Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development : Scientific Journal of ICARD
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Fatty Acid Synthase Polymorphism of Awassi Sheep and its Impact on Fatty Acid Composition
No full textLivestock intramuscular fat content is determined by fatty acid synthase (FASN). The fatty acid profile of the fat is of relevance to human health. Thus, this study explores the relationship between the polymorphism of the FASN gene in Awassi sheep and its impact on fatty acid composition. The study used 100 Awassi rams, ranging in age from 1 to 2.5 years. Molecular DNA was isolated from each blood sample; genotyping, sequencing reactions, and in silico tools were subsequently used to confirm the variants in amplified fragments. The results revealed two genotypes (GG and GA) of the ovine FASN gene (exon 2). The novel missense c.186 GA was identified in the genotype GA. The GA genotype had significantly (P0.05) increased intramuscular fat, higher unsaturated fatty acid content, and lower saturated fatty acid content than the GG genotype. Cumulative in silico analysis indicated a detrimental effect of the SNP c.186 GA on FASN activity. The intramuscular GA genotype of Awassi sheep had a low saturated content relative to unsaturated fats. The result confirmed that the c.186 GA SNP in ovine FASN gene variation is potentially helpful in assessing carcass traits, and this might lead to a more efficient selection of animals with healthier fatty acid profiles, resulting in higher-quality meat
Challenging Efforts to Find African Swine Fever Vaccine
No full textAfrican swine fever (ASF) has been endemic in Indonesia and neighbouring countries. So far, the only reliable measure to eradicate the disease has been the application of strict biosecurity and culling of all infected pigs. This method is not feasible in Indonesia because most pig farms are small with a deficient level of biosecurity. Vaccination would be the most practical control measure, but no vaccine has been available for ASF. The difficulties encountered in developing the ASF vaccine lie in the fact that the ASF virus is very complex, with a sophisticated ability to paralyze the host immune system. ASF virus infects monocytes and macrophages, causing the cells to lose their functions to mount immune responses, further complicating vaccine development. Killed vaccines, even those containing complete structural and non-structural proteins of the virus and fortified with potent adjuvants for both humoral and cellular immune responses, were practically incapable of inducing protective immunity. Subunit vaccines containing recombinant viral proteins have also been developed, but none have provided satisfactory protection even though the vaccine indicates neutralizing antibodies. Live vaccines prepared from naturally low virulent viral strains or by repeated attenuation in cell cultures provided more satisfactory protective immunities than the inactive or subunit vaccines. However, their use in the field had caused severe side effects because the mutant still had residual virulence. Live vaccines prepared by deleting genes that play a role in virulence have been the most promising approach. Several mutants that were no longer virulent but capable of inducing protective immunity have been identified; however, lengthy safety testing is still needed before this vaccine is commercially available
Effect of In-ovo Injection of L-Arginine on Hatchability, Chick Quality, Performances and Muscle Histology of Native Chicken
Full text linkThis study aimed to determine the effect of in-ovo injection of L-arginine on hatchability, chick quality, performances, and muscle histology of native chicken. In-ovo injection was carried out on the 10th day. A total of 375 fertile eggs with an average weight ranged 39-43 g were grouped into 5 treatments. The first treatment was without injection (negative control), the second treatment was injection of NaCl solution 0.9% (positive control), the third treatment was injection of L-arginine solution 0.5 g per 100 ml of NaCl 0.9% (0.5%, m/v) The fourth treatment was injection of 1.0 g L-arginine solution per 100 ml of NaCl 0.9% (1.0%, m/v), and the fifth treatment was injection of 1.5 g L-arginine solution per 100 ml of NaCl 0.9% (1.5%, m/v). The injection was carried out at the pointed area of the egg in a vertical position (pointed below, blunt above). The Injection was carried out with a depth of 10 mm from the eggshell using an automatic injector. The results showed that all treatments produced the same hatchability. In-ovo injection of L-arginine has a beneficial effect on chick quality and post-hatch performance, the concentration of L-arginine solution used did not cause embryo death. In-ovo injection of 0.5% L-arginine increased hatching weight, weekly body weight, muscle mass, and myofiber size
Assessment of sperm acrosome status, malondialdehyde and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme concentration of frozen semen from Limousin and Simmental bulls in different commercial diluents
Full text linkSperm cryopreservation is the process of preserving sperm cells at low temperatures, so that its frozen semen can be used in the future. The quality of the frozen sperm is affected by the diluent. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of commercial diluents on acrosome status, malondialdehyde (MDA) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) enzyme concentration of thawed Limousin and Simmental bull semen. Semen was collected twice weekly using an artificial vagina. The fresh semen processed into frozen semen had sperm motility of 70%. The one-step procedure was used for the dilution methods. Andromed®, Optixcell® and Steridyl® were used as diluents. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey HSD 5% confidence interval. The result showed no interaction (P0.05) between two factors on acrosome status. The sperm acrosome damage of Simmental in Steridyl® was significantly lower than others (P0.05), although all diluents showed low sperm acrosome damage. Also, no interaction between the type of diluent and breed on MDA and AspAT enzyme concentrations was detected (P0.05). The results suggest that three commercial diluents have equal efficacy in protecting acrosome status and maintaining MDA and AspAT enzyme concentrations of frozen Limousin and Simmental bull semen. Therefore, all commercial diluents can be an alternative for Limousin and Simmental frozen semen
Application of Microsatellite Markers for Genetic Diversity Analysis of Indonesian Local Cattle
Full text linkAnimal genetic resources (AnGR), including cattle, have been valuable national assets that need to be preserved and developed. There are at least 16 recognized breeds of cattle that have been registered as local and new breeds by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. Conservation and development programs of these local cattle breeds require basic information regarding their genetic diversity, relationships, and structures. There are several types of DNA markers that can be used for genetic diversity analysis, such as microsatellite markers. Microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STRs) are a group of DNA sequences consisting of tandemly repeated units (1–6 bp), which are abundant throughout the genome and can be found in both coding and non-coding regions. The primary advantages of microsatellites are that they are inherited in a Mendelian pattern (codominant markers), high polymorphism rates, and high abundances throughout the genome. The aim of this review is to discuss the application of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis in Indonesian local cattle based on 3 indices: number alleles per locus, expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphisms information content (PIC). There are at least 28 microsatellite markers that have been studied in Indonesian local cattle, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 32, He values ranging from 0.100 to 0.985, and PIC values from 0.095 to 0.935. Based on the PIC values, several microsatellites are classified as highly informative, e.g. BM1824, ILST6, TGLA126, TGLA53, TGLA227, TGLA122, ETH225, INRA23, SPS113, SPS115, BM1818, CSSM66, ETH10, INRA005, INRA037, ETH185, HEL017, and ILSTS029. Therefore, these microsatellite markers can be potentially used for future genetic diversity analysis of other breeds of cattle
Financial Fasilitation to Support Commercialization of Superior Breed Innovation
Full text linkLivestock products innovation, especially of those superior breed have become one of the solution in the development of livestock production, where in reality is very limited on the availability of good quality breed. Indonesian Agency of Agricultural Research and Development through Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development Implementing Units have been responsed these needs through breeding research started in the year of 2000. This effort have been yielded some superior local breeds, i.e. beef cattle, sheep, goats, chicken, duck and rabbit that are ready to disseminate to the community, especially for farmers. The dissemination of these superior breeds may enabling to expand and reach its distribution massively to increase animal production. One of the determinant factor to develop the process of its development is availability of financial access, which most farmers in general are very much constrained by capital asset. Therefore, facilitation support is needed to increase capital capacity that is impartial and accommodates the business characteristics. Objective of the manuscript is to review of facilitation support needed of the superior breed innovative research that disseminate to maintain sustainability of its development. In recent years, the Government has launched program of People’s Busines Credit (KUR) that could be optimized to scalling up farmers’ farming with good quality breed. Bank accessibility has demanded to have economics size of scale to be financed in order to guarantee profitable business with its liability cash flow. Meanwhile, livestock farming had been dominated by small scale farmers and yet for production oriented to reach its profitability. Supervision and technical guidance need to be consistently assisted to farmers as prospectous KUR debitor program in order to accelerate the process on disbursement of credit to supply their capital asset
Cats Toxoplasmosis Control in Indonesia
Full text linkToxoplasmosis is one of the parasitic diseases caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Toxoplasma gondii is usually found in cats’ faeces, raw vegetables, meats, grasses, and soil. The transmission of T. gondii happens vertically or horizontally. The standard diagnostic techniques of T. gondii detection are microscopic examination of cats faeces, PCR, and antibody detection. The drug of choice in cats toxoplasmosis is clindamycin antibiotic (doses: 10-12/kgBW), another treatment is the combination of sulfadiazine 120 mg/kgBW dan pirimetamin 1 mg/kgBW also can be given to reduce the oocyst shed. The prevention of T. gondii infection in cats is not giving raw meats and keeping the environment disinfected. The prevalence of cats toxoplasmosis in cats in Indonesia is influenced by multiple diagnostic techniques, sample total, geographical condition, and climate. The risk factor of toxoplasmosis infection in cats are stray cats, raw foods, and a hygienic environment. The purpose of this article is knowing the life cycle of T. gondii, clinical sign, pathogeneses, diagnostic method, risk factors, control, and the prevalence of cats toxoplasmosis in Indonesia in the last 50 years
Correlation between Semen Quality, Libido, and Testosterone Concentration in Bali Bulls
Full text linkIndonesia has two National Artificial Insemination Centers (AIC) and more than 15 Regional Artificial Insemination Centers (RAIC) spread across several provinces. Bulls in the AIC must have a high libido and produce good quality semen. This study examines the correlation between libido with semen quality and testosterone concentration to determine potential frozen semen production from Bali bulls in South Sulawesi RAIC. Ten Bali bull were used in this study. Semen collection was carried out twice a week with semen evaluation following the RAIC protocol. At the same time, blood samples and libido measurements were carried out from each bull. The frozen semen production potential was calculated by multiplying the semen volume, motility, and sperm concentration. The results showed that the quality of fresh semen and testosterone concentrations did not differ between high and low libido of Bali bulls. Libido has a positive correlation with semen volume (r= 0.52) and sperm motility (r= 0.62), while testosterone concentration has a negative correlation with semen volume (r= -0.65), sperm motility (r= -0.60), and libido (r= -0.48). Bulls with high and low libido have good frozen semen production potential, ranging from 19,755 – 21,640 straws per year. Bali bulls in RAIC have fresh semen quality and testosterone concentrations under normal conditions, with high potential for frozen semen production, although only 60% of Bali cattle have high libido and 40% have low libido
Characterisation of Nano-Calcium Lactate from Chicken Eggshells Synthesized by Precipitation Method as Food Supplement
Full text linkOsteoporosis can be prevented by consuming calcium lactate. Calcium that is consumed is generally in a micro-size. Micro-sized calcium is only absorbed by the body by about 50% which can cause deficiency. Eggshells are poultry waste that is rich in calcium and can be used as a cheap source of dietary calcium through nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has been developed to increase calcium absorption. This study aimed to synthesize nano-calcium lactate from chicken eggshells,and commercial calcium oxide by precipitation method. Synthesis was carried out by reacting a solution of 1 mol/L eggshell calcium oxide and commercial calcium oxide (control) as much as 20 ml mixed with a solution of 6 mol/L lactic acids as much as 30 ml with a ratio of 1:1.5 (v/v) for 30 minutes at 50°C at a speed of 500 rpm/minute using a magnetic stirrer. Ethanol 50% was added as much as 20 ml (v/v), oven-dried at 105°C for 72 hours then crushed to produce eggshell nano-calcium lactate (NCaL) powder. Characterisation of NCaL using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Result showed that NCaL in the form of white crystals could be synthesized from chicken eggshells by precipitation method. Characterization with XRD showed that the diffraction angle was 2θ with the peaks of NCaL, namely 9.3800°, 10.3869°, and 22.9570°. Characterization with FTIR obtained a peak in the wavenumber from NCaL, namely 1,589.34 cm-1. Characterization using TEM showed that the crystal size of NCaL was 75 nm
Revisit the Development of Native Indonesian Chickens from Red Jungle Fowls (Gallus gallus bankiva) to Commercial Chickens
Full text linkKampung chicken which is one of native Indonesian chickens has been domesticated from the ancestor of Red Fowl Jungle, and developed by the village community from generation to generation through an extensive rearing method. Before the intensive management of kampung chicken was introduced, the chickens were allowed to scavange around the household yard during the day, they slept in the trees, on the roofs or underneath of the household at night. It has been for many years that kampung chickens were crossed with imported exotic breeds, and unplanned selection. As a result, kampung chickens have developed to a considerable high phenotype and genetic varieties with several different names and purposes. There have been selection programs, which have resulted a considerable strain of improved egg type of Kampung chicken (KUB-1 chicken), and a strain of broiler type of local chicken (Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken and Gaoksi chicken). KUB-1 chickens can be used as female lines, and Sensi-Agrinak and Gaoksi chickens can be used as male lines to produce local commercial broilers. The article is to provide information on the domestication process of Red Jungle Fowl chickens into Kampung chickens and their development to become layer and broiler line chickens