Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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Polymorphism of Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene and Its Association with Growth Traits in Bali Cattle
No full textThe melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a gene that controls growth traits. This gene is embedded in the leptin-melanocortin pathway and regulates body weight. Previous studies have successfully identified the genetic diversity of the MC4R associated with growth traits. However, studies on Bali cattle are limited. This study aimed to identify the SNP markers of the MC4R gene and its effect on birth body weight, weaning body weight, weaning chest girth, weaning withers height, weaning body length, yearling body weight, yearling chest girth, yearling withers height, and yearling body length in Bali cattle (n=43). The MC4R genotype was identified by sequencing and aligned using BioEdit v.7.2.5. The association between genotype and growth traits was analyzed using the GLM procedure and DMRT in RStudio program v.2022.02. Four SNPs were identified in the exon region: g.355GT, g.394CT, g.463GA, and g.682GA. Based on the Chi-square test, the population was fitted with HWE (p0.05). Genotype-phenotype association based on SNPs showed no significant result (p0.05) where the g.682GA (AG) locus had values of WB (104.33+17.15 kg), WCG (112.83+3.66 kg), WBL (89.50+3.94 kg), YB (124.17+22.44 kg), YCG (120.50+5.50 kg), and YBL (92.83+4.31 kg) higher than the other genotypes. Association based on haplotype type showed significant results (p0.05) in BB, where haplotype 2 had the highest BB (21.17+0.75 kg). In conclusion, the SNP markers found in this study were polymorphic but did not affect growth traits in Bali cattle
Phylogeography of the Maleo Senkawor (Macrocephalon maleo Sal. Muller 1846) Based on Cytochrome B Gene in Sulawesi And Their Sex Determination using Molecular Sexing
Full text linkThe Maleo Senkawor bird (Macrocephalon maleo) is endemic and widely distributed in Sulawesi. Maleo Senkawor bird is monomorphic so it is difficult to distinguish between male and female individuals. This study aimed to determine the kinship relationship among M. maleo in various geographic areas in Sulawesi through the use of the gene marker Cytochrome-b (Cyt-b), determine the sex ratio, and examine the reliability of the 2550F/2718R primer. Fifteen (feather and eggshell) samples from North Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and Central Sulawesi were collected. Total DNA isolation was performed using the Dneasy® Blood and Tissue kit (Cat. No. 69504) following a Qiagen protocol with modification. PCR amplification (35 cycles) used a forward primer MMCytb_F (5'- GAAAATCCCACCCCCTACTA-3'), a reverse primer MMCytb_R (5'- GTTGGCTACGAGGAGTCAGA-3') and a primer for sexing used 2550F/2718R. Analysis was performed on the length of 903 bp Cyt-b mtDNA gene sequences of M. maleo along with their amino acid sequences (301 AA) and Chromo Helicase DNA-Binding (CHD) gene sequences. Based on the genetic distance of the Kimura 2-Parameter model and p-distance, the interpopulation of M. maleo in Sulawesi (the population of Southeast Sulawesi was separated from the population of Central Sulawesi and North Sulawesi) was 0.002 (0.2%) – 0.003 (0.3%). Each population has formed a different haplotype. Primer 2550F/2718R was able to amplify the CHD gene and could distinguish the sex identification. Male individuals are more dominant than female individuals with a sex ratio of 6,5:
Nuclear Maturation Competence and Pronuclear Formation in Ovine Oocytes Supplemented with L-ergothioneine in Maturation Medium
Full text linkThis study aimed to determine the efficacy of supplementing maturation medium with L-ergothioneine on nuclear maturation competence and pronuclei formation of ovine oocytes in vitro. In the first study, oocytes were divided into four groups and matured for 24 hours in a maturation medium supplemented with 0 mM (control), 10 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM LE. In the second study, oocytes were divided into two groups and matured for 24 hours in a maturation medium supplemented with 0 mM LE (control) and 10 mM LE (optimal dose from the first study), then co-incubated with sperm in a fertilization medium for 12 hours. The results of the first study showed that the maturation rate of oocytes enriched with LE 10 mM (88.74±1.79%) and 15 mM (87.52±2.30%) in maturation medium was significantly different (P0.05) compared to the control (78.55±1.78%) and LE 20 mM (77.37±1.21%). Furthermore, the results of the second study revealed that the fertilization rate of oocytes with 10 mM LE (75.55±3.47%) supplementation in maturation medium had a significantly higher percentage of two pronuclei formation than control (63.78±3.49%). In conclusion, supplementing 10 mM LE in a maturation medium improved oocyte nuclear maturation competence and fertilization rates
Immunity and Behaviour of Lambs Born from Ewes Fed a Flushing Diet Containing EPA and DHA
No full textNutrition can influence lamb survival and the immune status during the neonatal phase until weaning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of flushing of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from Lemuru fish oil in the Ewe's diet on lamb immunity and survival. Twenty-eight neonatal lambs were divided into four treatments according to Ewe's diet. Four treatments: control concentrate (P1), flushing concentrate with 6% palm oil (P2), flushing concentrate with 3% lemuru oil and 3% palm oil (P3), and flushing concentrate with 6% lemuru oil (P4). The Ewe were fed Napier grass and concentrated in a 30:70% ratio based on dry matter. Ewe and their lambs remained together until weaning at about two months of age. The parameter observed in ewes was colostrum Immunoglobulin G (IgG). The parameters in the Lamb are blood Ig G, neonatal behavior of the Lamb, physiological response, and hematology of the Lamb at birth and weaning. The results showed that feeding P4, P3, and P2 to the Ewe resulted in a shorter latency to stand-in lamb (P0.05). P1 has higher leukocytes (P0.05) during weaning than P2 and P3. P1 has the same leukocyte as P4. Treatment has a non-significant effect (P0.05) on Ig G and physiological response. In conclusion, administering 6% Lemuru oil containing EPA and DHA twice can shorten the latency to stand in newborn lambs
Antibacterial effect of oregano oil and its main component carvacrol on Campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler caecum
No full textCampylobacter jejuni is a colonizer of the intestines of animals, but the highest prevalences were recorded in the cecum of broiler chickens. Production errors contribute to the prevalence of broiler carcasses exceeding permitted norms, which increases the incidence of consumer disease from campylobacteriosis, a foodborne disease. In order to prevent people from getting sick, many producers resort to the prophylactic use of antibiotics in broilers, but this practice leads to antibiotic resistance. The aim of the work is to outline the possibility of using oregano oil as an alternative to antibiotics in order to reduce the colonization of the cecum with Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens, which will contribute to the microbiological integrity of chicken meat, but also to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. In vitro tests show the antibacterial activity of oregano oil and its main antibacterial component carvacrol on Campylobacter jejuni isolates from the cecum of broiler chickens, and in vivo tests throughout the fattening period indicate a significant reduction in cecal colonization in the first, but not the last, days of fattening, suggesting the importance of further tests
Production Performance and Sperm Characteristics of Quail (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) with Different Concentrations of Yolk Immunoglobulin
Full text linkQuails are classified according to their immunity to different IgY concentrations. Quail IgY concentrations range from 0 to 1200 µg ml-1, and these IgY concentrations may affect production and reproductive performance. This study aimed to analyze IgY concentrations in male quail and to compare production and reproductive performance at different IgY concentrations. Forty-two male quail at five weeks of age participated in the study, including 29 quail with low IgY concentration (210-393 µg ml-1) and, 13 with intermediate IgY concentration (403-564 µg ml-1). The observed productive performances were feed intake, initial body weight, final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, morbidity, and mortality. In addition, this study observed testicular weight and macroscopic and microscopic semen quality for reproductive traits. Differences in production and reproductive performance of each group were analyzed using an independent-sample t-test. The result showed that male quail with different IgY concentrations were equal in all productive traits (P0.05). This means that male quail with low IgY and medium IgY concentrations are equally good. Testicular weight, semen color and pH were identical at different IgY concentrations. Quails with low IgY concentrations have better sperm consistency, which is related to the weight of the testes, which are heavier in quails with low IgY concentrations than in those with moderate IgY concentrations. This consistency is related to the concentration of sperm in the semen. The result concludes IgY concentrations in male quail did not affect production performance. Quails with low IgY concentration had thicker sperm consistency and higher sperm concentration
Quality of Physical and Sensory of Super-native Chicken Breast Marinated with Herbs and Spices with Different Levels of Marination Concentration
Full text linkSuper-native chickens result from crosses between male native chickens and laying hens. The diversification of processed products from super-native chicken can be developed into ready-to-cook products by marinating them with local herbs and spices. This research was conducted on the effect of marination concentrations of different local herbs and spices on the hedonic quality of super-native chicken breast. The research material consisted of super-native chicken breast, chili powder, sugar, salt, pepper, garlic, cinnamon, palm oil, lime juice, monosodium glutamate, and ginger. The treatment levels of marination concentration were 10, 20, and 30% of the weight of the meat. Physical quality parameters tested were color, pH value, moisture, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, yield, and hardness. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications. In addition, sensory quality was tested by a hedonic quality test by 40 untrained panelists. The hedonic quality parameters tested were color, flavor, taste, texture, tenderness, and juiciness. The data from the physical quality test were analyzed by analysis of variance. The hedonic quality test results were analyzed by non-parametric analysis through the Kruskal-Wallis hedonic test. If there was a significant difference (P0.05), the test was continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the concentration level of different local herbs and spices marination could affect the physical quality (redness, pH value, and moisture) and sensory (color and texture) of super-native chicken breast. The marination concentration of local herbs and spices at 20% level was the best treatment based on hedonic quality with a smooth meat texture and a score of 3.98
Association of DGAT1 Gene Related to Flavor, Odor, Cholesterol, and Mineral in Indonesian Sheep
Full text linkDiacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a potential candidate gene for improving Indonesian lamb’s quality and nutrient value. The study aimed to identify the diversity of the DGAT1 gene with SNP g.8539 CT and its relation to Indonesian lamb's flavor and odor, cholesterol, and mineral. Total of 254 ten to twelve months old sheep consisted of 20 Javanese fat-tail sheep (JFTS), 107 Javanese thin-tail sheep (JTTS), 10 Garut composite sheep (GCS), 10 Compass agrinak sheep (CAS), 10 Barbados cross sheep (BCS), 20 Garut sheep (GS), 27 Jonggol sheep (JS), and 50 Jambi local sheep (JLS). One hundred sheep were used to analyze the association of the DGAT1 gene with flavor and odor content, cholesterol, and mineral. The diversity of DGAT1|AluI was analyzed with the PCR-RFLP method. The association of the DGAT1 gene with the nutritional value of meat was analyzed using the GLM (General Linear Model) method. The results showed that the DGAT gene was polymorphic in JTTS, GS, and JFTS and monomorphic in CAS, BCS, JLS, and GCS. CC and CT genotypes were found in JTTS, GS, and JFTS. SNP g.8539 CT of DGAT1 gene had a significant association (P0.05) with flavor and odor, 4-Ethyloctanoic Acid (EOA). However, the DGAT1 gene had no significant association (P0.05) with cholesterol and mineral. The DGAT1 gene might be marker-assisted selection for improving lamb flavor and odor in Indonesian sheep
Rumen Fermentation Profiles of Protein-Energy Synchronization Index-Based Ration: an In Vitro Study
Full text linkThe study examined the effect of protein-energy synchronization (PES) index-based rations on the rumen fermentation profile. The material used was the Jawa Randu goat's rumen fluid, collected soon after the goat was slaughtered. The treatment ration consisted of elephant grass, lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), coconut meal, tofu waste, bran, cassava waste, and mineral mix arranged based on the PES index of each feed ingredient. The research was conducted in vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment consisted of 4 PES indexes, namely 0.55 (R1); 0.6 (R2); 0.65 (R3); 0.7 (R4), and each had 5 replications. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and orthogonal polynomials (OP). The results of the ANOVA showed that the PES index did not affect the production of acetate (C2) and butyrate (C4) but had a highly significant effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), pH, a total of volatile fatty acids (VFA), propionate (C3), C2:C3 ratio, methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). The analysis of OP showed a quadratic effect on all variables with the equation Y= - 81.601X2 + 375.04X – 310.78 (DMD), Y= -433.69X2 + 522.69X – 128.75 (OMD), Y=-44X2 + 54.04X – 9.9 (pH), Y= -2160X2 + 2576.8X – 604.2 (VFA Total), Y= -481.8X2 + 585.01X – 143.45 (C3), Y = 50.93X2 – 60.177X + 21.067 (C2:C3), Y = 202.45X2 – 223.18X + 103.41 (CH4), Y= 436X2 – 552.28X + 181.08 (NH3), dan Y= -1012X2 + 1260X – 311.64 (MPS). Protein-energy synchronization (PES) index of 0.6 achieved the best rumen fermentability. The formulation of the PES index-based ration of 0.6 had the most effective compared to other indexes based on the high of propionate, the lowest methane, the lowest NH3, and the best microbial protein synthesis. The ration with an index of 0.6 is composed of 30% elephant grass, 30% Leucaena leucocephala, 10% coconut meal, 10% tofu waste, 10% rice brand, 9% cassava waste, and 1% mineral mix
A Systematic Review on the Role of the Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity during Newcastle Disease Virus Infection
No full textNewcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease causing substantial economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality events worldwide in poultry. The disease is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an enveloped, non-segmented single strand of negative-sense RNA approximately 15 kb in length. NDV can be classified as asymptomatic, lentogenic, mesogenic or velogenic pathotypes based on the levels of pathogenicity in chickens. The disease is being controlled by vaccination using either live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between mucosal immunity on NDV, however, the contribution of role of either respiratory or intestinal mucosal immunity remains to be revealed. Thus, the current study aimed to systematically review published articles about the role of respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity during NDV infection. An online database search was performed through four different databases namely PubMed, Science Direct, JSTOR and Google Scholar using the following set of keywords: ‘Newcastle disease’, ‘Newcastle disease virus’, ‘respiratory’, ‘intestinal’ and ‘mucosal immunity’. Out of the 34,142 results, only 28 articles were suitable according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and were used for data extraction. Results showed that innate immunity was the most affected parameter when exposed to NDV infections, however, the role of respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity against NDV infection remains widely uncharted. In conclusion, the role of the sub-components of respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity toward NDV infection may become one of the determinant factors of protection for the chickens.