Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Consideration for special needs education to realize the “Inclusive Society”
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The Chatting Dead : Changing Concept of the World after Death in Japan
Get PDFThe Japanese medieval worldview, which saw this world as a temporary lodging in which to dwell before arriving in the far otherworldly pure land began to show signs of transition and change from the 14th century. From this point onward, the sense of reality attributed to the world of the other shore rapidly faded, and the priorities in people’s concerns and religious values shifted in emphasis from the other world to this one. They no longer held the ideal of arriving in a distant other world after death. Instead, they now hoped to enjoy the life of this world to the fullest, and after death to sleep peacefully in some corner of it where they could continue to live in some way with their descendants.
This can be understood in terms of a decline, a shrinking of the world of the other shore and a commensurate expansion in the significance of this world. A process of modernization and secularization of society also began in the early modern period, and continued through to the modern period. More so now than the path of salvation in a world to come, people came to choose the path of giving priority to experiencing a full and happy life in this world.
The secularization of the other world as well as of this world continued. The image of Buddha vanished from the scenes of the other shore. The chatting dead depicted in Mukasari-ema or Kuyo-egaku, votive memorial paintings dedicated to the dead, is a consequence of the secularization of society in the Japanese islands.departmental bulletin pape
University Students’ Possible Selves and Language Learning – the Potential of Complexity Theory
Get PDFLearner motivation is one of the most researched areas in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and has been widely studied using the notion of possible selves. To date, little qualitative research has been conducted concerning the relationship between motivation and language learning as Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). This study addresses the issue of Japanese university students’ English learning motivation by exploring the relationship between their possible selves and English language learning. A questionnaire was distributed to 126 female university students, some of whom were subsequently interviewed to specifically examine their goal settings and actual learning processes. The findings confirmed that almost 60 % of the students had low level of possible selves and did not imagine that they would use English in the future. In this paper, 2 students were interviewed and analyzed in a qualitative method employing Retrodictive Qualitative Modelling (RQM) (Dörnyei, 2014). The results revealed that the students can constantly be influenced by various factors such as their family, teacher and learning experiences, and indicated that their possible selves can be important attractors to help develop motivation to learn English. The research suggests that each learner can possibly have his or her own unique characteristics. It also implicates that Complexity Theory may have the potential to see how to understand a complex dynamic model of language learning motivation including possible selves.departmental bulletin pape
The Significance of Incorporating On-line Lessons Conducted by Filipino Teachers into University English Curriculum : A Substantiative Experiment
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The Hope of Vertical Communication : The Meaning of Death for the Oldest-old People
Get PDFIn the 20th century, people had their interests in “death by disease.” Similarly, thanatology or bioethics focuses on this type of death. However, in the 21st century, the focus has moved to “death by aging.” The background is the super-aging society. And its top runner is Japan.
In Japan, the number of centenarian has already surpassed 65,000 as of 2015. And 10% of the total population is over 80 years old. The direct factors of super-aging society are longevity, declining birthrate, depopulation in certain areas, and so on. Under these conditions, the gap between the rich and the poor is increasing in all generations.
There are four approaches to deal with the challenge to this bipolarization. The first is reforming labor markets to recruit the old, women, robots, and foreigners. The second is remaking social security systems like the pension. The third is reconstructing access to mutual help, including volunteer activities. And the fourth is reconsidering our view of human beings, life, and death to enable us to adapt to a super-aging society.
The most important key to this challenge is the old generation who are connected to all the approaches. Indeed, the participation of the healthy old in various social fields should be encouraged more. However, only two modern types of old people have been described. One is “the passive type” who depend on family care. The other is “the active type” who are enjoying life, being independent and putting emphasis on pleasures. Therefore, a new comprehensive view of aging is needed.
We propose the concept of “re-aging gerontology” to establish this view. The word “re-aging” means that mature aging is not the final state of the aged, but process of our life, which is being continually reconsidered. Imaging a life span of 100 years, in which the old can be classified into four stages: pre-old (from 51 to 64), young-old (from 65 to 74), old-old (from 75 to 84), and oldest-old (over 85). “The passive type” may be suitable to the old-old, whereas “the active” may be more suitable to the pre-old. Re-aging gerontology re-classified the young-old as the agent to form communities, that is, “the community-forming type.”
Nevertheless, there is no clear answer to how the oldest-old behave, of whom belong over 5 million people in Japan. They often do not express any desire about their future and seem not to care about themselves. These may be called “the completely passive type” or “the self-neglect type.” We have to consider how to encourage them from the perspective of “re-aging gerontology,” not of Tornstam or of Ericsson. It is because those models and that of Zen Buddhism cannot be applied to an overwhelming majority of contemporary and future Japanese.
In this article the focus is on the death of the oldest old and presents a new model for them from the perspective of “re-aging.” A clue can be found in so-called “consolation communication” between those who have passed away and the living, which is supposed to exist in human beings universally. This communication is included as part of “vertical communication” along the axis of irreversible time from birth to death. Vertical communication needs a vertical community. When the oldest-old can form their own community, they can have their own meaning of life and hold the hope to be together with familiar others even after their death.departmental bulletin pape
A Look at Life from the Death of a Woman : Praying for an End to Violence against Women
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A Proposal for the International Mobility and Brain Circulation of Nurses : The Case of Indonesia
Get PDFThis paper critically examines “brain waste” and “brain circulation” in the international mobility of Indonesian nurses. Indonesian nurses hope to improve their expertise by working overseas, but a number of them fail to achieve their goals due to their lack of understanding of the current situation in the developed countries to which they intend to migrate. It can be argued that in order to engage in effective international mobility, they need to understand the differences in healthcare systems and social backgrounds between Indonesia and the developed countries where they wish to work.
As a measure of their successful immigration, it is important that graduate schools of nursing in Indonesia should offer those nurses who wish to work internationally education that will allow them to understand better before migrating the current environment of the global workforce in the countries where they wish to work. It is suggested that graduate schools offer educational programs that will prepare nurses to complete overseas clinical training and satisfy the foreign nurse acceptance requirements of the acceptance country.
This paper concludes that global education offered by graduate schools of nursing in Indonesia will help to prevent the unnecessary “brain waste” of Indonesian nurses while at the same time encouraging “brain circulation.”departmental bulletin pape