Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Königsherrschaft ohne Staat?
Get PDFP(論文)"Konigsherrschaft ohne Staat"-so hat Gerd Althoff seine Monographie uber die Ottonen im Untertitel benannt. Nach ihm entbehrte die ottonische Verfassung der Elemente, die wie mit einem Staat verbinden, z.B. Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung, Amterorganisation,Gerichtswesen und Gewaltmonopol. Sie beruhte vielmehr weitgehendauf vorstaatliche Formen: auf personalen Bindungen, rituellen Einungen und inszeniertenDemonstrationen. Aus der anderen Perspektive ausserte auch Johannes Frieddie Skepsis gegenuber dem Staatsbegriff. Er kam zu dem Ergebnis, dass ein abstrakterStaatsbegriff fur das Gesamt der politischen Ordnung in karolingischer Zeit fehlte. FürFried reduziert sich das >Reich< (regnum) auf Konigsherrschaft, bietet nur einen Ausschnittaus der politischen Daseinsform.Hans-Werner Goetz kritisierte nicht nur Frieds These, sondern auch AlthoffsTheorie einer "Konigsherrschaft ohne Staat". Goetz schreibt: ,,Eine "Konigsherrschaftohne Staat"ware hingegen undenkbar gewesen, solange sich der ,Staat` (als die politischeOrdnung) in der Konigsherrschaft manifestierte. Die Elemente und Organe, dieuns als typisch mittelalterlich erscheinen, waren im damaligen Selbstverstandnis vielmehrin diese Ordnung integriert." So liegt ein wesentlicher Streitpunkt in der Frage,ob es wirklich einen Staat im Fruhmittelalter gab. Die Kontroverse zwischen Althoff,Fried und Goetz zeigt, wie unterschiedlich heute noch die Ansichten uber die fruhmittelalterlichen Staatlichkeiten sind.Abschliessend habe ich hier zwei Forschungsbereiche nachgewiesen, die fur die kunftige Staatsforschung fruchtbar erscheinen: Begriffsgeschichtliche Untersuchungenund sozialanthropologisch akzentuierte Untersuchungen.departmental bulletin pape
An Explication of Christian Thought : Contrasting it with Buddhism
Get PDFP(論文)The goal of my study is to give a broad explication of religious thought, and Christian thought inparticular, using a contrastive method. It aims to explain the individuality in which each religiousthought has developed. Therefore, it does not offer any judgment of value.This paper reveals the individuality of Christian thought clearly by contrasting it with Buddhism. Inthe following ten paired items, the first pertains to Christian thought, and the second to Buddhism.1"an ellipse" and "a circle" 2"two" and "不二(funi)" 3 "God is nothing" and "Nothing" 4 "providence" and "因縁(innen)" 5 "incompletion" and "completion" 6 "already between still" and "already" 7 "response" and "live as one horn of a rhinoceros" 8 "badness is transformed to goodness" and "no distinction between badness and goodness" 9 "from despair to hope" and "neither despair nor hope"10 "salvation from the sin" and "salvation from suffering"The conclusion presents the contrast between "the logic of と(and)" and "the logic of 即(that is)". In"the logic of と(and)", there is a distinction between A and B (=not A) but there is no separation: Arefers to B and B refers to A. On the other hand, in "the logic of 即(that is) there is no distinctionbetween A and B. A is not B. And simultaneously A is B.departmental bulletin pape
Parliamentary Intention and Constitutional Designs in Britain
Get PDFP(論文)This article surveys the function of parliamentary intention in two major debates in British constitutionallaw, namely the foundation of judicial review and statutory interpretation under the Human RightsAct 1998. In those debates there appear two notions of parliamentary intention, a specific and concreteone on the one hand, and an inclusive and abstract on the other. The former notion implies that parliamentaryintention, to which the courts should be subject, can be expressed only in a specific form, andalso may be limited in its implication; in the remaining areas, in which no intention is shown, the courtsadjudicate cases on their own authority based on the rule of law and other principles. The latter notionimplies that parliamentary intention is thought to always exist, on the presumption that Parliamentmust have decided all things for certain purposes, at least in its most abstract form, and that, since Parliamentshould not have acted against the rule of law, the courts can by statutory interpretationattribute basic principles to the parliamentary intention. Each of these understandings of parliamentaryintention leads different constitutional designs. The former leads to a constitutional design whichrecognises the plural existence of the authorities of Parliament and the courts, and each authority mayinteract (or dialogue) with each other on the basis of the higher legal principles. The latter understandingof parliamentary intention leads to a constitutional design in which authorities is unified in Parliament,but which recognises judicial authority based on legal principles and the active role of the judiciary;it therefore assumes a constitutional inter-branch dialogue in which the more principled intention isinvestigated, attributed to parliament, and confirmed democratically. Of these understandings, theauthor argues that the former may fit the constitutional plurality created by European integration, andthat, because of the legal and democratic nature of inclusive parliamentary intention, the latter maywork in securing political unity. Moreover, the idea of constitutional dialogue on legislative intent offersa valuable lesson to Japanese constitutional law.departmental bulletin pape
The Roles and Prospects of International Cooperation NGOs in the Japanese Local Community : Local Globalization by Cooperation and Collaboration with Local Governments
Get PDFP(論文)International cooperation NGOs in Japan have focused an important aspect of their activities in developingcountries, in areas such as development cooperation, emergency relief, and environmentalpreservation. However, in recent years, many of these NGOs have turned their focus to the variousproblems within Japan, where they are trying to make the local community more open to the globalsociety. Concerned parties are able to help globalize and activate the local communities by making useof the various experiences and know-how accumulated in overseas cooperation. For the NGOs, carryingout exchanges with and participating in the local community provide an opportunity to improve andpromote international understanding, as well as encourage local residents to participate in the NGO'soverseas activities.This study attempts to analyze the characteristics and trends of domestic activities by Japaneseinternational cooperation NGOs. It also aims to clarify their roles and prospects in the Japanese localcommunity by pointing out the necessity of cooperation and collaboration with Japanese local governments.This study proposes the ideal model for international cooperation NGOs supported by the localcommunity. It analyzes activities in five fields (education for international understanding, advocacy,fair-trade, foreign resident support, and participation in community improvement) and attempts toshow new directions and approaches for Japanese local communities.departmental bulletin pape
Children Wearing Bags (=Cauls):Folk Customs, Myths, and Folktales Involving Birth, Marriage, and Funerals
Get PDFIn the rituals of weddings and funerals, the central figure (the bride or the deceased) wears special headgear. In the case of a bride, it is the traditional Japanese tsunokakushi (literally, “horn concealer”), and wataboshi (cotton hood), and in the case of the deceased, the kamieboshi (paper hat), which in ancient times was often a mino-kasa (straw raincoat with hat). Figures wearing such gear include the princess in the story Hachikazuki (The Princess Who Wore a Bowl) in Otogizoshi, the girl wearing a skin in the folktale Ubakawa (Old Woman’s Skin), the boy covered with a snail shell in Tanishi Musuko (The Mud-snail Son), and references to fukurogo (babies born with cauls) in indigenous folklore, and the girl wandering around with a bag in the folktale Komebuku Awabuku; and this sort of figure can also be seen in Okuninushi no Kami (The God, Great-Land-Master), who carries a bag on his back in an ancient myth. They are all going through rites of passage that represent rebirth, undergoing a transformation hin the object that covers them and waiting to be born. The bag, bowl, skin, snail shell, mino-kasa, tsunokakushi, wataboshi, kamieboshi, and the like, are “cauls” destined eventually to be cast off. The person who discards them, after the arduous journey of death in the mother’s womb, is then born into this world as a baby, or as a mature adult, or as a wife in her husband’s family, or is born into a new world as a god of the hereafter. The dead who become gods of that world will one day be born into this world, again wearing a caul.departmental bulletin pape
Contributors in the Early Years of the National Diet Library : YAMASHITA Nobutsune (1906-1999), Builder of a New Deposit Library in Japan
Get PDFP(論文)The National Diet Library has legal deposit of all kinds of published materials, including publications printed by government and local public entities and other publishers. This function is based on the National Diet Library act (Law no. 5, Feb. 9, 1948. Amendment, Law no. 194, June 6, 1949). However, the stability of these activities has entailed much effort, because of the unhappy history of censorship in the era of the World War Г. In this paper, the writer focused on the National Diet Library's activities to build up the legal deposit library, acquiring the effective cooperation of influential publishers. Frankly speaking, it was Yamashita Nobutsune, Section Chief (1949-54) and Division Chief (1959-66) of Acquisitions who stood in the center of these activities.departmental bulletin pape
Grammar-centered Assessment of English Proficiency and Remedial English Education at the University Level
Get PDFP(論文)This is the final report of a three-year research project (2004-2006) that aimed to develop a diagnostic and evaluation test of Toyo Eiwa freshman students' English proficiency for the purpose of placement and formulating teaching goals. It follows the two reports: "Reconsideration of Grammar in English Teaching: A Research on the Grammatical Items to Test the Students' English Proficiency" Ronshu (2007) and English Education Workshop (2007). Analyses of the results of the second experimental diagnostic and evaluation test (Test β ) suggest that (1) a more complete knowledge of grammar be needed to fill gaps in students' general understanding of English and also to improve students' communicative competence in English, that (2) a grammar-centered proficiency test should vary for placement and teaching, that (3) there are some grammatical items that can effectively indicate where a learner stands in their understanding of English syntax, and the application of recent, emerging linguistic theory, which encourages students to participate in more classroom activities, should work well in the teaching of English grammar at the university level, and that (4) a deficient knowledge of basic English sentence patterns can obstruct effective English learning, and it is recommended to acquire essential knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary in pattern practice activities. To sum up, to conduct a grammar-centered diagnostic and evaluation test of English is not only the beginning of remedial English education but is also that of an active learning classroom approach toward full English proficiency at the university level.departmental bulletin pape
Reactions and Responses from "Transnational Sociology" and the Related Social Sciences vis-a-vis the Changing Globalizing World at the Beginning of the 21^<st> Century : Series: Essays on Transnational Sociology, VI
Get PDFP(論文)One of the author's major concerns in Trans-national Sociology has been how to build it up as an integrating discipline in social sciences, equipped with values, goals, theory, and methodology, bridging the academic society and the real world, for the purpose of uniting our human efforts to make this world more agreeable and more desirable to live in for all folks on earth in the proximate future. In the previous article published about a year ago, the author extracted some provisional common global goals from seven important books in the late 20^ century literature on Social Sciences: his temporary conclusion is that we, people of every corner of the planet should strive to achieve an equitable world in all fields where people can live with simple, modest, and humane hearts. Now the author confronts another problem. After seeing the September llth terrorist attacks in the opening of the 21^ Century and in face of the ever rapidly changing globalizing world thereafter, he has an urge to grasp quickly how some of the social scientists of nowadays, especially in the fields of sociology as well as in international relations, have reacted to and explained this present world of transformation. The author's aim is not so much in interpreting correctly the present global situation, (though he admits the importance of it,) as in finding some hints in the present social sciences that would be conducive to the reconstruction of the Transnational Sociology he has been exploring for the past ten years. Therefore, this article has adopted the form of an overview of the books arbitrarily chosen by the author. All of the following seven books selected (to which the author has referred in this article,) were published in Japan in the 21^ Century. (It is true some of the original editions had been published before September 11^.) Viewed in total, the author has found in these books many fascinating revelations of the changing world scenes with some efforts in constructing theoretical frameworks in certain fields of study as well as in refining terminology concerning globalization and its accompanying concepts. He, therefore, admits these are positive contributions both to International Relations and to Sociology. As he was reading these works of the present day social sciences, however, he felt something was lacking, something very important. The author is now aware that most modern social scientists, even at this stage of the 21^ Century, may consider themselves as analyzers of the past and the present world, the future being uncertain and unpredictable. On the other hand, the author has, as mentioned at the beginning of this article, been struggling to construct a more agreeable and more desirable world in future, offering some basic framework of Transnational Sociology. After the review of the contemporary literature, he may feel some significance in his academic position in the Social Sciences, though he admits his Transnational Sociology is at a rudimentary level. Concluding this abstract, the author would like to invite other social scientists, partially for that last reason, to join in this effort of constructing the future together in a more refined way, apart sometimes from important elaborations of how to analyze the past and the present.departmental bulletin pape
Learning from Helen Keller
Get PDFP(論文)本論文では母国語の教育が最も成功した例として、アン・サリバンによる三重苦のヘレン・ケラーへの教育法を分析しながら、言語学習に関するいくつかの提案を行うものである。サリバンの教育の特徴は、まず教師が生徒から学ぶ、つまり生徒が一番知りたいと思っている内容を探りながら、そこを出発点として教授と学習のきっかけをつくることである。生徒が興味を持った内容について自主的に学習を始めたときに、教師はそこから生まれてくる生徒の様々な質問に答えながら、その学習の幅を広げていくことが重要であることを論じた。If we can identify the conditions under which the learning of one's first language occurs and understand the principles behind them, we are then in a stronger position to develop classroom techniques that have a greater probability of having a beneficial effect on student learning. In this paper, the learning conditions arranged initially by Anne Sullivan that surrounded her pupil Helen Keller's successful and rapid acquisition of her first language are described. The analysis presented in this paper explains, among other points, how the successful language teacher first observes the student's responses and then arranges further activities based on these responses. In this way, the teacher is constantly learning from the child and in doing so, actively engaging the child and the child's curiosity naturally in their learning.departmental bulletin pape
"Topics on Japan" : Merits of a Joint Class between International Students and Japanese Students
Get PDFP(論文)Many universities that enroll international students offer a class called "Ninon Jijou" or "Topics on Japan." This class is designed to help international students acquire basic knowledge about Japanese society, and its enrollment is generally limited to international students. Recently, however, attempts have been made by some institutions to have Japanese students take this class with international students. This article presents one such example of a joint class and examines what kinds of merits Japanese students would have from taking such a class. The following two merits are emphasized in this article: (1) By looking at Japan from the international students' point of view, Japanese students will be able to relativize and objectify their own society and culture, and (2) through student-centered group activities (rather than teacher-led lectures), both Japanese and international students will be able to acquire non-stereotypical information about each other's countries. Finally, the article claims that more effort should be made to promote international exchanges within the classroom rather than entrusting them to extracurricular activities outside the classroom.departmental bulletin pape