Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Life and Death in Ancient Mesopotamian Astrology
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to show the development of astrology in ancient Mesopotamia (including Babylonia, Assyria, and Upper Mesopotamia) from the late second millennium BC to the third century AD on the basis of key Akkadian astrological texts and celestial divinations cited and paraphrased by Bardaisan in Syriac. The main sources of this article are Akkadian astrological texts written in cuneiform scripts on clay tablets, and The Book of the Laws of Countries, one of the earliest Syriac literary works. The latter is now preserved in the vellum manuscript Add 14658 of the British Library, and contains a dialog between the Edessene thinker Bardaisan, who lived in the second and third centuries AD, and his pupils. Bardaisan developed his anti-astrological thought in this work.
In this article, the following points will be emphasized: (1) traditional Mesopotamian astrology, which appeared in the second millennium BC and flourished in the court of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria from 680 to 669 BC, especially focused on the destiny of the country and the life and death of its ruler, i.e. the king himself; (2) Babylonian horoscopic astrology, which was invented at the end of the fifth century BC, almost simultaneously with the invention of the concept of zodiac, changed the tradition of Mesopotamian astrology to focus on the life and death of ordinary people; and (3) Bardaisan criticized the celestial divinations predicting the fate and behavior of ordinary people, demonstrating the binding power of proper laws and customs of various nations of the world regardless of the positions of stars and planets.departmental bulletin pape
The smallpox epidemic and efforts for the construction of public health infrastructures in North Carolina : local health agencies, medical license requirements, and adequate vaccine supplies, 1898-1909
Get PDFThe smallpox epidemic between the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century led to cities and states across the United States enacting more stringent public health regulations and compulsory vaccination of residents, with non-compliance sometimes resulting in fines or confinement. Recent research focusing on compulsory vaccination and anti-vaccination movements in big cities found enforcement and resistance during this period shaped both police powers over public health and the form of activities by anti-compulsory vaccination groups thereafter. This article first examines how the budget-limited public health authorities in North Carolina promoted vaccination in a mainly rural area with small cities and towns during the epidemic. It then contends that the epidemic helped shape public health infrastructures: appointing local health superintendents, tightening up medical licensing, and improving the supply and handling of vaccinations. The process took time and suffered setbacks.the numbers vaccinated did not increase as anticipated.but it helped public health professionals to take a step toward a more modernized public health system.departmental bulletin pape
Some Ideas for Grammatical Instructions Based on Error Analysis
Get PDFBy analyzing errors found in Japanese university students’ translations of English texts into Japanese, this paper aims at finding ways to make use of the analysis in English classes in order to enable the students to get better at understanding English texts accurately and thoroughly. It also attempts to analyze the nature of the said mistakes and to clarify the difficult points for students, in general, in putting English into Japanese. Finally, issues that teachers need to be aware of in class regarding the difficulties and some effective ways of grammar instruction they can use in helping their students avoid the pitfalls are suggested.departmental bulletin pape
Feedbacks on programs of the Career Design I , Compulsory Course for First-Year Students, and an attempt at visualization of students’ tacit demands : Through the cluster analysis and text mining of the questionnaires
Get PDFIn order to grasp the students’ needs and wants for career education, it is necessary to visualize their opinions and thoughts in their classes as data. In this research, the authors adopted cluster analysis to classify several groups who were influenced by same programs, and text mining as an objective analysis to comprehend their reflections. As a result, the program they want depends on their vision after graduation or lack thereof. If the students have dreams or plans for their own future, there is a tendency to be social-minded. The students find it positive that the first year students have opportunities to encounter their seniors and alumnae in their university, who could be their role model.
The authors insist that it is important for professors to share the reason with the students, why they need to take career education. Furthermore, they should explain the purpose of this subject to the students time and again, to deepen their understanding and to enhance their readiness.departmental bulletin pape