Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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The uniqueness of bats as natural host of viruses and their implication to global health
No full textBats are the natural host of several highly pathogenic viruses for human, such as SARS-CoV, Marburg, rabies, Hendra, Nipah, and ebola viruses. Bats did not show any clinical symptoms after infection with those highly pathogenic viruses. In addition, excessive inflammation and viremia were not developed in bats after viral infection. The absence of excessive inflammation is the compensation of their evolution as the only flying mammals. Their flight evolution also drives several unique features in their immune response that enable them to control the viral infection. This article summarizes current understandings about the uniqueness of bats as viral reservoir, the viral diversity in bats, the viral spillover from bats to human, and how to prevent the pandemic caused by emerging bat-borne viral zoonoses in the future. The understanding of how the antiviral response in bats work may provide valuable insights to control viral infection in human and domestic animals
Effect of Dietary with Different Energy and Protein Levels on Laying Quails Performance
Full text linkThe performance of quail is a function of several production factors, one of which is feed. However, the optimum metabolizable energy and crude protein for the performance of laying quails currently needs to be revised. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding diets with different metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on the performances of laying quails. Five hundred forty (540) laying quails aged eight weeks were randomly allocated into nine dietary treatments. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with 15 laying quails per replicate. Dietary treatments comprised three metabolizable energy levels (2,700, 2,800, and 2,900 kcal/kg) and three crude protein levels (17, 19, and 21%) in a factorial research methodology arrangement. After one week of the adaptation period, the feeding trial was conducted for five weeks (9-13 weeks old). Interaction between metabolizable energy and crude protein levels was recorded on feed intake (P 0.05). Feed intake was reduced along with the increase in the metabolizable energy when crude protein levels were 17 and 19%. However, the feed intake tended to be improved when high metabolizable energy was combined with high crude protein contents (2,900 kcal/kg and 21%, respectively). No interaction was recorded on the other variables (egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio) (P 0.05). Feeding diets with different metabolizable energy levels had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio (P 0.05) but without any significant impact on egg production, egg weight, and egg mass of laying quails (P 0.05). Crude protein as a single factor significantly affects egg production, weight, mass, and feed conversion ratio of laying quails (P 0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that metabolizable energy intake linearly improved egg production, weight, mass, and feed conversion ratio. Moreover, crude protein intake linearly improved egg production, weight, mass, and feed conversion ratio. Therefore, feeding diets containing 2900 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 21% crude protein are required to provide optimum performance of laying quails
Effect of Zinc Supplementation in the Diet on Sikumbang Janti Female Duck Performance, Carcass, Digestive Organs, and Intestinal Morphology
Full text linkThe research aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn supplementation in diet of Sikumbang Janti female duck on its performance, carcass, digestive organs, and intestinal morphology. The study used 96 female ducks aged 8 weeks. This research used a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg Zn/kg), each treatment was repeated four times. Performance, carcass, digestive organs, and intestinal morphology were observed. The results showed that Zn supplementation significantly (P0.05) affected body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, abdominal fat, and intestinal morphology, but it did not affect (P0.05) feed consumption, carcass percentage, and digestive organs. In conclusion, supplementation of 60 mg Zn/kg in the diet improved performance, intestinal morphology, and the health of visceral of Sikumbang Janti female ducks aged 8 to 16 weeks
Strategy For Development Of Superior Sheep Breed In Increasing Income Of Rural Farmers
No full textThe sheep farming system is still a side business in addition to farming in rural areas so it is not optimal. The breed factor is a major problem in the community with low body weight performance (small type). Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) (cq. Indonesian Research for Animal Production/IRIAP) has designed a superior breed of sheep with the name "Composite Sheep" which is directed at body weight performance and has a large type, namely through a cross breeding program of local sheep with imported sheep. The sheep that are formed have a greater body weight which are prepared as sheep export and are able to adapt to the tropical environment. In an effort to accelerate the existence of the population of superior sheep, source breeds management unit have carried out propagation in the laboratory and in breeders or farmer livestock groups, so as to accelerate the management of superior breed, including efforts to maintain their purity. To accelerate population development, it is directed to collaboration with breeders/groups that are ready to be disseminated to the farmer. It is hoped that the spread of composite superior breeds can improve the business performance of farmers in rural areas, as well as be able to increase the farmer income in the community, with a higher selling value because they have a greater body weight than local sheep in rural areas
Influence of Sperm Number and Antioxidant Melatonin in Extender on the Quality of Post-Thawing Sheep Spermatozoa
Full text linkThis study aimed to examine the effect of spermatozoa concentration and the effectiveness of melatonin supplementation in diluent on the quality of post-thawing semen. Ejaculated semen was collected using the artificial vaginal method (MVB). The study was carried out in two stages, firstly semen was frozen in andromed diluent with different concentrations in one straw (50, 100, 200 million per straw), and the second was frozen semen in diluent supplemented with melatonin with different doses (0, 0,5, 1, 0 and 1.5 mM melatonin). Parameters observed were the movement of spermatozoa using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tested using Duncan's test. The results showed no significant difference in the quality and movement pattern of sheep semen when frozen at concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 million per straw (P 0.05). Furthermore, adding melatonin to the diluent in this study affected spermatozoa's total motility and progressive motility at a concentration of 1.0 mM (P0.05) but did not significantly affect the percentage of spermatozoa motility pattern characteristics. From the results, it can be concluded that the concentration of per straw spermatozoa does not affect the quality of sheep semen, and melatonin supplementation in diluent can reduce the effects of the frozen-thawed process on motility, acrosome cap, and plasma membrane integrity in sheep semen. Melatonin supplementation with a concentration of 1 mM in the extender was the highest quality concentration in this study
The 84-bp Indel Polymorphism of The Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 (SREBP1) Gene in Several Cattle Breeds in Indonesia
Full text linkSterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) gene is a gene that encodes SREBP1, a family of transcription factors that have a key role in lipid homeostasis as well as fatty acid metabolisms. The present study aimed to detect the 84-bp indel polymorphism in the intron 5 of the SREBP1 gene (84-bp indel) in several cattle breeds in Indonesia. A total of 740 cattle of six breeds (Limousin, Simmental, Holstein-Friesian, Bali, Sumbawa, and Pasundan) from two National Artificial Insemination Centers (NAICs) and smallholder farmers were used in this study. The detection of 84-bp indel polymorphism was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and visualized through a gel agarose electrophoresis system. The study showed that the L allele (insertion-type) was common and is fixed in Holstein-Friesian, Bali, and Sumbawa cattle (1.00). Meanwhile, the S allele (deletion-type) was found in Limousin, Simmental, and Pasundan cattle with a frequency of 0.24, 0.16, and 0.01, respectively. The presence of the S allele in Pasundan cattle was only found in the form of the heterozygous LS genotype (0.03). In conclusion, the 84-bp indel of the SREBP1 gene was found to be polymorphic in Limousin, Simmental, and Pasundan cattle, but monomorphic in Holstein-Friesian, Bali, and Sumbawa cattle
An Empirical Evaluation of Policy Options for Increasing Dairy Production in Indonesia: A System Dynamics Approach
No full textDomestic dairy production in Indonesia grows slower than consumption, resulting in an excess demand that imports must fulfill. Accelerating dairy production can no longer be solved partially; a holistic system approach is required. This study aims to empirically evaluate the policy options for accelerating dairy production in Indonesia. The data used in this study were secondary data from Badan Pusat Statistik, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Trade, the Ministry of Industry, the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, Bank Indonesia, and FAO. A system dynamics approach was used to construct the model and describe the short-, medium-, and long-term impacts based on policy scenario options. The empirical results showed that the calf rearing program policy, increased female dairy cattle imports, higher conception rates, and import tariffs all positively impacted the share of domestic dairy production to dairy demand. On the other hand, a policy of increasing dairy consumption, if not accompanied by an increase in domestic dairy production, harms the domestic dairy production share. Except for the policy of increasing dairy consumption, all policy scenarios increased the long-term share of domestic dairy production more than the short- and medium-term. It is concluded that an optimistic policy through calf rearing, increased import of female cows, conception rate, and maintaining import tariffs was the best policy with the highest impact on increasing the share of domestic dairy production compared to pessimistic and moderate policies
Embryo Production and Development from Superovulated Donors in Double-Muscled Cattle and Their Crosses
No full textBelgian Blue was introduced in Indonesia to increase the biodiversity of livestock genetic resources. Belgian Blue was crossed with Ongole grade to increase the productivity of local cattle. Therefore, this study evaluates reproduction traits, especially the response to superovulation, embryonic development, and quality of Belgian Blue, Ongole grade, and their crosses. Estrous was synchronized with intravaginal progesterone Cue-Mate before artificial insemination (AI). Superovulation was performed with Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) intramuscularly with non-surgical embryo flushing. In addition, embryo quality was assessed microscopically according to the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) criteria. The study was performed in a quasi-experimental design, and data were analyzed with an analysis of variance. After superovulation, oocytes/embryos were obtained from all donor breeds. Oocyte and embryo production from Ongole grade and Belgian Blue differed at 11.83±1.91 and 4.86±1.33, respectively, P0.05 (mean±SEM). In addition, there are differences in recovery rate (89.63% vs. 75.35%) and fertilization rate (77.35% vs. 68.22%) between Ongole grade and Belgian Blue, respectively (P0.05). There is no difference in embryo development quality and proportion of transferable embryos between Ongole grade, Belgian Blue, and their crosses. This study concluded that the cross-bred Belgian Blue x Ongole donor had identical oocyte and embryo production, recovery rate, fertilization rate, and degenerative embryos compared to its purebred
Meat Quality Characteristics of IPB-D1 Chicken and the Final Stock from Different Locations
No full textThe increasing demand for animal protein encourages innovations development of new livestock types or breeds. IPB-D1 chicken is an improved local chicken for their productivity. Its rearing was carried out in Sukabumi and Bekasi Regency. Physical, chemical, and microbiological quality testing of IPB-D1 chicken meat was carried out at the Integrated IPTP Laboratory and the Microbiology Laboratory of Livestock Products, and organoleptic testing was carried out in the Organoleptic Room, both of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, IPB University. The research was carried out from February to June 2022. The scope of this research includes chicken rearing at two locations and sampling that aims to test the physical, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic quality. The chickens tested were the IPB-D1 Sukabumi chicken, IPB-D1 Bekasi chicken, IPB-D1 final stock Sukabumi chicken, IPB-D1 Bekasi final stock chicken, and Kampong, Sentul, and broiler chickens, which consist of 15 chickens each. At each location, sampling was carried out 10 times as a replication. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The results showed that the quality of IPB-D1 chicken meat and its Final Stock did not have a significant difference (P0.05) in physical quality aspects such as pH and water holding capacity (WHC) but had a significant difference (P0.05) in cooking loss and tenderness than Kampong, Sentul, and broilers. Meanwhile, the chemical quality of IPB-D1 broilers and their final stock showed significantly different results (P0.05) in the fat content of the meat. As for the parameters of ash content, protein, minerals, and cholesterol showed no significant difference (P0.05). Microbiological quality analysis in the form of total bacterial colonies (total plate count) of IPB-D1 broilers and its Final Stock was 105 CFU/g. These results are still within the Maximum Microbial Contamination Limits set by the Indonesian National Standardization Agency in 2009. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to improve handling methods, hygienic packaging, and sanitation so that the quality of broilers can be improved and microbial contamination can be minimized
The Urgency of Identification of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Produced Bacteria in Indonesia
No full textThe Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) produced bacterias are the bacteria group that have resistant characteristic to beta-lactam antibiotics because of their ability to hydrolyze these antibiotics. This is a global health issue because they can reduce the treatment effectiveness and endanger human health. The ESBL produced bacterias were reported that they can be isolated from samples originated from animals, humans, and environment, indicating the potency of the resistant genes spreading widely. Therefore, it is necessary to take the preventive and control measures across sectors and stakeholders to limit the widespread transmission of resistant genes carried-bacteria, so the ESBL produced bacteria prevalence can be monitored. This article aims to present the studies of ESBL produced bacteria in Indonesia and the comparison with another country based on published journals and data. Even though these bacterias were identified in various samples, the reports from animals (wild and domestic) and the environment are still available in small numbers in Indonesia. The comprehensive studies from various fields (one health spectrum) in detection and surveillance are needed to support the awareness of antimicrobial resistance. Surveillance can be conducted thorough microbial approach such as culture and identification, and molecular methods. The surveillance data can be used as the source for planning and controlling program of antimicrobial resistance especially ESBL produced bacterias in Indonesia