Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Curing Illnesses by Caring for the Spirits of the Dead : Some Considerations on the Rituals Performed by the Mesopotamian Āšipu
Get PDFThe specialist called ‘the āšipu’, played several significant roles in Ancient Mesopotamian religious practice. The word āšipu, a derivative of the verb (w)ašāpu(m) “to chant,” means “the man who chants.” Therefore, his essential role was to chant an incantation or šiptu, which also derives from the same verb. The main roles of the āšipu can be divided into two groups: the first is to transform divine statues of wood into living gods through the ritual of “mouth washing” (mīs pî). The second is to cure illnesses, and to protect people from misfortune by means of other rituals available to them.
In the case of an illness, the āšipu seemed to have an insight into the cause of his patient’s illness, probably due to his shamanistic ability. There were quite a large number of cases in which malcontent spirits of the dead caused illnesses among their living, descendants and others. The āšipu would choose the appropriate ritual to perform in each case, which consisted of incantations, usually prayers that were chanted by the āšipu and/or his patient, and some other ritual acts.
The author of these notes focuses on two written programs of rituals in which the āšipu transfers the dissatisfied spirits to an animal or a part of one, and has that animal partake of offerings so that the spirits of the dead are satisfied and then sent back to the netherworld. In the case of critical illness, the rituals were performed annually, especially in the months of Abu (in summer) and Ṭebētu (in winter), when the path to the netherworld was thought to open. In this way, it was believed that the patient would be healed. Finally, some principles and theories about the āšipu’s role in the rituals will be discussed.英語表記タイトルに修正あり(2021年2月17日)departmental bulletin pape
Preliminary Investigations into Mesopotamian Shamanism through an Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh
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Psychological Factors and Classroom Activities that Promote Learner Autonomy
Get PDFIn Japanese society, the importance of English is increasing these days. It is generally difficult to acquire foreign language including English, and people need to spend a lot of time if they would like to be proficient in language. In Japanese context, the number of English classes students take at school is imited, and it is inevitable for learners to study outside of the classroom (Matsumura, 2009). In other words, learners need to be independent and utonomous in the process of learning language. Because of this, ultimate goal in foreign language learning is to raise autonomous learners. However, how to raise and what influences to help learners to be autonomous learners have not been investigated very much. This study focuses on Japanese learners of English and ttempts to see what promotes learning that happens outside of the classroom. Participants were six Japanese learners of English, and they showed their interests to join interviews in the questionnaire study. This study reports three participants among these six. Semi-structured interviews were conducted twice in one semester from January to November, in 2016. Participants also worked on learning journal which the author made based on Kato and Mynard (2015). In this journal, they set their goal in English learning and described how they studied English. They recorded their learning every month and submitted them when they had interviews. The findings revealed that learners got influence from various factors such as the environment, people around them, their goals, their attitudes, and because of these factors, their learning was constructed. The study implies that there is no one specific element which promotes learner autonomy, and various different factors can help learners to be autonomous learners.departmental bulletin pape
Art Education and Aesthetic Education
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to clarify the significance of aesthetic education in art education.
In general, art education has two aspects:, to get artistic skill for art works and, to cultivate personality through art.
Contemporary concepts of aesthetic education rely heavily on Friedrich von Schiller’s treatise on aesthetic theory “Uber die asthetische Erziehung des Menschen, in einer Reihe von Briefen written in 1795”.
We have usually a tendency to emotional feeling and rationality thinking in action.
Since the ancient Greece and Rome eras, we have traditional thought of the whole human being, that is “kaloka gatia.”, “arma bella”, and “schone Seele.”.
The concept of the harmony of the human being lead to the conception of aesthetic human transformation through aesthetic education in Schiller’s treatise.
Schiller’s ideas exerted various influences on art education. One example is the work of Herbert Read, whose “Education Through Art was published in 1943”.
The aesthetic education theory of Rudolf Seitz was also influenced by Schiller’s theory. His concept of theory is basic in very practice and creative action. Especially in childhood, a lot of experience with sensibility becomes very important basis of creativity, and makes an aesthetic human transformation through aesthetic education.departmental bulletin pape
Analysis of Harry Kupfer's Staging of the Musical Elisabeth : Was Elisabeth given her salvation? From the viewpoint of the 'Bridge' and the 'Mirror' sets
Get PDFIn this article, an analysis of Harry Kupfer's (1935-) direction of the musical Elisabeth is given. The musical, a story of about the life of the famous queen of Austria, Elisabeth von Wittersbach (1837-1898) or “Sissi”, is a popular musical in the world nowadays. However, after its first performance in 1992, the work and its direction have varied greatly.
The history of musical theatrical productions is relatively short in music history and this genre originated after professional directors had become acknowledged in the theatre world. As for the staging of a musical, it is generally admitted that the first staging is often significant. That is why it is important to analyze Kupfer’s first staging of Elisabeth. Kupfer has played an important role in the practice of Regietheater, where the director is allowed to change the original staging directions and other elements in an opera or play. Therefore, as the director of the first staging of Elisabeth, he made a substantial contribution to the work itself. There are two main themes of Kupfer’s works, the problems of women and the resistance and conflicts that arise from their being under pressure in a male-dominated society. Therefore, the author focuses on Kupfer’s staging of Elisabeth in Vienna from the viewpoint of the oppressed heroine’s resistance to and conflicts with a maledominated society.
From this viewpoint, two elements can be found to analyze in the text; one is a crucial scene of many people’s testimonies, and the other is the scene of Elisabeth’s only monologue, ”Ich gehör nur mir”, which is also her first declaration of resistance. Moreover, in order to describe these two elements on stage, two unique sets were used, the “Bridge” and the “Mirror”.The “Bridge” represents the pressure on Elisabeth and the struggle against people’s different meanings of salvation. For example, to Elisabeth it means a release from the restraints upon her in this world, but to the character of “Death (der Tod)”, it means leading Elisabeth to the world of death. The “Mirror” represents a polar relationship of beauty and ugliness. Although it could hurt Elisabeth in her old age, however, she still continues to need the “Mirror” that might reflect her beauty for her own self-confidence.
Consequently, Elisabeth could not receive salvation, that is, salvation from “Death” or from the people surrounding her, but instead she continued to struggle against the pressure of living in a male-dominated society. Moreover, by emphasizing this image of Elisabeth through his staging, Kupfer tried to show a kind of salvation, which had meaning only to her: the release from the restraints of this world.著者の都合により図版は黒塗りdepartmental bulletin pape
Social Practices from the Viewpoint of Life and Death : Children Suffering ; from Bereavement and its Aftermath
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Erich Fromm and Paul Tillich in Exile : On the Council for a Democratic Germany
Get PDFAlthough it has been well known that Erich Fromm and Paul Tillich were close in Frankfurt as colleagues and in the United States as political refugees, the sources and letters that illuminate their relationship have been few. However, recently discovered letters and sources demonstrate that they continued to form a close relationship through “the Council for a Democratic Germany” and also in private study groups in the United States. By analyzing these letters, this paper clarifies the intellectual exchanges of these two men in their period of exile.departmental bulletin pape
Reflections on “Law and Family” from the Constitutional cases of the Supreme Court : Including the Perspective of the Possible Use of Case Studies in Law-Related Education
Get PDFIn 1995 the Grand Bench of the Supreme Court decided that inheritance discrimination provisions between legitimate children and illegitimate children was constitutional. In 2013, however, it decided that the same provisions were unconstitutional. This paper examines the fact that the Supreme Court took a 180-degree shift in 18 years, and attempts to clarify the characteristics of the human rights provisions of the Japanese Constitution from the viewpoint of children’s human rights.departmental bulletin pape
Characteristics of U.S. Presidential Management and Decision Making Style : The Case of Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th President
Get PDFSince 1945, 13 presidents have been sworn into office as president of the United States. Each president has adopted and developed his own unique management and decision making style. This paper aims to explore how President Dwight D. Eisenhower established his style during his presidency.
In the 1950s and 1960s the prevailing image was that Eisenhower was a passive president, who reigned but did not rule, surrounded by an overly protective staff and dominated by strong cabinet secretaries such as John Foster Dulles that have been delegated too much authority. The availability of declassified materials in the Eisenhower Presidential Library challenged his passive image. At present Eisenhower is regarded as a more modern president than his younger
successor John F. Kennedy.
Eisenhower was a president who deliberately chose to manipulate, organize, and dominate his administration with a hidden hand. Over 35 years of military experience had led Eisenhower to be deeply concerned with organizational problems. For Eisenhower, information, procedures, organization, formal meetings, and informal consultations were preparations for important decisions. Because Eisenhower placed great value on the planning process and intensive discussions, he revitalized the National Security Council (NSC) in the decision process with an appointment of Robert Cutler as the special presidential assistant on national security affairs.
President Eisenhower trusted Dulles as Secretary of State and used to consult with him before and after important decisions both on foreign affairs and during the crises. There seemed to an apparent contradiction between the simultaneous existence of a strong secretary of state and a strong NSC in the White House. However, the lack of conflict between Dulles and Cutler was to due to Eisenhower’s solid confidence in secretary of state and the perception of the function of special assistant developed by Cutler. He firmly believed in the role of coordinator. Policy guidelines were formulated from the NSC process and the action of council meetings, operational decisions were usually made in the Oval Office, and diplomacy was largely in the hands of Dulles.departmental bulletin pape