Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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The Rise of Public Health Services in Early 20th Century America : Science, Statistics, and Intervention to Change Health Behavior of “Others”?
Get PDFCoping with disease and taking action to maintain one’s health have been both personal and private undertakings in many cultures of the world. In 19th century America, people sought help among family, relatives, and the surrounding community when they were sick, or turned to advice books when they wished to improve their health. Such practices continue even now, though public health interventions have also become common since the early 20th century. In this article, some factors leading to the rise in public health interventions in 20th century America are explained. Initially there was criticism and resistance when unknown persons such as public health officials or well-meaning third persons advised the public to get vaccinated or follow proper sanitation and hygiene rules, so as to be admitted as “decent citizens” by the mainstream. However, through seemingly scientific child-rearing advice given by people who were concerned about decreasing the infant mortality rate, immigrants and poor families began to accept check-ups and interventions by visiting nurses and public health officials. Children were also a channel for promoting modern public health services, and for spreading the ideology that personal health connects to public responsibility.departmental bulletin pape
Border-Crossing of Clay Tablets and Their God: The Tradition and Innovations in Esarhaddon's Succession Oath Documents
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The Mesopotamian sun god Šamaš as the god of the living and the dead
Get PDFThe Mesopotamian sun god Šamaš had various functions. He was worshipped as the god of light and of justice. He was also the god of the living and the dead as well of rituals and oracles. Šamaš stood close to the people and would respond to their worldly desires. This paper considers the roles Šamaš played in the rituals conducted by the specialist, called āšipu; especially in those that were performed to resolve the disorders and unfavorable conditions that the dead or their ghosts brought upon the living.departmental bulletin pape
A Study on Corporate Museums with a great diversity in Japan : Through the classification and visualization by text analysis
Get PDFCorporate Museums are more than 10% of all museums in Japan. According to the Teikoku Data Bank Historical Museum, 783 museums have existed. Based on the database of 783 museums, this quest has commenced
As a result, Corporate Museums can be classified into 5 categories: #1 Hands-on Education, #2 Collection Management, #3 Industrial History, #4 Playful Learning, and #5 Successful Achievement. And 5 museums of TOYOTA group are categorized into the above 5 types respectively. This is the current version of classification regarding Corporate Museums in Japan and the very first one by text analysis, which collected data concerning philosophies of 135 museums in 2019, repeated text mining, and executed cluster analysis. That is a significance of this exploration.
The findings of this research verified a great diversity of Corporate Museums in Japan, and showed visualization of a wide variety of 5 categories. It is highly important that the analysis based on open data and quite objective approach are scientific and reliable, compared with previous studies. Even though it is difficult to define what corporate museum is, the images of Corporate Museums are emerged here.
This is the start-up of “Corporate Museum Studies”. It is worthy to investigate such a museum, in order to clarify the features of museums in Japan. So that means this research can contribute to our society.journal articl
The Birth of the Renaissance and Jules Michelet's View of Life and Death
Get PDFThe age of the Renaissance in 14-16th century Europe, is the transitive period in which people became interested in the ideas and cultures of ancient Greece and Rome, when their views of nature started to change, and medieval culture gradually turned into modern culture. It is often said that the idea of the Renaissance was first used by 19th historian Jacob Burckhardt, who defined it as the age of the discovery of the world and human beings, and many scholars regard him as the father of the Renaissance.
However, Burckhardt admitted he owed the idea of “the discovery of the world and human beings” to Jules Michelet’s Histoire de France. In spite of his contribution toward the birth of the Renaissance as a concept, Michelet is almost forgotten and his historical works are seldom referred to in Renaissance studies today. The reason for this omission seems to be derived from his characteristic theory of history. For Michelet, historical materials were not considered as statistical data or so on, but as ghosts or phantoms uttering and mumbling to him. Like a shaman in primitive society, he resurrected the dead, unified with them in his mind, and told their stories on behalf of them. His unique theory came from his view of life and death that was characterized by non-Christian pantheism and the belief in reincarnation.
In this paper, first, Michelet’s unique historical theory and his understanding of human history are described. Second, his view of life and death, which influenced his idea of history, is surveyed. Finally, the process and motives with which he created his idea of the Renaissance are discussed.departmental bulletin pape
Bridging the Gap Between Mind and Brain : Ecological Validity in Sandplay Research Using NIRS
Get PDFSandplay therapy as a psychotherapeutic modality has been widely used and is believed to be effective not only for various psychological problems but also for personality development. However, research on its therapeutic mechanisms has often met with difficulties, probably because sandplay involves subjective, emotional, and intuitive factors rather logical and objective ones. One possibility for offering an explanation for its effectiveness may lie in neuroscientific research, as was first suggested by the late Professor Hayao Kawai. On the other hand, the recent development of neuroimaging techniques has enabled researchers in the field of social neuroscience to investigate real-world social interactions. The focus in the field has been shifting from a singlebrain to a second-person approach, or that of more than two interacting brains.
Inspired by previous studies on social interactions, the author and co-researchers have attempted to explore the brain mechanisms underlying sandplay therapy, using a NIRS (nearinfrared spectroscopy) hyperscanning technique, which involves the simultaneous measurement of more than two persons (in this case, client and therapist). In implementing the methodology of our research, we have faced the problem of ecological validity, which refers to the relationship between real-world phenomena and the investigation of these phenomena in experimental contexts. Sandplay therapy as a psychotherapeutic process requires and therefore allows only-one-time occurrences of emotional interactions and insights. More often than not, unexpected“ happenings” lead to the evolvement or resolution of the therapeutic impasses. On the other hand, strict control of the nature of the setting and participants’ actions are required to obtain objective so-called“ evidence.” It is therefore a major concern for researchers to find a middle ground where it is possible to
obtain valid results from experiments without compromising the real nature of sandplay therapy.
One solution for this conflict may lie in our single study design with a mixed method, in which both quantitative NIRS data and qualitative videotaped data of a sandplay therapy session are combined for analysis and interpretation. Future advances in neuroimaging techniques may eventually resolve this issue, making it possible to examine the client-therapist relationship in sandplay from the perspective of brain-to-brain interaction and thereby make the most of the findings for therapists’ training.文献リスト加筆のためPDF差し替え(2019年5月23日）departmental bulletin pape
Death in Islam : Suicide, Martyrdom, and Euthanasia
Get PDFIslam takes a negative position against suicide, because this is considered a grave violation of the divine right to determine the life span of human beings. On the other hand, martyrdom, in which people dare to engage in fierce battles against religious enemies and lose their own lives, is highly praised and so much valued that they may be entitled to enter Paradise without any further conditions. Euthanasia, which is widely discussed now in the global setting especially in the context of medical ethics for patients with incurable diseases, is also an important subject of argument for the present day Muslim religious scholars and medical personnel.
With consultation to the Qur’ānic text and the Prophetic Traditions (ḥadīth), religious scholars discuss whether a certain action is allowable or not in Islam. When they consider euthanasia, they refer to previous judgments made in the cases of suicide and martyrdom, since euthanasia has not been treated as an independent theme in Islamic law. From Qur’ānic sanctions and Prophetic examples they have drawn a conclusion acceptable to a large majority that such passive euthanasia as stopping life-support treatment (and letting the patient be under the divine will) may be allowable. However, such active euthanasia, as hastening the patient’s death by drug injection, may not be allowed. Frequent reference to the classical normative texts in discussion of modern problems shows that Islam functions as the basis of social moral standards, and as a common frame of reference for members of the community.departmental bulletin pape