Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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Fluctuating Asymmetry Increases with Heat Stress Disruptions on Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus) at Different Altitude
Full text linkBali cattle (Bos javanicus) are common species distributed throughout Indonesia to survive in tropical hot, and humid climates. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a random deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry. FA is often used to measure developmental stability in individuals and can be used as a marker for the impact of environmental and genetic stress. This study aims to investigate the pattern of developmental instability in Bali cattle as caused by environmental stress at various altitudes using the FA index. FA indexes in this study were used to compare asymmetrical physical traits of Bali cattle in Sembalun high altitude and Serading low altitude. Sixty-five Bali cattle were used in this study reared at different altitudes, namely Serading, Sumbawa Island (50 m above sea level), and Sembalun, Lombok Island (1,186 m above sea level). The physical traits of Bali cattle measured were horn circumference (horn), a distance of hip to spine bone (pelvic), metatarsal circumference (metatarsal), and metacarpal circumference (metacarpal). The FA1 and FA5 indexes showed significant metacarpal differences between Bali cattle reared at Sembalun and Serading population (P0.05). FA11 multiple trait index as a composite of all traits revealed a significant difference as well. (P001). It can be concluded that various heat stress by altitude impacts the asymmetry of Bali cattle
Organoleptic Quality of Processed Chicken Nuggets with the Addition of Chicken Liver, Mayonnaise, and Indigofera sp. Leaves
No full textChicken liver is commonly used as a substitute for meat in nugget production. However, the chicken liver will give a fishy smell, bitter taste, and less protein content. This research aims to find additional ingredients to reduce the liver's fishy smell and bitter taste and increase the protein content. The material used is chicken meat, chicken liver, mayonnaise, and Indigofera sp. leave. This research is an experimental study with an organoleptic test involving 31 panellists. The parameter was colour, aroma, flavour, and texture. The experimental design was a complete random by testing 4 nugget variants: P0: chicken meat + liver (nugget) without mayonnaise and Indigofera sp. leaves; P1: Nugget + mayonnaise 5% + Indigofera sp. leaves 5%; P2: Nugget + mayonnaise 7.5% + Indigofera sp. leaves 7.5 %; P3: Nugget + mayonnaise 10% + Indigofera sp. leaves 10 %. The data from the organoleptic test was analyzed with ANOVA to find out any significant differences. The result shows that the addition of mayonnaise and Indigofera sp. leaves significantly affect the colour but not on aroma, flavour, and texture. Both mayonnaise and Indigofera sp. leaves do not have a strong aroma and flavour, so they cannot replace chicken liver's strong aroma and flavour. However, Indigofera sp. leaves have strong colours so that they can change the colour. Based on the result of the panel test and statistical analysis, it was concluded that the addition of mayonnaise and Indigofera sp. leaves does not improve the organoleptic quality of the product
Opportunities and challenges to increasing productivity in cattle farmed by smallholders in Asia and Africa
No full textGlobal population is expected to grow rapidly to 2050, with most growth occurring in Africa and Asia. To achieve food security, livestock enterprise and industry efficiency must increase by 2.0-2.5% per annum, equivalent to doubling outputs from constant resources over 30 years. Due to pressures on agriculture in developed countries, most increased production must occur in regions of greatest need (Africa and Asia) and in the face of greater competition for land, water, grain and labour, leading to higher costs of production. Climate change adds to the challenge, requiring livestock that are productive under hotter and drier climates and, in the tropics, requiring cattle that tolerate increased parasite burdens and vector-borne diseases. Productivity of cattle herds must therefore be significantly improved and greenhouse gas emissions reduced, but using less grain and water, while animals tolerate more extreme climates and disease stressors. To double outputs from constant resources, new, cost-effective and transformational technologies must be implemented by smallholder beef and dairy farmers through improved value chains that reward farmers for the quality of their product. Formation of new multi-organisational, multi-disciplinary collaborative partnerships will assist in such transformation. This paper examines a number of emerging technologies for their potential to deliver the productivity improvements required from beef and dairy cattle in smallholder farmer herds in Africa and Asia. It also examines the potential for transformational approaches to support new markets, value chains and collaborations across public and private sector partnerships
Application of Plantaricin as an Antimicrobial Substrate in the Milking Process to Maintain Milk Quality in Smallholder Dairy Farm
Full text linkPathogenic bacterial contamination found in fresh cow's milk can be caused by poor milking management. This traditional milking process allows the milk to be contaminated from bacteria and dirt. Dyeing dairy cows using a commercial antiseptic is a common measure that can be done to prevent mastitis. Nipple immersion can be done after milking using synthetic antiseptic agents such as povidone iodine and chlorine. However, the use of synthetic antiseptics can actually cause a slight irritation and allergic effect and leave a residue. Therefore, it is hoped that the use of natural-based antiseptics can replace synthetic antiseptics. One of the natural based antiseptics that can be used is bacteriocin. This research aimed to analyze the application of the plantaricin IIA-1A5 as a substitute for synthetic antibacterial for teat dipping before milking namely microbiological tests, physicochemical tests, and pH measurements. The study was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment design consisted of control (without immersion), plantaricin 0.0074%, and povidone iodine 0.2%. Results showed application of plantaricin IIA-1A5 as teat dipping before milking can reduce the Total Plate Count, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus population. The use of plantaricin IIA-1A5 as teat dipping did not change pH value and physicochemical quality (fat, SNF, lactose, and protein), which is below the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) about fresh milk. This ability is comparable to the iodine group, a synthetic antibacterial widely used by smallholder breeders in Indonesia. It is concluded that plantaricin IIA-1A5 can be used as a substitute for synthetic antibacterial (iodine group) for teat dipping before milking
Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia as Ruminant Feed
Full text linkForage is an important component in raising ruminants. Limited land specifically for forage cultivation is a big challenge in providing forage. Tithonia diversifolia is a promising species used as feed for ruminants because it is easy to grow in various places without being cultivated, such as on roadsides or as fences. This paper aims to give information about Tithonia diversifolia and its cultivation, production, nutritional value and its utilization as forage for ruminant. This plant can be propagated vegetatively and generatively. The spread of seeds can be carried by vectors such as humans, livestock, water currents and wind. T. diversifolia plants have several advantages: fast growing, high production, high crude protein content, resistance to high cutting frequencies and tolerance to acidic soils. Apart from these advantages, this plant also has some weaknesses because it contains several secondary compounds which may affect rumen fermentation. This weakness can be overcome by addition of feed aditive, charcoal or by processing it into silage. T. diversifolia has been used as feed for small and large ruminants either as single or mixed feed with concentrates and other forages with relatively high digestibility. The dry matter consumption of T. diversifolia reaches nearly 600 g/h/d when given as single feed to goats. However, recommended feeding level is 30% of total ration.
Substitution of Indigofera flour in feed on the production and quality of Senkub chicken eggs and its business feasibility
No full textEggs are a food material with high nutritional value, which is needed by the human body. The desired quantity and quality of eggs, is inseparable from the quantity and nutritional quality of the feed given. In intensive chicken farming, feed is the largest cost, which can reach 70% of the production cost. Indigofera zollingeriana plant is a legume plant that has a high protein content, which has been widely used for a mixture of protein source rations. The research objective was to see the effect of Indigofera leaf flour substitution in rations on the production and quality of native chicken eggs and the level of farmer acceptance. The research was conducted in plasma farmers using 200 Senkub chickens aged 18 weeks consisting of 4 feed treatments. The variables observed were production performances and physical and chemical egg qualities. To determine the level of acceptance and feasibility of technology components, a farm analysis was carried out. The results showed that substitution of rations with 10% Indigofera leaf flour had no effect on production performances (P 0.05). However, adding Bio b to drinking water (P2) reduced the ration conversion (P 0.05). The physical quality of eggs, was no significantly affected (P 0.05). egg fat content reduced by 24.27% and egg yolk protein content increased by 13.38%. Substitution of rations with Indigofera leaf flour reduced the in feed cost by 17% in the laying period so that it was feasible to be disseminated. In conclusion, Indigofera leaf flour substitution had no effect on production performance, increased egg protein content and decreased feed cost
Mitigation of Enteric Methane Emission through Feed Modification and Rumen Manipulation
Full text linkThe major of gas emission in the livestock sector are in the form of methane produced by microbial activity in the rumen. The emission of methane cause global warming and is predicted to keep increasing. Feed modification and rumen manipulation are important ways that can be used to mitigate methane emission. Based on this condition, this paper aims to describe several ways to mitigate methane emission using feed and rumen modification for smallholder farmers. Feed modification can be done using high Non-Fiber Carbohydrate (NFC) content in feed and also using balance nutrient feed. Meanwhile, rumen modification can be done through inlcusion of feed additive, microbial products, and oils. Providing feed contains high NFC as much as 21.8-53%DM would decrease methane emission by 3.03-28.33%. While providing feed contains balance nutrients would potentially decrease 21.87% of methane emission. Feed additive addition as much as 0.0011-12%DM decreased 0.59-78% of methane emission. Bacterial inclusion as much as 0.7x108 – 3,6x1011CFU decreased 0- 18.57% of methane emission. Oil or fat inclusion as much as 6%DM decreased 6.02-24.53% of methane emission. A combination of methods can be used to optimize methane mitigation and it can be applicable for farmers to raise their livestock in friendly environment
Dorper sheep development in Indonesia
No full textSheep production in Indonesia has not met the demands for domestic and international markets which tends to continually increase every year. There is a significant gap between the upstream and the downstream sectors in sheep business process resulting in a stagnant supply of live sheep or their meats and co-products to the market. Unfortunately, sheep productivity in most traditional farmers is still relatively low. The local sheep are categorized as medium type in size and have several advantageous characteristics such as adaptive to the environment, resistance to ectoparasites, adaptive to low quality feed and prolific births. It is necessary to try making a huge effort to improve farming management and genetic quality of the local sheep to have high productivity and better meat quality. Garut Sheep is one of local breeds in West Java. Genetic improvement of local Garut sheep can be done by crossing them with superior type of meat sheep. It is hoped that the crossbred will inherit the superior characteristics of their two parents. Dorper is a superior type of meat sheep spread out all over the world with excellent adaptability and productivity. Therefore, HPDKI (Indonesian Sheep and Goats Farmers Association) introduced Dorper sheep (Black Head) from Australia with 8 males and 26 females to be further developed in Indonesia. The monitoring results during quarantine showed that Dorper sheep were able to adapt very well and there was no any incidence of disease. Dorper sheep were grouped into 3 groups of 8-10 females each with 1 male. The mating system was done naturally. They were fed a complete ration that has met the nutritional needs of both macro and micro nutrients. In the farm, Dorper sheep showed the following quantitative performances: averaged litter size 1.18, birth weight of single lamb 3.50 kg, birth weight of twins 2.94 kg, weaning weight of single lamb 21.43 kg, weaning weight of twins 15,50 kg, weaning age 90.05 days, Average daily gain (ADG) during lactation period 177.31 gram/head/day, lambing interval 245.91 days, gestation period 155.91 days, percentage of failed pregnancy 0.12%, percentage of male offspring 42, 50%, the percentage of female offspring 57.50%, lamb mortality 13.04%. The quantitative traits of Dorper sheep showed that the body shape was deep, wide, long and dense, no horns, a combination of fur hair and thin and short wool hair. The hair color of the head was black (20%) and the body was white (80%), the overall performance was uniform, stable and typically liked their parents. The other outstanding abilities were able to utilize low-quality feed properly with voracious nature for feed, resistance to heat stress and resistance to ectoparasites. It can be concluded that Dorper sheep is well adaptive to Indonesia tropical environment and is able to breed appropriately similar to their parents
Utilization of Bali Traditional Medicines Formula as an Additional Feed for Bali Cattle
No full textThe Balinese people know medicine whose formulas have been recorded in various manuscripts. A study was conducted to determine the utilization of Bali traditional medicines formula as an additional feed for Bali Cattle in the Wira Kencana Tani Farmers Group, Bukti village, Kubutambahan sub-district, Buleleng Regency. Twenty Bali Cattle with an average body weight of 140.28 ± 67.44 kg were used in this research for six months. This study was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were A : Bali Cattle fed Napier grass ad libitum, B : Napier grass + Prodef-1 as much 10 cc/head/day, C : Napier grass + Prodef-2 as much 10 cc/head/day and D : Napier grass + Prodef-3 as much 10 cc/head/day. The Parameters observed were average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Business profits were calculate based on economic analysis, B/C ratio, and R/C ratio. This study suggests that the best average daily gain (ADG) in treatment D was 356.08 g/head/day. The results of the economic analysis also showed that Bali Cattle that received treatment D had the highest profit of Rp 1,120,000 with the B/C ratio of 0.02 and R/C ratio of 1.02. It can be concluded that the Bali cattle that received Prodef 3 had the highest ADG and the highest profit
Amino Acid Profile and Proximate Composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucent) with Two Drying Methods
No full textOne of the determinants of animal feed quality is expressed in terms of crude protein content and essential amino acids profile based on dry feed ingredients. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) is an alternative feed protein source that cannot be stored in the fresh form for a long time without drying. Improper drying can reduce the protein and amino acid content of the feed. This study aimed to find the best method for drying BSFL. Two methods of BSFL drying (stove oven and microwave drying) were evaluated. Fifteen days old larvae of BSF were dried either using the stove oven drying method for 75 minutes or using 800 watts microwave drying for 25 minutes. The analysis of the nutrient composition of the samples was carried out by proximate and amino acids analysis. The results showed that the protein content of BSF larvae, were not significantly different between drying treatments, while the amino acid content was higher in the microwave drying than the stove oven drying method. This study concludes that the two drying methods can be used in preserving BSF larvae as a source of dietary protein for farm animals