bulletin pape
TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW PARADIGM FOR IN-SERVICE TRAINING AND EVALUATION OF MIDWIVES : A FOCUS ON THE PERCEPTIONS OF NEW MIDWIVES
Get PDFP(論文)In Japan, the length of training required for certification as a midwife is considerably shorter than in other advanced countries. Consequently, hospitals have found it necessary to provide in-service training for newly certified midwives after they have been hired. In my 10-year experience as an educator/trainer working with newly certified midwives in a hospital in Tokyo, I have found that when asked to cite examples of their self-development at the end of the one-year training period, they often cite such accomplishments as acquiring the ability to finish their work quickly and learning to respond positively to everything requested by the mother and/or other family members. From these responses alone, I found it difficult to evaluate to what extent these midwives had acquired those attitudes and skills that are most vital for professional midwives, namely, that of maintaining a watchful eye on the mother, infant and other family members and providing the kinds of support that will enable them to exercise their natural abilities in dealing with the birth and/or postpartum process. My research is therefore based on recognition of the need both to transform the current system of hospital in-service training and also to develop a system of evaluation that can more fully assess the learning, growth and development of new midwives. The study attempts to understand the different kinds of feelings new midwives experience in the process of undergoing their first year of hospital in-service training, and to analyze how the various emotions they experience-fear, dismay, sorrow, anger, pleasure, conflict-relate to and contribute to their development as midwives. Data were collected from journals kept by 10 newly certified midwives over the course of their one-year period of hospital in-service training and from focus group interviews with the same group of women. Analysis of the data revealed that each of the midwives had indeed acquired valuable insights and developed professionally in many respects through experiencing a variety of both positive and negative feelings, despite the fact that they themselves, in many cases, felt they had not changed or grown significantly.This result points to the importance for those engaged in hospital in-service education and training to provide opportunities for midwives to engage in dialogue with one another so that they can reflect together on their experiences and emotions and see how these contribute to their learning and growth as professionals. The study also reinforces the value and desirability of creating a relationship between learner and educator in which they can engage in a process of mutual learning.departmental bulletin pape
The Setting of Matthew 7:6 in the Sermon on the Mount
Get PDFP(論文)"Do not give dogs what is holy; and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you. "Matthew 7:6 (RSV) This enigmatic aphorism, which appears in the New Testament only in Matthew (a second form is also preserved in Thomas 93:1～2) has frequently been discussed because of its inimical nature and in the context of the Sermon on the Mount, or of the Gospel of Matthew. This saying betrays Jewish esoteric instructions to set them apart from the Gentiles : namely the holy rituals of the Jews must not be profaned by dogs and swine (gentiles). If the author of the Gospel received this saying from independent source material either oral or written, it must have been transmitted in the Jewish Christian community where he was raised. Matthew 7:6 is significantly so dissimilar to the teachings of Jesus, and of the contents of the Gospel of Matthew, that it is regarded as the crux interpretum. The first half of the saying, "Do not give what is holy to the dogs..." is cited in the Didache: The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles 9:5. In order to sanctify their rite of eucharist, the author of this Christian instructional manual asserts that the unbaptized are dogs and are not accepted at the table of the Lord's Supper. The difficulty is whether the author of Matthew held intolerant sectarian beliefs and set it in the Sermon on the Mount. U. Luz and several other scholars abandoned their efforts on its interpretation, because it had no apparent connection to the rest of the Gospel of Matthew. A majority of the scholars, however, regard 7:6 functioning as a footnote to the preceding pericope, vv. 1～5 ("Judge not"). By placing 7:6 after the stern precept of not judging others, the evangelist attempts to neutralize extreme interpretations of the saying. From those (dogs and swine) who are not ready to accept the authentic teaching of Jesus (what is holy=pearls), it must be kept secret. This essay attempts to shed new light on 7:6 from the perspective of the Golden Rule (7:12). The author of this essay will investigate the evangelist's editorial work, and clarify what he intended to convey. The author of Matthew places this prejudiced sectarian aphorism prior to the Golden Rule : 1. An Intolerant Custom to be transformed (Dogs and Swine) by the Golden Rule (7:6) 2. Exhortation to Constant Pursuit and Prayer in Response to the Grace of God, the Father (7:7～11) 3. The Golden Rule (7:12) Presumably the evangelist grew up among Jewish Christians, therefore he could share the esoteric view of 7:6, but as the Christianity and its gospel message spread into the gentile world, he recognized the need of a more accepting and open fellowship. In order to respond to the situation of his community, the evangelist seemed to have two goals : one primarily for the Jews, and another for the gentiles (Matt.15:21～28). He sought to overcome the intolerance of the Jewish Christians, and transform it to embrace world mission. This explains why he concludes his Gospel with the Great Commission of the risen Christ for world mission (28:16～20). and This also clarifies the section on Galilee of the Gentiles (Matt.4:15; Isaiah 9:1～2), where Jesus started his ministry. Likewise, the Gospel of Matthew describes astrologers, undoubtedly gentile, from the East who came to worship the infant Jesus when he was born (2:1～12). After 7:6 is seen through the Golden Rule, the esoteric saying fits in well with the entire message of the Sermon on the Mount as follows : The Scene and the Audience (5:1～2) I. Invitation to the Blessings of Jesus (Beatitudes) (6:3～12) II. Remarkable Features of the Followers (Christians) (5:13～16) Discipleship as the Salt of the Earth (5:13), and the Light of the World (5:14～16) III. Christian Righteousness (5:17～6:18) 1. Prologue (A Greater Righteousness Supplanting an Old Jewish One) (5:17～20) 2. Exposition of the Greater Righteousness (5:21～6:18) A. The New Orders versus the Old Commandments (5:21～5:48) i) Against Anger (5:21～26) ii) Against Adultery and Divorce (5:27～32) iii) Against Oaths (5:33～37) iv) Against Retaliation (5:38～42) v) Love of One's Enemies (5:43～48) B. The New Rituals versus the Old Ones (6:1～6:18) i) On Giving to Charity (6:1～4) ii) On Prayer (6:5～15) (The Lord's Prayer6:9～13) iii) On Fasting (6:16～18) IV. The Christian Ethics (6:19～7:11) 1. Serve God, and not Mammon (6:19～24) 2. The Highest Way of Life (Responding Life to the Care of God) (6:25～34) 3. Unlimited Pursuit of Internal Sanctions (7:1～5) 4. An Intolerant Custom to be Transformed (7:6) 5. Exhortation to Constant Pursuit and Prayer in Response to the Grace of God (7:7～11) Concluding Summary THE GOLDEN RULE (7:12) V. Finale (7:13～27) 1. Enter this Narrow Gate for Salvation, or Else to Destruction (7:13～14) 2. Beware of the False Prophets(7:15～16) 3. How to tell Good Trees (Prophets) from the False Trees (7:17～20) 4. Final Judgment (The Kingdom of Heaven, or Hell) (7:21～23) 5. Concluding Exhortation with the Parable of the Two Houses (the House Built on Rock, and the House Built on the Sand) (7:24～27) Concluding Rubric: Reaction of the Crowds 7:28～29 Adherence to the Golden Rule has the potential to end hostilities, enmities, or strife by intolerant religious sects throughout the world. We learn this from the survey of Matthew 7:6 as the author of Matthew places it before the Golden Rule.departmental bulletin pape