Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Spiritual Pain : An Ambiguous Concept
Get PDF“Spirituality” and “spiritual” are, in Japan, words that have been widely used since the 1990s. The domains in which these words have been frequently employed are: (i) medicine and nursing, (ii) certain subcultures, and (iii) aca-demia. In this article, I examine the near-death and end of life experiences of two Japanese Christians to explore the concept of “spiritual pain.”
In the first example, Dr. Fujii, a professor of thanatology at a Japanese university, was born into a Christian family and started following the reli-gion when she was in junior high school. She had believed that she would be called by God and joyfully go to heaven when she died. At the age of 28, she survived a serious disease which included whole body paralysis. However, when she felt she was about to die, she actually did hope to continue living instead. After she recovered from her critical condition, she accepted her own limitations, and experienced a feeling that can be categorized as one kind of spiritual pain.
In the second case; Mr. Aoki (pseudonym) in a palliative care ward where I have been carrying out anthropological fieldwork, had lived a satisfying life, and was also a Christian. In conversation with him for about two hours and half in all, only once I heard a phrase that might express his spiritual pain; a sense of his having sinned. It is generally supposed that religious people are to frequently mention “spiritual pain” and/or “spirituality” in their near-death experiences or in the last moments of their lives. However, these two devoted Christians rarely did so. Furthermore, there is no consensus in the defini-tion of “spiritual pain.” Thus I conclude that the important thing is not to persist in trying to understand the “spiritual pain” of a dying patient, and not to strictly define the term. Instead we can merely be with the person, care for his/her needs, and give spiritual care.departmental bulletin pape
The Adult’s Influence on Young Children’s Acquisition of Language and the Development of Their Mental Processes
Get PDF母語をしっかり使いこなせる人との直接の言葉のやりとりがほとんどない場合、子どもの言語習得には深刻な遅れが生じるであろう。さらに、言語を使用する能力がなければ、子どもが人間として十全な発達を可能にするある種の精神的能力を伸ばしていくことは困難である。あるいは全く不可能にもなりうる。本論では、言語と精神の発達過程を同時に開花させている異なる段階の子どもと、大人が接する場合の有益なかかわり方を説明し、具体例を示す。これらについての情報は、両親、子どもの世話をする者、幼児の教育者、そして第二言語を教える教師にとっても多くの示唆を含むものである。departmental bulletin pape
Contributions to the Contemporary Linguistics of Sanki Ichikawa's book
Get PDFP(論文)This paper discusses the significance in contemporary linguistics of Sanki Ichikawa'sbook Studies in English Grammar, which was published about one hundredyears ago. In this paper are taken up such topics as such an one, the usage of noneand each, split infinitives, and so on. These topics are examined in detail from thegenerative point of view and revised or extended alternatives of his analyses are provided.The final section summarizes the significance of his study in the field of contemporarylinguistics.departmental bulletin pape
The Influence of Motivation on Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition through Extensive Reading
Get PDFP(論文)Graded Readers (英語学習者向けに段階別に書かれた本) を用いた多読の学習的効果については、主に語彙習得や読解力の側面から多くの先行研究で立証されてきた(Krashen,1993; Nation,2001; Waring & Takaki, 2003; Maruyama, 2009)。しかし、多読学習時における学生の動機の相違の観点から、語彙習得効果に着目した研究はこれまでなかった。そこで、本研究では都内私立大学生67 名を対象に、Vocabulary Levels Test、ProductiveVocabulary Levels Test、及びEnglish Web VocabProfile のテストを実施し、以下の3 グループ間にみられる1 学期間(13 週間)における受容語彙数及び発表語彙数の変化の差異について調べた。(a)外的動機により多読学習を課題として取り組んだグループ (実験群I)(b)内的動機により自主的に多読学習に取り組んだグループ (実験群II)(c)多読学習の課題を与えられなかったグループ(統制群)分析の結果、実験群IIにおいて受容語彙数及び発表語彙数の変化がもっとも著しいことが明らかとなった。本稿で確認された多読学習における内的動機と語彙サイズの変化との正の相関性は、語学学習者に対する情意要素を涵養させる教育の重要性を示唆している。departmental bulletin pape
Educating Students Who Will Contribute with International
Get PDFP(論文)This article is a summary of my M.A. thesis, "Educating Students Who Will Contribute with InternationalVision in the Future."What kind of motive causes people to choose an occupation in which they work to make an internationalcontribution? What kind of influence would their living environment and their elementary andjunior high school education have on their choice of occupation? What should schools do to educatepeople who will contribute internationally? What kind of education would cause students to think thatthey themselves should become people who make international contribution?I investigated these questions and considered the appropriate school education. I paid attention tointernational exchange directors in Japanese schools in foreign countries and discussed their role inparticular it.First, I asked 38 people who were making an international contribution in an NGO. I combinedtheir answers regarding a proposed policy for education in international understanding to make a questionnairefor students. I received responses from about 800 students. Furthermore, as reference, Iobtained the opinions of 25 teachers engaged in junior high school education in international understanding.I also asked the cooperation of an international exchange director. The topics of the questionnaireto students, proposed by Japan Association for International Education, were as follows: 1. Learning and experience and the desire for international exchange., 2. Global social knowledge and the nature of the work., 3. Interest in world problems., 4. Participation in service activities and learning and the experience of contributing. The answers received from persons connected with NGOs suggested the importance of hearingstories directly from persons who have NGO experience as well as movies in motivating students. Fromthe answers given by students, I learned that many had the desire for international exchange. I alsounderstood that students wish to learn about the "real world" in school. Regarding educational methods,the students wrote about the importance of real experience in actual locations as a means of learningabout the world. They also noted that improvement of their ability to communicate in English wasnecessary. Based on these answers, I considered ideal educational methods in Japanese schools inJapan and overseas.The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology dispatches internationalexchange directors to oversee international exchange activities in Japanese schools overseas and to monitorinternational contribution activities. I examined their little-known activities and discussed their role.departmental bulletin pape
The Exchange Rate Curve and Market Linkage Diagrams
Get PDFP(論文)Almost every nation has its own currency, so that transactions between nationals involves a commoncurrency whereas transactions between residents of different nations require one type of moneyto be exchanged for another, that is, the foreign exchange rate. By means of the exchange rate, whichis usually defined as the price of a foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency, domestic marketsare integrated into international markets. The exchange rate is a shared variable in a sense that,for instance, the price of the U.S. dollar in terms of the Japanese yen defines the yen in terms of dollars.Since the yen price of the dollar (R\ \), it followsthat R \\=1. This equation is presented graphically as a rectangular hyperbola curve, which maybe called the exchange rate curve. This curve enables us to integrate the Tokyo exchange market withthe New York and to investigate interactions between the two markets. The exchange rate curve isshown to be useful to explain basic problems associated with the changes in exchange rates. By using arectangular hyperbola curve similar to the exchange rate curve, it is also possible to show graphicallythe relationship between the value of money and the general price level, implying the quantity theory ofmoney. Finally it is diagrammatically explained for the exchange rate to be determined by the ratio ofthe value of domestic money to that of foreign money.departmental bulletin pape
Career Consciousness among Young Public Servants with High Job Turnover: How does Stability Influence Career Consciousness?
Get PDFP(論文)The present study investigated the career consciousness of 445 young Japanesepublic servants (aged 20 to 35) with high job turnover. A questionnaire was conductedwith two groups: the Private-public Transitions Group (N = 377) and the Intra-publicTransitions Group (N = 68).The result indicated that while the Intra-public Transitions Group increasedtheir job satisfaction rate in conjunction with their work content, the Private-publicTransitions Group increased their satisfaction level due to their benefits, treatment,and working conditions. Furthermore, the results disclosed that there was a positivecorrelation between "stability orientation" and career consciousness among the participantswho had worked for up to five years in their new positions or who were satisfiedwith their current benefits and treatment.Interestingly, for the male participants who were satisfied with their workingcondition, their willingness to stay with their current positions and to change jobsheavily relies on the satisfaction rate of their benefits and treatment in their workplace.On the other hand, in the case of participants who worked for 5 to 10 years intheir new positions, the result adversely affected their career consciousness.The paper also discusses the possibility of career development and the difficultyof employees maintaining a self-awareness of career development possibilities understable working conditions.departmental bulletin pape
A Proposal for Stabilisation of the Nursing Work Force
Get PDFP(論文)With the increase in regional hospitals, the growing complexity of nursing duties according to thedevelopment in medical technology, the aging of society, and the diversity in areas where nurses work,the demand for nursing workers has increased. According to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare'sreport on the annual transaction of the number of employed nurses entitled "Report on PublicHealth Administration and Services 2006," there were 811,952 nursing workers in December 2006. Thisrepresented an increase of 6.8% (51,751 nurses) since the last survey taken in 2004. It is evident thatthere has been an increase in the number of nursing personnel but Japan still faces the crisis in theshortage nurses. One problem causing the shortage of nurses is said to be that, although many nursesare educated, a significant number do not settle, but leave their jobs.Although there are many reasons why nurses leave their jobs, from the survey of potential workers, amajority answered that the cause for their leaving was concern about maternity leave and bringing up theirchildren. But a similar situation was seen among unmarried single people as well. From this result, I paidattention to working environments and situations so that I could make clear what the factors made it difficultfor nurses to continue their work and on that basis think of concrete measures to solve the problems.For this article, I conducted a survey among nursing students to learn what they expect their termsof employment and pay to be. The object was to make clear what kind of images nursing students cultivatedduring their schooling years, making it difficult to continue their jobs. I also carried out surveysamong currently employed nurses to examine the relationship between the terms of employment andthe length of service.From these two surveys, I concluded that for nursing students "times of night-shifts" and for nursesin active service "overtime work" were the main factors causing nurses to leave the profession. Improvinglabour conditions, especially night shifts and overtime work, could act as a countermeasure to stabilizethe nursing work force. I hope that this result may have practical use in clinical and educational situations.departmental bulletin pape
